池塘养殖及野外移殖三角帆蚌元素积累的差异

以从湖北公安养殖池塘移殖到三峡库区童庄河自然水域试养1 a和仍在原池塘养殖的同1批次三角帆蚌(Hyriopsis cumingii)为对象,用电感耦合等离子质谱仪测定了2地三角帆蚌软组织中K、Mg、Ca、Fe、Zn、Mn、Cu、As、Al、Cr、Ni、Se、Mo、Ag、Cd、Ti、Pb 17种元素的含量.结果表明,虽然2水域中三角帆蚌软组织内各元素含量间的高低差异具有相似的趋势,体现了三角帆蚌对元素积累的特征,但自然水域蚌中有9种元素的水平高于养殖水域,提示不同栖息环境背景对元素的积累水平能产生重要影响.自然水域单个三角帆蚌体内软组织中元素积累的平均负荷量普遍高于养殖池塘的个体,提示三角帆蚌具有显著的元素吸收、净化能力.本研究为今后通过大规模移殖双壳贝类来监测自然水域元素污染提供了依据.     

采用微波等离子体原子发射光谱（MP-AES）新技术同时测定环境水样中的多种金属元素

采用高性能微波等离子体原子发射光谱仪（MP-AES）同时测定环境水中Be、Cd、Ca、Co、Cr、Cu、Fe、Mn、Ni、Na、K、Mg、Pb、Zn、Ti、V等多种金属元素.各元素的线性相关系数均≥0.999,相对标准偏差在1%以内,检出限在0.2—9.3μg.L-1之间.采用GSBZ 5009—88和GSBZ 500...     

太湖水华蓝藻中元素的组成及其环境意义

利用电感耦合等离子质谱仪对2008年7、9和10月采自太湖南泉水域的水华蓝藻样本中19种元素(Na、Mg、K、Ca、Zn、Mn、Fe、Al、Cu、Cr、Co、Ni、As、Se、Mo、Ag、Tl、Cd和Pb)的质量含量(w)及组成变化进行研究。结果表明,在藻华中w较高(1 000μg.g-1,以干质量计)的常量元素或有益元素为Ca、K、Na、Mg、Al、Fe。其中,w(Ca)和w(K)较高(4 000μg.g-1),w(Ca)随月份变化不大,而w(K)、w(Mg)、w(Na)则逐月升高。w(Al)、w(Fe)变化较大,7月最高(1 000μg.g-1),之后迅速降低(400μg.g-1);藻华中w在10~100μg.g-1之间变化的元素为Mn、Zn、Ni、Cu,其中,7月这4种元素w均最高,9~10月则降低。藻华中还检出痕量元素Co、Mo和Se,Tl未检出。藻华中积累的有毒元素中w(As)较高(5~15μg.g-1),而w(Cr)、w(Cd)、w(Pb)、w(Ag)均较低(5μg.g-1)。有毒元素w最高值均出现在7月。基于上述结果,推算出2007—2009年采取物理方法除藻从太湖中移除的元素量约为:K595.89 t、Ca 544.03 t、Mg 181.18 t、Al 83.06 t、Na 63.97 t、Fe 55.45 t、Mn 2.99t、Zn 2.26 t、Ni 1.67 t、Cu 1.11 t、As 0.76 t、Cr 94.5 kg、Cd 82.70 kg、Se 45.01 kg、Pb 37.64 kg、Co 32.27 kg、Mo5.41 kg和Ag 2.46 kg。该研究不仅可为进一步寻找关键元素在蓝藻水华爆发过程中的限制作用及其机制提供基础数据,同时也可为评价利用物理除藻方法去除太湖中有毒元素和降低有可能促进藻华发展的营养元素的负荷量的有效性,从而保护和修复渔业环境提供理论依据。     

