北京密云水库上游太师屯镇非点源污染损失估算

选取密云水库上游太师屯镇为研究区,在利用输出系数法计算非点源污染负荷的基础上,运用环境经济学方法,定量估算了非点源污染损失.研究结果表明:本区养殖污染负荷最高,总氮占全镇总氮污染负荷的53.0%.其中规模化养殖占畜禽排泄污染负荷的66.5%;总磷占全镇总磷污染负荷的73.9%,其中规模化养殖占畜禽排泄污染负荷的66.5%.农村生活污染的总氮负荷占全镇总氮污染负荷的31.3%,总磷占全镇总磷污染负荷的15.8%.土地利用污染负荷最低,总磷和总氮分别占全镇总负荷的15.7%和10.3%.区域非点源污染损失折合人民币约407.57万元,其中畜禽养殖污染损失最大,约占总损失的40.7%;土地利用流失次之,占33.5%,其中63.2%的损失是耕地污染造成的;农村生活污染损失最小,但总氮损失达总损失的25%.氮、磷养分流失是主要的非点源污染形式,损失约占79.5%.土地废弃和泥沙淤积造成的污染对水库存在长期影响,也不可忽视.     

污染生态学的研究前沿与展望

根据污染生态学国内外研究现状与发展趋势 ,对该领域的最新研究前沿进行了较为系统的分析和归纳。与此同时 ,从生态学发展战略的角度 ,对今后的研究重点进行了阐述。认为污染生态过程是污染生态学研究的中心议题 ,污染生态修复与污染生态工程是污染生态学应用研究的重点。通过研究 ,将会推动污染生态化学和污染生态毒理学等学科新的生长点和新的分支学科的形成和发展。     

哈尔滨市表土重金属地球化学基线的确定及污染程度评价

在实地采样测试的基础上,分别运用地质累积指数法和污染负荷指数法对哈尔滨市表土103个样品中的Hg、Cd、Pb、As元素的单因子污染程度和多元素综合污染状态进行了评价,并在ArcGIS平台下对区域污染程度进行空间可视化。地质累积指数法表明：哈尔滨市Hg、Cd、Pb和As的污染等级主要为1级和2级;各目标元素均有一定比例的3级污染等级,以Hg最为明显,其中Hg和Cd出现了4、5级污染,所占比例不大;污染负荷指数法的综合评价结果显示,点污染负荷指数（IPL）以Ⅰ级为主,呈中度污染,区域污染负荷指数（IPLzone）值为1.478,污染程度属于Ⅰ级。     

312国道沿线土壤、灰尘重金属污染现状及影响因素

通过采集312国道沿线表层土壤及服务区灰尘样品,研究了312国道沿线表层土壤、灰尘重金属污染现状,并探讨了影响因素.研究发现312国道沿线表土中Pb、Zn、Cu污染较严重,Ni、Mn、Cr污染较轻.良田、宝天公路采样点Pb、Zn污染程度最高,为强污染-极强污染,柳园Pb、Zn污染次之为中强度污染,其余采样点均为无污染至中度污染.服务区窗台灰中Pb、Zn、Cu等重金属污染严重,三门峡、平顶山、北龙口、良田等地点Zn元素的Igeo值10.Ni污染较轻,Igeo值均2.312国道沿线表土中Pb、Zn、Cu、Mn重金属污染和窗台灰中Pb、Cr重金属污染均与停车场地面灰中重金属污染相关性较高,推测主要受汽车尾气和轮胎摩擦碎屑污染,其余各元素如Ni等还受到其它污染源影响.重金属污染受汽车活动影响较大。     

珠海市非点源污染负荷研究方法初探

就珠海市现存的水环境问题立项研究非点源污染。简要介绍本研究的总体方案,探讨城区地表径流污染、农业地表径流污染、畜禽养殖业污染和大气湿沉降污染的研究方法。针对珠海非点源污染现状,提出非点源污染负荷的削减方法以及调控对策。可为本区域的水环境治理提供科学依据,并可资全国其他地区开展类似研究借鉴。     

