不同干扰程度下高原湿地纳帕海土壤酶活性与微生物特征研究

采用In-situ野外取样技术与室内实验分析相结合,对不同人为干扰程度下滇西北高原湿地纳帕海土壤酶活性和微生物数量特征进行研究。结果表明：（1）在人为活动干扰下,湿地类型从原生沼泽向沼泽草甸-草甸-垦后湿地逆向演替,F检验显示土壤脲酶、蛋白酶和蔗糖酶活性在各类型湿地间差异显著（F脲酶=14.246,F蛋白酶=13.760,F蔗糖酶=15.392）,表现为垦后湿地〉沼泽草甸〉草甸〉原生沼泽,过氧化氢酶活性差异不显著（F过氧化氢酶=2.697）,且与上述三种水解酶变化规律不同。（2）F检验显示,土壤细菌数量差异显著（F细菌=10.883）,呈现沼泽草甸〉草甸〉垦后湿地〉原生沼泽;土壤真菌与放线菌数量差异显著（F真菌=18.032,F放线菌=15.078）,呈现沼泽草甸〉垦后湿地〉草甸〉原生沼泽。（3）回归分析表明,土壤脲酶与过氧化氢酶极显著正相关。在草甸湿地类型中,土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、蛋白酶间呈显著线性正相关。土壤酶活性虽与微生物数量相性不显著。（4）纳帕海湿地土壤微生物数量与酶活性变化是对人为不同干扰类型与强度的响应。     

不同放牧梯度下草甸草原土壤微生物和酶活性研究

通过小区控制放牧实验,研究呼伦贝尔草甸草原不同放牧强度下草地土壤微生物和酶活性的变化。结果表明：不同处理土壤微生物数量表现为细菌〉放线菌〉真菌。不同土层土壤微生物总数不放牧处理大于放牧处理,0～30 cm土层土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量在轻牧区较高,在中牧区较低。土壤脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性轻度放牧和中度放牧高于不放牧和重度放牧。土壤微生物数量、生物量、土壤蛋白酶和过氧化氢酶活性均随土壤深度的增加呈递减趋势。相关分析表明,土壤微生物数量、微生物生物量以及土壤酶活性相互之间密切相关,土壤微生物量N与细菌达到极显著正相关（P〈0.01）,与真菌和放线菌呈显著相关（P〈0.05）。土壤微生物量C与真菌达到极显著负相关（P〈0.01）,与放线菌呈显著负相关（P〈0.05）。土壤微生物数量、土壤微生物量N与转化酶、蛋白酶、过氧化氢酶活性呈显著或极显著正相关。土壤微生物量C与转化酶、蛋白酶、过氧化氢酶呈显著负相关（P〈0.05）。     

计划烧除对云南松林土壤微生物及酶活性的影响

计划烧除是森林防火与经营的主要手段之一,探究云南松林计划烧除后土壤微生物与酶活性的变化,可为科学实施计划烧除提供参考。以云南省玉溪市新平县照壁山云南松天然次生林为研究对象,对计划烧除后土壤微生物(真菌、细菌、放线菌)与酶活性(蔗糖酶、纤维素酶、脲酶、蛋白酶、过氧化氢酶、磷酸酶)的变化及相关性进行研究。结果表明,(1)云南松林计划烧除后,表层土壤微生物数量急剧下降,但这种影响随着土壤深度增加越来越小。细菌和放线菌数量在0-10 cm土层、真菌数量在0-20 cm土层未烧除样地显著高于烧除样地;细菌、放线菌在11-60 cm土层、真菌在21-60 cm土层受火烧影响小。(2)计划烧除导致大部分表层土壤酶失活,随土层深度增加受影响程度越来越小。土壤蔗糖酶和纤维素酶活性在0-20 cm土层未烧除样地显著高于计划烧除样地,脲酶、蛋白酶在0-10 cm土层显著高于烧除样地,过氧化氢酶活性在0-60 cm土层显著高于烧除样地;磷酸酶活性与其它酶不同,在0-10 cm土层未烧除样地显著低于计划烧除样地,在10-20 cm土层未烧除除样地显著高于烧除样地,在21-60 cm土层,受计划烧除影响小。(3)土壤微生物与酶活性相关分析结果显示,与未烧除样地比较,计划烧除样地细菌与脲酶、过氧化氢酶、磷酸酶、蛋白酶的相关性变化不明显,而与蔗糖酶、纤维素酶的相关性减弱;真菌与蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶的相关性变化不明显,而与脲酶、纤维素酶、蛋白酶的相关性减弱,与磷酸酶的相关性增强;放线菌与脲酶、过氧化氢酶的相关性变化不明显,与蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶、纤维素酶、蛋白酶相关性减弱,与磷酸酶的相关性增强。因此,计划烧除使土壤表层微生物与酶活性受到显著影响,土壤酶活性与微生物之间的相关性也发生改变。     