青藏高原不同粒径大气颗粒物元素分析

为研究青藏高原大气颗粒物化学组成特征,利用Andersen分级撞击式采样器进行大气颗粒物分级采样,建立并优化HNO3+H2O2+HF混合酸密闭消解的体系,并结合电感耦合等离子体质谱分析其中21种元素.结果表明,Na、Mg、Al、K、Ca、Fe元素浓度分别为469.12、286.61、430.75、390.92、783.59 ng.m-3和1289.32 ng.m-3,占所测元素的97.8%.粒径分布显示,Na、Mg、Al、K、Ca、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Ni、Sr、Ba在5.8—9.0μm粒径范围出现峰值;Co、Cu、Zn、As、Se、Mo、Cd、Tl、Pb在0.43—0.65μm和5.8—9.0μm粒径范围出现双峰.     

太湖梅梁湾水体悬浮颗粒物中重金属的含量

用ICP—AES方法测定太湖梅梁湾水体悬浮颗粒物中的Co,Cr,Cu,Ni,Pb,Zn等重金属元素,以及Al,Ba,Be,Ca,Fe,K,Mg,Mn,Na,Sr,Ti,V等相关金属元素的含量,并分析了沉积物中相关元素的含量和分布特征．悬浮物中Cr,Cu,Mn,Ni,Zn的含量显著高于表层沉积物,Al,Ba,Be,Ca,Co,Fe,K,Mg,Pb,V等元素的含量高出表层沉积物10％-30％,Sr和Ti与沉积物中的含量相当,Na的含量则显著低于沉积物．重金属元素在悬浮物中表现出较强的富集作用．从污水入湖口到湾心,悬浮物中Cr,Cu,Pb,Zn含量呈明显降低的趋势,反映出直湖港对太湖的污染作用仍十分严重．但沉积物中重金属含量并未表现出自港口到湾心显著降低的趋势,说明该区域沉积物对水体重金属污染的记录信息可能失真．水体悬浮物的重金属含量可以很好地反映水体的污染状况及其潜在的生态效应．     

典型西北钢铁城市冬季大气颗粒物重金属来源解析及健康风险评价——以嘉峪关为例

为研究嘉峪关市冬季PM_2.5,PM₁₀中重金属来源并对其健康风险进行评估,于2019年12月18日—2020年1月16日进行PM_2.5,PM₁₀样品的采集,并利用电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP-MS）对16种金属及无机元素（Mg、Al、Ca、Fe、V、Cr、Mn、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Se、Cd、Ba、Pb）进行质量浓度的分析;通过富集因子及主成分分析法对16种金属及无机元素的来源进行解析;用EPA的健康风险评估模型对Cr、Ni、As、Co、Cd、Cu、Mn、Zn、Pb、V等10种元素进行健康风险评价.结果表明,PM_2.5与PM₁₀中质量浓度较高的元素为Mg、Al、Ca、Fe等4种地壳元素,其余12种元素的浓度相对较低;Se、Cd、Pb、Zn、Mg等5种元素在PM_2.5与PM₁₀中的富集因子值均大于10,其中Cd元素在PM_2.5与PM₁₀中的富集因子值最大,分别...     

ICP-AES法测定固体废物中22种金属元素的含量

本文采用硝酸-盐酸-过氧化氢体系微波消解矿业废渣类固体废物样品,使用全谱直读型电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪同时测定固体废物中Ag、Al、Ba、Be、Ca、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Fe、K、Mg、Mn、Na、Ni、Pb、Sr、Ti、V、Tl、Sb和Zn等22种金属元素,并通过加标回收率实验对方法进行验证.实验结果表明,该方法操作简单,定量准确,可满足固体废物中22种元素的含量分析.     