污泥对区域生态环境的影响

对上海某乡因施用大量污泥而造成的污染状况作跟踪调查研究和质量评价。研究对象为土壤、水稻和蔬菜，被研究的污染元素为Ｃｄ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｕ、Ｐｈ、Ｎｉ、Ｃｒ、Ｈｇ和Ａｓ．结果表明，该乡土壤为复合污染，Ｃｄ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｕ是主要污染元素．污泥施用越多的地区，水稻、蔬菜受污染就越严重，尤以Ｃｄ污染最为突出，超过了允许卫生标准。确定了污染村、污染程度和污染面积。     

基于不同土地利用方式的深圳市农用地土壤重金属污染评价（Evaluation of the Heavy Metal Pollution in Different Agricultural Soils of Shenzhen City）

为探讨深圳市农林土壤重金属的污染现状,分菜地、果园、林地和荒地等4种不同的土地利用类型,共采集了52个表层土壤样品,采用原子吸收法测定了其重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr和Ni全量,单项污染指数法和内梅罗综合指数法评价了6种重金属在土壤中的污染现状.评价结果显示,部分土壤样点存在较为严重的重金属污染,Cd的污染最为严重,Cu的污染最轻;不同用地类型下的污染等级不同,荒地处于尚清洁(警戒限)水平,菜地和林地处于轻度污染水平,果园处于中度污染水平,全市农用地土壤处于轻度污染水平.     

贵阳市表层土壤中铅的环境地球化学基线研究

以土壤环境地球化学研究为主线,以贵州省贵阳市8064km2为研究区域,将土壤重金属污染元素铅的空间分布规律与环境地球化学机理研究相结合,建立区域土壤环境地球化学基线,选用合适的判别指标判识自然作用过程与人类活动过程对土壤环境的影响。得到以下结论:贵阳市表层土壤中铅的基线值为14.8mg·kg-1,样品中铅元素含量大于70.1mg·kg-1的样品可能遭受人为污染的影响。地质累积指数分析结果显示贵阳市18%的表层土壤未受铅的污染,47%的表层土壤在无污染到中度污染之间,28%的中度污染,6%的表层土壤介于中度污染到强污染之间,1%的强污染。污染程度指数分析则显示贵阳市49.9%的表层土壤未受到铅的污染,铅的污染程度最大为8.11,总污染程度略大于0,即受到轻微污染。     

太湖流域非点源污染负荷估算

在现有技术条件下,运用相对简单可行的方法对太湖流域的非点源污染负荷进行了初步估算.通过实地监测和调查,获得了土地利用、生活污染、畜禽养殖以及水产养殖等不同类型污染源的产污系数,并与遥感、GIS技术相结合,分别计算了太湖流域农田、生活、畜禽养殖、水产养殖等不同类型污染源的污染负荷.计算结果表明,畜禽养殖和生活污染是太湖流域非点源污染的主要来源,畜禽养殖的TN、TP和COD污染负荷分别占流域总污染负荷的34%、58%和61%,农田污染所占比例并不突出.应将畜禽养殖和生活污染作为太湖流域非点源污染控制的重点.     

P2P防污染机制的研究

文件污染是当前P2P文件共享系统普遍存在的问题,其中用户行为是导致污染的重要因素.在考察用户行为的基础上,建立了一个污染文件传播模型,描述了用户的污染意识、共享倾向等因素对污染传播的影响,并据此提出了相应的反污染机制.仿真实验表明,该机制能够有效地控制P2P文件共享系统中污染文件的传播.图6,表12.     

植物区系学中特有现象的研究进展(Ⅰ)--概念、类型、起源及其研究意义

植物区系学中的特有现象是其研究的重点内容，对特有现象的概念、类型、起源及其研究意义作了详细的论述；其次，总结了中国植物区系的基本情况、生活型、分布区学、水平分布、垂直分布与起源等研究成果；第三，介绍了研究特有现象的形态-地理学方法、细胞地理学方法和等位酶分析方法；第四，指出了中国植物区系中特有现象研究所面临的困境，认为应该集中力量重点研究滇黔桂、横断山脉以及华中等3个地区的植物区系基本特征、组成、起源、演化与扩散等内容．     