宁夏引黄灌区农田土壤酶活性及其空间变异

采集了同一地点不同土地利用方式,及不同地点不同典型土地利用类型下银川平原的灌淤土样品,在分析了土壤基本理化性质的基础上,用奈氏比色法、苯磷酸二钠比色法和高锰酸钾滴定法,分别测定了宁夏引黄灌区农田不同利用方式下土壤的磷酸酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶的活性状况,并对土壤酶活性与土壤的基本理化性质的相关性进行了相关分析。结果表明,土地利用方式对三种酶活性有很大的影响。12年果园磷酸酶活性最高,常年旱田脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性最高,而盐化旱田及常年淹水的稻田,三种酶活性都很低。脲酶活性与土壤全氮之间显著正相关,全磷与三种酶活性都极显著相关,三种酶之间达到显著或极显著正相关关系。表明磷酸酶、脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性的大小可以敏感地表征宁夏引黄灌区土壤肥力和生产力的高低。     

铅锌矿冶区土壤酶活性特征研究

分析测试了铅锌矿冶区Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd复合污染条件下的土壤酶活性，分析了土壤重金属污染状况与土壤酶活性的相关关系。结果表明，随着采样点偏离废气排放口主导风向程度增大，Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd综合污染指数PI逐渐降低，土壤蛋白酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶的活性逐渐增高且差异显著，变化程度中大到小的顺序为蛋白酶→脲酶→过氧化氢酶。剖面分布上，综合污染指数PI〉5的样地，基本呈现随土壤深度增加而土壤酶活性降低的趋势。蛋白酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶的活性间呈极显著正相关，3种土壤酶活性与全磷呈极显著正相关，与有机质相关性较低。蛋白酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶等土壤酶活性分布特征对矿冶区污染程度和土壤生态系统特性具有一定的指示作用。     

模拟增温和酸雨对水稻土酶活性及温度敏感性的影响

土壤酶是土壤生态系统物质循环和能量流动的积极参与者,全球温度、酸雨强度可能是同时变化的,研究土壤酶在增温和酸雨背景下的变异规律具有重要意义。以水稻土为研究对象,通过室内培养实验,设置2种温度梯度(25和30℃)和2种降水pH值水平(pH 5.0和pH 6.7),研究了模拟增温和酸雨对水稻土酶活性的影响以及土壤酶温度敏感性指数(Q10)。结果表明:(1)去离子水(pH 6.7)条件下,增温(30℃)处理土壤转化酶、纤维素酶、淀粉酶和蛋白酶活性比常温(25℃)处理平均升高13.37%、13.57%、6.14%和17.60%;土壤脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性平均降低3.25%和12.89%。常温条件下,酸雨(pH 5.0)处理土壤转化酶、蛋白酶、脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性比去离子水处理平均升高22.91%、7.65%、38.24%和69.98%,纤维素酶和淀粉酶活性平均降低35.73%和19.63%。(2)增温和酸雨的交互作用对土壤转化酶、纤维素酶、过氧化氢酶活性有显著影响,而对淀粉酶、蛋白酶、脲酶活性则无显著影响。(3)不同种类土壤酶Q10不同,转化酶对温度变化敏感,淀粉酶则不敏感。酸雨处理下,转化酶、纤维素酶、蛋白酶和脲酶的Q10降低,过氧化氢酶的Q10升高,淀粉酶的Q10变化不大。(4)短期内增温和酸雨都提高了土壤酶综合活性,增温酸雨处理土壤酶综合活性最高。这可能意味着气候变暖和短期低浓度酸雨可以提高土壤酶活性,加速土壤物质循环。     

Pb/Zn矿冶区植被恢复地土壤酶的活性特征

对广东韶关铅锌矿冶区植被恢复地的土壤酶活性进行了测定.结果表明,自然植被恢复地(ZR)的脲酶、蛋白酶、过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶活性高于人工植被恢复地(RG)和无植被覆盖地(GB),其中脲酶、蛋白酶在ZR的活性极显著高于其在RG和GB的活性(P<0.01).脲酶、蛋白酶、过氧化氢酶活性与植被盖度、生物量等特征呈较高相关性.建议用土壤脲酶、蛋白酶活性作为Pb/Zn矿冶区植被自然恢复的指示指标,过氧化氢酶作为参考指标.图1表1参18     