太湖背角无齿蚌组织中8-羟基脱氧鸟苷的含量及在水体污染评价中的初步应用

对2003—2008年间采集自太湖不同水域的9个背角无齿蚌(Anodonta woodiana)样品组织中的DNA损伤产物—8-羟基脱氧鸟苷(8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine,8-OHdG)的水平进行了分析,同时研究了蚌体组织中重金属Cd2+和有机污染物PCBs的蓄积残留量,以探明水体污染和DNA损伤的相关性。研究结果显示,9个样本中的8-OHdG的含量在1.021～8.886ng·g-1之间,尤其以无锡三山岛和宜兴大浦这2个水域的样本最为突出,差异显著,表明上述水域已受到较严重的污染。PCBs在9个样本中有7个检出,但含量无明显差异(P0.05),表明PCBs并非引起背角无齿蚌体内DNA损伤的主要污染因素。而背角无齿蚌组织中的Cd2+残留量与8-OHdG水平间存在显著的剂量—效应关系,呈正相关。这一结果与实验室内的模拟试验相吻合,提示重金属Cd2+是引起水体中背角无齿蚌DNA受损的主要污染因素。研究显示,背角无齿蚌机体组织中的8-OHdG具有稳定性强、测定方法简单快速、在一定的范围内具有显著的剂量—效应关系、实验室与野外分析相吻合等特点,因此可作为分子生物标志物来评价生物体受水环境持久性污染物污染而导致的DNA损伤效应。     

芜湖市区土壤重金属污染评价及来源分析

对芜湖市区153个土壤样品中9种重金属的含量进行测定和评价,利用多元地统计方法进行污染来源分析。结果表明：芜湖市区土壤Zn、Fe、Mn、Cu、Pb、Co、Cd、Ni、Cr的平均含量分别为96.8、30600.1、466.1、35.0、29.1、16.7、1.2、26.3、78.3mg/kg;除Fe、Mn、Ni外,其他元素均高于相应土壤背景值,Zn、Cu、Pb、Co、Cd、Cr分别是背景值的1.26、1.09、1.17、1.20、6.11、1.29倍,说明这些元素出现了一定程度的积累。单因子评价结果表明Cd污染最为严重,Zn、Cu、Pb、Co和Cr为轻度污染,Fe、Mn和Ni没有污染。综合相关性、聚类及主成分分析可知,Fe和Mn为＂自然源因子＂,不同功能区分布主要受成土母质控制;Zn、Cu、Pb和Cd为＂交通及工业活动因子＂,Cu、Cd高值区均分布在开发区,Zn和Pb的高值区分布在镜湖区;Ni、Co和Cr为＂农业活动因子＂,其空间变异受成土母质及农业活动等因素影响。     

上海市郊春节期间大气颗粒物及其组分的粒径分布

利用电称低压冲击仪(ELPI)在线监测上海市嘉定区2009年春节前后不同粒径(50%切割粒径分别为:0.03、0.06、0.11、0.17、0.26、0.40、0.65、1.00、1.60、2.50、4.40、6.80μm)大气颗粒物的粒子数浓度变化.对比春节与非节日期间该地区大气颗粒物(<0.49、0.49—0.95、0.95—1.50、1.50—3.00、3.00—7.20、>7.20μm)中Na、Mg、Al、K、Ca、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Se、Pb 17种元素,F-、Cl-、NO 2-、SO24-、NO 3-、Na+、NH 4+、K+、Mg2+、Ca2+10种离子与有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC)质量浓度的粒径分布.结果表明,春节对于大气颗粒物粒子数浓度的影响主要集中在0.11—1.60μm.如果以3.00μm为界将大气颗粒物划分成细(≤3.00μm)和粗(>3.00μm)颗粒物时,春节影响体现在细颗粒的元素为:Na、As、Pb,且主要集中于<0.49μm颗粒中;春节影响集中于大颗粒(>7.20μm)的元素为:Ni、Co;没有受到显著影响的为:Ca、V、Mn、Fe、Z...     