Assessing the extent and nature of wildlife trade on the dark web

Use of the internet as a trade platform has resulted in a shift in the illegal wildlife trade. Increased scrutiny of illegal wildlife trade has led to concerns that online trade of wildlife will move onto the dark web. To provide a baseline of illegal wildlife trade on the dark web, we downloaded and archived 9852 items (individual posts) from the dark web, then searched these based on a list of 121 keywords associated with illegal online wildlife trade, including 30 keywords associated with illegally traded elephant ivory on the surface web. Results were compared with items known to be illegally traded on the dark web, specifically cannabis, cocaine, and heroin, to compare the extent of the trade. Of these 121 keywords, 4 resulted in hits, of which only one was potentially linked to illegal wildlife trade. This sole case was the sale and discussion of Echinopsis pachanoi (San Pedro cactus), which has hallucinogenic properties. This negligible level of activity related to the illegal trade of wildlife on the dark web relative to the open and increasing trade on the surface web may indicate a lack of successful enforcement against illegal wildlife trade on the surface web.     

植物内生菌与宿主关系研究进展

植物内生菌（endophyte）是指存活于健康植物组织内部,而又不引发宿主植物表现出明显感染症状的微生物类群,主要包括真菌、细菌和放线菌。其在植物体中的分布具有普遍性、多样性的特点。在目前研究过的所有植物中均发现有内生菌,它们可存在于植物的根、茎、叶、花、果实等各个部位。研究发现内生菌除了随植物遗传进行传播外,还可通过多种途径对宿主植物进行侵染,比如可以以内生菌体或孢子形式通过变形、吸器、或渗透等途径侵染植物,也可以通过分解植物表皮细胞壁或通过各种自然开口（包括侧根发生处,气孔,水孔等）或伤口（包括土壤对根的磨损,病虫对植物的损害及收割多年生植物造成的伤口等）等传播途经进入植物。内生菌由于与宿主植物长期共处,进而形成了一种复杂、特殊的关系。它们有的是互利共生关系,而有的是无害或微害寄生关系。两种关系可随多种因素变化而相互转化。本文主要从内生菌在宿主植物中的分布特点、侵染特性及与宿主植物共处方式等方面,对近十年来植物内生菌与宿主关系的研究进展进行综述和展望,以期为植物内生菌资源开发研究提供参考。     

广东省农业生态环境问题与对策

随着社会经济和城市化的快速发展，以及人口的剧增，广东省的农业发展正面临一系列严重的生态环境问题。这些问题包括耕地资源日益缺乏，农业环境污染日益严重，土壤肥力退化和水土流失仍未遏止，地区性的洪旱灾害频繁，森林生态系统简单而脆弱，外来物种入侵猖獗，等等。文章对这些问题进行了讨论，并提出了若干治理对策。认为要使广东省农业可持续发展，必须合理开发利用农业自然资源，严格控制非农业用地与人口增长，加强农业环境污染的防治，加强土壤肥力退化和水土流失的综合治理，发展节水农业，改善林分结构和生态服务功能。此外，认为还应加强外来物种的安全防范工作和科学研究，防止外来物种对农业生态系统的组成、结构和功能的破坏。     

Increase of multi-metal tolerance of three leguminous plants by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonization

A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of the colonization of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) Glomus mosseae on the growth and metal uptake of three leguminous plants (Sesbania rostrata, Sesbania cannabina, Medicago sativa) grown in multi-metal contaminated soil. AMF colonization increased the growth of the legumes, indicating that AMF colonization increased the plant’s resistance to heavy metals. It also significantly stimulated the formation of root nodules and increased the N and P uptake of all of the tested leguminous plants, which might be one of the tolerance mechanisms conferred by AMF. Compared with the control, colonization by G. mosseae decreased the concentration of metals, such as Cu, in the shoots of the three legumes, indicating that the decreased heavy metals uptake and growth dilution were induced by AMF treatment, thereby reducing the heavy metal toxicity to the plants. The root/shoot ratios of Cu in the three legumes and Zn in M. sativa were significantly increased (P < 0.05) with AMF colonization, indicating that heavy metals were immobilized by the mycorrhiza and the heavy metal translocations to the shoot were decreased.     