三江平原小叶章湿地土壤酶活性的季节动态

选取三江平原小叶章（Calamagrostis angustifolia）沼泽湿地为研究对象,于5—9月采集0～20cm土壤样品,分析了小叶章湿地土壤酶活性的季节动态变化,并探讨了其与土壤有机碳和全氮含量的关系。结果表明：小叶章湿地土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶、酸性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶活性具有明显的季节变化特点,变异系数分别为13.1%、7.9%、13.6%、9.8%、5.0%、27.0%。土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、酸性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶、纤维素酶活性具有相似的动态规律,均在6月份出现一个波峰值,但最大值出现的月份不同,脲酶、蔗糖酶、纤维素酶在9月份时的酶活性最高,而酸性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶在6月份时酶活性最高。淀粉酶活性动态规律表现为5—7月酶活性降低,而后酶活性升高,9月份酶活性最高,此时淀粉酶的水解能力最大。并且,随着季节变化,小叶章湿地土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、纤维素酶活性与有机碳含量显著正相关（p〈0.05）,淀粉酶、酸性磷酸酶活性与土壤全氮含量显著正相关（p〈0.05）。     

土默川平原不同盐渍化土壤酶活性特征的研究

为探讨土默川平原不同盐渍化程度土壤酶活性的特征,选取轻度、中度、重度盐渍化土壤为对象,采用滴定法、比色法研究了0～40 cm土壤蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶4种酶活性不同季节的变化特征。结果表明:随盐渍化程度加剧,4种酶活性均呈现逐渐降低的趋势,蔗糖酶活性变化在0.65～36.55 mg·g-1、过氧化氢酶活性变化在2.76～3.35 mL·g-1、脲酶活性变化在0.003～0.018 mg·g-1、碱性磷酸酶活性变化在0.10～0.98 mg·g-1;土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶随土层加深酶活性降低,而过氧化氢酶活性表现为20～40 cm土层高于0～20 cm;不同盐渍化程度土壤酶活性的季节性变化趋势不同,过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶活性的季节性变化呈先升高后下降的趋势,脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性的季节性变化呈先升高后下降再升高再下降的趋势,碱性磷酸酶随时间的推移酶活性逐渐上升,且土壤酶活性出现峰值也不同,蔗糖酶和脲酶出现在8月,过氧化氢酶出现在7月,碱性磷酸酶出现在9月;不同盐渍化程度土壤酶活性在一个生长季内变化幅度表现为轻度>中度>重度盐渍化;不同盐渍化土壤碱性磷酸酶与脲酶、蔗糖酶活性呈极显著正相关,与过氧化氢酶活性呈极显著负相关,蔗糖酶与脲酶活性呈极显著正相关。因此,土默川平原不同盐渍化程度土壤酶活性及其季节性变化差异显著,土壤盐分含量影响着该地区土壤酶活性的变化。     

围封对荒漠草原土壤微生物数量及其酶活性的影响

以鄂尔多斯高原温性荒漠草原为对象,对比研究了放牧和围封条件对草原植物地下生物量、土壤有机质、土壤微生物数量及酶活性的影响,旨在为干旱区退化草地的恢复与重建提供科学依据。结果表明,(1)与放牧区相比,围封显著增加了表层土壤(0~10 cm)草地植物地下生物量23.81%,极显著增加了次表层土壤(10~20 cm)草地植物地下生物量37.21%,而对土壤有机质含量无显著影响。(2)围封极显著提高了表层土壤真菌种群数量71%,次表层土壤细菌种群数量147%,显著提高了底层土壤(20~40 cm)真菌164%和表层、次表层土壤放线菌种群数量56%和8.9%。(3)围封区的次表层土壤脲酶活性显著增加了31.13%,表层土壤蔗糖酶活性显著降低了24.14%,表层土壤过氧化氢酶和碱性磷酸酶活性分别显著提高了16.59%和11.76%。(4)围封与放牧条件下,各指标相关性表现不尽一致;放牧条件下,放线菌种群数量与各指标相关性均不显著(P0.05),而在围封下,放线菌与真菌种群数量及碱性磷酸酶活性无显著相关性(P0.05),与其他指标均表现出显著(P0.05)或极显著(P0.01)正相关关系,相关系数达68%以上;放牧条件下,真菌种群数量与4种土壤酶活性均呈极显著(P0.01)正相关关系,相关系数在84%以上,而围封条件下,其与4种酶活性均呈显著正相关关系(P0.05)。     

Catalytic activity of NiW electrodeposits

NiW systems are known as one of the best catalysts for various desulfurization processes. In this study, we examined catalytic properties of NiW electrodeposits, produced from two different electrolytes, towards sulfide ion oxidation in alkaline solution. Despite the big difference in morphology and structure of both materials, they exhibit almost the same catalytic activity for the examined reaction. A possible explanation of this experimental fact is that the overall reaction is controlled by the transport of oxygen through the catalyst samples.     