背角无齿蚌不同组织的基因组DNA甲基化分析

用甲基化敏感扩增多态性(MSAP)对背角无齿蚌(Anodonta woodiana)腮、唇瓣、闭壳肌、外套膜和斧足五个组织基因组DNACCGG区域的甲基化水平进行了分析.结果表明,背角无齿蚌腮基因组DNA甲基化比例为47.9%,唇瓣甲基化比例为35.5%,闭壳肌甲基化比例为50%,外套膜甲基化比例为46.3%,斧足甲基化比例为56%;基因组中CCGG区域存在甲基化现象.不同组合甲基化比例不同说明该区域甲基化可能参与到基因的调控中.通过比较不同地点的采集的背角无齿蚌,发现污染严重地区(太湖三山岛水域)采集到的样品和非污染地区(南泉养殖水域)采集的蚌样甲基化区域略有变化.其中的相关性有待进一步的研究.     

太湖背角无齿蚌组织中8-羟基脱氧鸟苷的含量及在水体污染评价中的初步应用

对2003--2008年闯采集自太湖不同水域的9个背角无齿蚌（Anodontawoodiana）样品组织中的DNA损伤产物-8-羟基脱氧鸟苷（8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine,8-OHdG）的水平进行了分析,同时研究了蚌体组织中重金属cd2＋和有机污染物PCBs的蓄积残留量,以探明水体污染和DNA损伤的相关性。研究结果显示,9个样本中的8-OHdG的含量在1．021-8．886ng．g-1之间,尤其以无锡三山岛和宜兴大浦这2个水域的样本最为突出,差异显著,表明上述水域已受到较严重的污染。PCBs在9个样本中有7个检出,但含量无明显差异（P〉0．05）,表明PCBs并非引起背角无齿蚌体内DNA损伤的主要污染因素。而背角无齿蚌组织中的cd2＋残留量与8-OHdG水平间存在显著的剂量一效应关系,呈正相关。这一结果与实验室内的模拟试验相吻合,提示重金属cd2＋是引起水体中背角无齿蚌DNA受损的主要污染因素。研究显示,背角无齿蚌机体组织中的8-OHdG具有稳定性强、测定方法简单快速、在一定的范围内具有显著的剂量—效应关系、实验室与野外分析相吻合等特点,因此可作为分子生物标志物来评价生物体受水环境持久性污染物污染而导致的DNA损伤效应。     

Assessment of metals in soil extracts and their uptake and movement within Tamarix nilotica at Lake Nasser banks, Egypt

This study aims to determine heavy-metal levels in soil from the banks of Lake Nasser, the ability of Tamarix nilotica to accumulate such metals from soil and hence its potential for phytoextraction. Soil and Tamarix samples were collected from the banks of four bights around Lake Nasser and analysed for Fe, Mn, Ca, Mg, Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn, Cd and Pb by atomic absorption spectrometry, whereas Na and K were measured by atomic emission spectrophotometry. Three different methods of extraction were used for the soil samples. Lead, copper and zinc were equally distributed between the exchangeable phase and Fe/Mn oxide-bound form, while other measured metals were mainly present in the Fe/Mn oxide fraction. With the exception of iron, all metals studied showed total concentrations within the geochemical background values. T. nilotica exhibited elevated concentrations of Na (36.2-48.5 mg g^-1) and K (2.74-4.33 mg g^-1) in stems, and relatively high concentrations of Pb, Cd and Co (0.39-1.03 µg g^-1, 0.24-1.3 µg g^-1 and 1.94-5.3 µg g^-1, respectively) are found in plant leaves. Bioaccumulation factors of Na and K (9.3 and 12.63, respectively) were high in T. nilotica stems. While the bioaccumulation of Pb, Cd, Co and Ni (2870.1, 2035.4, 10.5 and 5313.2, respectively) was high in plant leaves, Fe, Mn, Ca and Mg were accumulated relatively equally in plant stems and leaves. T. nilotica was found to secrete high amounts of Na, Ca and K, in addition to small amounts of all accumulated metals except Cd and Cu. These secreted metals appeared as salt crystals (67.5% Na; 25.8% Ca; 5% Mg; 1.5% K and 0.16% trace and minor elements) on the plant surface. The concentrations of all the metals studied in T. nilotica were higher than in the salt crystals. Statistical analysis of the database suggests bioaccumulation of these metals from soil to T. nilotica. This reflects the importance of using T. nilotica as a model in the phytoremediation process as an established environmental clean-up technology.     