Accounting for the Impact of Conservation on Human Well‐Being

Conservationists are increasingly engaging with the concept of human well‐being to improve the design and evaluation of their interventions. Since the convening of the influential Sarkozy Commission in 2009, development researchers have been refining conceptualizations and frameworks to understand and measure human well‐being and are starting to converge on a common understanding of how best to do this. In conservation, the term human well‐being is in widespread use, but there is a need for guidance on operationalizing it to measure the impacts of conservation interventions on people. We present a framework for understanding human well‐being, which could be particularly useful in conservation. The framework includes 3 conditions; meeting needs, pursuing goals, and experiencing a satisfactory quality of life. We outline some of the complexities involved in evaluating the well‐being effects of conservation interventions, with the understanding that well‐being varies between people and over time and with the priorities of the evaluator. Key challenges for research into the well‐being impacts of conservation interventions include the need to build up a collection of case studies so as to draw out generalizable lessons; harness the potential of modern technology to support well‐being research; and contextualize evaluations of conservation impacts on well‐being spatially and temporally within the wider landscape of social change. Pathways through the smog of confusion around the term well‐being exist, and existing frameworks such as the Well‐being in Developing Countries approach can help conservationists negotiate the challenges of operationalizing the concept. Conservationists have the opportunity to benefit from the recent flurry of research in the development field so as to carry out more nuanced and locally relevant evaluations of the effects of their interventions on human well‐being. Consideración del Impacto de la Conservación sobre el Bienestar Humano     

Preserving Population Allele Frequencies in Ex Situ Conservation Programs

Abstract: Optimization of contributions of parents to progeny by minimizing the average coancestry of the progeny is an effective strategy for maintaining genetic diversity in ex situ conservation programs, but its application on the basis of molecular markers has the negative collateral effect of homogenizing the allelic frequencies at each locus. Because one of the objectives of a conservation program is to preserve the genetic composition of the original endangered population, we devised a method in which markers are used to maintain the allele frequency distribution at each locus as closely as possible to that of the native population. Contributions of parents were obtained so as to minimize changes in allele frequency for a set of molecular markers in a population of reduced size. We used computer simulations, under a range of scenarios, to assess the effectiveness of the method in comparison with methods in which contributions of minimum coancestry are sought, either making use of molecular markers or genealogical information. Our simulations indicated that the proposed method effectively maintained the original distribution of allele frequencies, particularly under strong linkage, and maintained acceptable levels of genetic diversity in the population. Nevertheless, contributions of minimum coancestry determined from pedigree information but ignoring the genealogy previous to the conservation program, was the most effective method for maintaining allelic frequencies in realistic situations.     

A Large-Eddy Simulation Study of the Convective Boundary Layer over Philadelphia during the 1999 Summer NE-OPS Campaign

This study presents a large-eddy simulation (LES) study of the convective boundary layer on August 1, 1999 over Philadelphia, PA during a summer ozone episode. The study is an evaluation of the Colorado State University's Regional Atmospheric Modeling System Version 4.3 (RAMS4.3) with the LES option using Northeast Oxidant and Particulate Study (NE-OPS) data. Simulations were performed with different imposed sensible heat fluxes at the ground surface. The model was initialized with the atmospheric sounding data collected at Philadelphia at 1230 UTC and model integrations continued till 2130 UTC. The resulting mean profiles of temperature and humidity obtained from the LES model were compared with atmospheric soundings, tethered balloon and aircraft data collected during the NE-OPS 1999 field campaign. Also the model-derived vertical profiles of virtual temperature were compared with NE-OPS Radio Acoustic Sounder System (RASS) data while the humidity profiles were compared with NE-OPS lidar data. The comparison of the radiosonde data with the LES model predictions suggests that the growth of the mixing layer is reasonably well simulated by the model. Overall, the agreement of temperature predictions of the LES model with the radiosonde observations is good. The model appears to underestimate humidity values for the case of higher imposed sensible heat flux. However, the humidity values in the mixing layer agree quite well with radiosonde observations for the case of lower imposed sensible heat flux. The model-predicted temperature and humidity profiles are in reasonable agreement with the tethered balloon data except for some small overestimation of temperature at lower layers and some underestimation of humidity values. However, the humidity profiles as simulated by the model agree quite well with the tethered balloon data for the case of lower imposed sensible heat flux. The model-predicted virtual temperature profile is also in better agreement with RASS data for the case of lower imposed sensible heat flux. The model-predicted temperature profile further agrees quite well with aircraft data for the case of lower imposed heat flux. However, the relative humidity values predicted by the model are lower compared with the aircraft data. The model-predicted humidity profiles are only in partial agreement with the lidar data. The results of this study suggest that the explicitly resolved energetic eddies seem to provide the correct forcing necessary to produce good agreement with observations for the case of an imposed sensible heat flux of 0.1 K m s^–1 at the surface.     