Scalp hair metal analysis in the assessment of the occupational exposure of arc welders

Eleven metals (Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni and Pb) were estimated in hair samples of metal arc welders and a control group with the same socioeconomic background. Nitric acid–perchloric acid wet digestion procedure was adopted for the estimation of endogenous metal contents by ICP-AE technique. The study exhibited the following increasing order of the metal concentrations: Cd??1, dry weight, respectively. On average, the levels of Mn, Ni, Pb and Fe were found to be 1.5–2.4 times higher in the hair of welders compared with controls. Besides age and exposure which were strongly correlated, Cu–Mg, Mn–Mg, Ca–Co and Cd–Zn also showed significantly positive correlations. The identification of metal sources, done by cluster and principal component analyses, revealed four factors: age and exposure; Cu, Mg, Mn and Fe; Ca and Co; Cd, Zn, Ni and Pb. High levels of Fe were found to have a depleting impact on Co levels. The arc welders were feared to accumulate heavy metals in their bodies due to long-term endogenous exposure.     

Hazardous and essential trace elements profile in the different soft tissues of Lithophaga lithophaga (Linnaeus, 1758) from Southern Adriatic Sea (Italy)

A characterization study of 7 hazardous (Hg, Pb, Cd, As, Cr, U, and Ni) and 11 essential (Co, Mo, Se, Cu, Zn, V, Ca, Al, Sr, Mn, and Fe) trace elements in date mussels (Lithophaga lithophaga,Linnaeus, 1758) was carried out by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. Date mussels (231 individuals), caught in the Gulf of Manfredonia (Southern Italy), were divided into 4 size-related groups. The different tissues (muscle, stomach, hepatopancreas and rest of soft tissues) were separated and analyzed to study the capability of absorption of this species. No particular differences were reported on the basis of the shell size; the soft tissues play an important role on the accumulation levels of hazardous and essential trace elements. These marine animals may be considered a good bioindicator of marine environmental pollution for their longevity and habitat permanence peculiarities.     

Neutron activation and atomic absorption analysis of Ulva Lactuca and Gracilaria Verrucosa from Thermaikos Gulf,Greece

NAA and AAS have been applied to determine the content of As, Br, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, La, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sc, Sm and Zn in Ulva lactuca and Gracilaria verrucosa from Thermaikos Gulf, Greece. The analytical data has been subjected to cluster and stepwise discriminant analysis. Thus the influence of some industrial sources on the pollution of water in the Gulf is detected and correlation between Zn‐Co‐Cr‐La; Br‐K; Cu‐Ni; Cd‐Sb‐Mn in the investigated algae is established.     

Trace element atmospheric pollution in South Albania studied by the moss technique and inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry

Monitoring hazardous air pollutants is needed for understanding their spatial and temporal distribution and ultimately to minimize their harmful effects. For the first time, the moss biomonitoring technique has been applied to air pollution monitoring in South Albania. Moss samples were collected during the period of September–October 2010, and were analyzed for total concentration of the elements Al, As, Ba, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Sr, V, and Zn by inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry. Geographical distribution maps of the elements over the sampled territory were constructed using geographic information systems technology. Multivariate statistical analysis was applied to distinguish elements mainly of anthropogenic origin from those predominantly originating from natural sources. Four factors were identified: Factor 1 reflects wind-blown mineral particles or local emissions from industry (Al, As, Ba, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, V, Zn); Factor 2 is related to long-range atmospheric transport of elements or local emissions from industry (Cd, Pb); Factor 3 (Na, Mg) and Factor 4 (K) reflect the natural origin of elements as crustal, marine, and vegetation components.