Scale dependency of conservation outcomes in a forest-offsetting scheme

Offset schemes help avoid or revert habitat loss through protection of existing habitat (avoided deforestation), through the restoration of degraded areas (natural regrowth), or both. The spatial scale of an offset scheme may influence which of these 2 outcomes is favored and is an important aspect of the scheme's design. However, how spatial scale influences the trade-offs between the preservation of existing habitat and restoration of degraded areas is poorly understood. We used the largest forest offset scheme in the world, which is part of the Brazilian Forest Code, to explore how implementation at different spatial scales may affect the outcome in terms of the area of avoided deforestation and area of regrowth. We employed a numerical simulation of trade between buyers (i.e., those who need to offset past deforestation) and sellers (i.e., landowners with exceeding native vegetation) in the Brazilian Amazon to estimate potential avoided deforestation and regrowth at different spatial scales of implementation. Allowing offsets over large spatial scales led to an area of avoided deforestation 12 times greater than regrowth, whereas restricting offsets to small spatial scales led to an area of regrowth twice as large as avoided deforestation. The greatest total area (avoided deforestation and regrowth combined) was conserved when the spatial scale of the scheme was small, especially in locations that were highly deforested. To maximize conservation gains from avoided deforestation and regrowth, the design of the Brazilian forest-offset scheme should focus on restricting the spatial scale in which offsets occur. Such a strategy could help ensure conservation benefits are localized and promote the recovery of degraded areas in the most threatened forest landscapes.     

Survival of first instar larvae ofDanaus plexippus (Lepidoptera: Danainae) in relation to cardiac glycoside and latex content ofAsclepias humistrata (Asclepiadaceae)

Summary Our paper addresses field survivorship of first instar monarch butterfly larvae (Danaus plexippus L., Lep.: Danainae) in relation to the dual cardenolide and latex chemical defenses of the sand hill milkweed plant,Asclepias humistrata (Asclepiadaceae) growing naturally in north central Florida. Survival of first instar larvae in the field was 11.5% in the first experiment (15–20 April 1990), and dropped to 3.4% in the second experiment (20–30 April). About 30% of the larvae were found glued to the leaf surface by the milkweed latex. Predator exclusion of non-flying inverte-brates by applying tanglefoot to the plant stems suggested that the balance of the mortality was due to volant inverte-brates, or to falling and/or moving off the plants. Regression analyses to isolate some of the other variables affecting survivorship indicated that first instar mortality was correlated with (1) increasing cardiac glycoside concentration of the leaves, (2) increasing age of the plants, and (3) the temporal increase in concentration of cardiac glycosides in the leaves. The study also provided confirmatory data of previous studies that wild monarch females tend to oviposit onA. humistrata plants containing intermediate concentrations of cardiac glycosides. Cardiac glycoside concentration in the leaves was not correlated with that in the latex. The concentration of cardenolide in the latex is extremely high, constituting an average of 1.2 and 9.5% of the mass of the wet and dry latex, respectively. The data suggest that an increase in water content of the latex is compensated for by an influx of cardenolide with the result that the cardenolide concentration remains constant in the latex systems of plants that are growing naturally. We also observed first instar larvae taking their first bite of milkweed leaves in the field. In addition to confirming other workers findings that monarch larvae possess elaborate sabotaging behaviour of the milkweed's latex system, we discovered that several larvae on their first bite involuntarily imbided a small globule of latex and instantly became cataleptic. This catalepsis, lasting up to 10 min, may have been in response to the high concentration of cardenolide present in the latex ofA. humistrata, more than 10 times that in the leaves. The results of the present study suggest that more attention should be directed to plant chemical defenses upon initial attack by first instar insect larvae, rather than attempting correlations of plant chemistry with older larvae that have already passed the early instar gauntlet. The first bite of neonate insects may be the most critical moment for coping with the chemical defenses of many plants and may play a much more important role in the evolution of insect herbivory than has previously been recognized.