Dehydrogenases activity of activated sludge

A study of dehydrogenases activity of activated sludge, return activated sludge, and waste activated sludge from three sewage treatment plants was made. Dehydrogenases activity and protein content of the mixed liquor varied along the aeration basin. Chromium chloride and zinc sulfate were found to be inhibitory to dehydrogenases activity. Return activated sludge and waste activated sludge, in spite of higher content of volatile suspended solids, contained lower dehydrogenases activity. Return activated sludge when kept without aeration and addition of sewage, showed higher dehydrogenases activity; and on aeration, but without addition of sewage, it showed progressively lower dehydrogenases activity.     

Catalase activity of activated sludge

Catalase activity of mixed liquor suspended solids of aeration tank of activated sludge plants in Milwaukee, WI, was measured in sonicated samples. Catalase activity varied in the samples of mixed liquor suspended solids collected from the head and end of the aeration tanks; in return activated sludge; and in waste activated sludge. Catalase activity decreased in mixed liquor suspended solids, on prolonged aeration (8 days), in the absence of added sewage. Volatile suspended solids and catalase activity seemed to bear a relationship.     

Antimicrobial activity of Red Sea corals

Scleractinian corals and alcyonacean soft corals are the two most dominant groups of benthic marine organisms inhabiting the coral reefs of the Gulf of Eilat, northern Red Sea. Antimicrobial assays performed with extracts of six dominant Red Sea stony corals and six dominant soft corals against marine bacteria isolated from the seawater surrounding the corals revealed considerable variability in antimicrobial activity. The results demonstrated that, while the majority (83%) of Red Sea alcyonacean soft corals exhibited appreciable antimicrobial activity against marine bacteria isolated from the seawater surrounding the corals, the stony corals had little or no antimicrobial activity. From the active soft coral species examined, Xenia macrospiculata exhibited the highest and most potent antimicrobial activity. Bioassay-directed fractionation indicated that the antimicrobial activity was due to the presence of a range of compounds of different polarities. One of these antibiotic compounds was isolated and identified as desoxyhavannahine, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 48 μg ml⁻¹ against a marine bacterium. The results of the current study suggest that soft and hard corals have developed different means to combat potential microbial infections. Alcyonacean soft corals use chemical defense through the production of antibiotic compounds to combat microbial attack, whereas stony corals seem to rely on other means.     

Antiaflatoxigenic activity of Carum copticum essential oil

Plants are unique sources of useful metabolites. Plant essential oils display a wide range of antimicrobial effects against various pathogens. Here, we studied the essential oil from the seeds of Carum copticum. We monitored aflatoxin by high-performance liquid chromatography. Results show that Carum copticum essential oil inhibits Asergillus parasiticus growth and prevents aflatoxin production. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) is 127.5 μg mL^?1 for aflatoxin B₁ and 23.22 μg mL^?1 for aflatoxin G₁. Our findings show that Carum copticum essential oil is a potential candidate for the protection of foodstuff and feeds from toxigenic fungus growth and their subsequent aflatoxin contamination.     

Arylsulfatase activity in marine sediments

Arylsulfatase activity and arylsulfatase-producing bacteria were estimated in sediment samples collected from 3 different biotopes: marine, estuarine, and mangrove. No direct relationship could be established between activity and the number of bacteria at any station. In general, clayey sediments always harboured more arylsulfatase producers than sandy sediments, irrespective of salinity variations. Of the 3 biotopes investigated, the mangrove area exhibited maximum activity. The enzyme showed two pH optima, one at 6.2, the other at 9.0. The optimum substrate concentration was 12x10^-4M. Higher substrate concentrations tended to inhibit arylsulfatase activity. The recovery of added phenolphthalein was maximum only at pH 6.2; KCN, Na₂So₄, and KH₂Po₄ inhibited enzyme activity by 65.5, 46.8 and 37.5%, respectively. More than one type of arylsulfatase may be present in marine sediments; further studies on the role of arylsulfatases are required, since arylsulfatases have been reported to bear on the formation and hardening of exoskeletons in marine forms.     

Antimicrobial activity of extracts of Caribbean gorgonian corals

Extracts of 39 species of Caribbean gorgonians were tested for antimicrobial activity against 15 strains of marine bacteria. The bacteria consisted of three opportunistic pathogens, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Leucothrix mucor, and Aerococcus viridans, and 12 strains isolated from either healthy or decayed gorgonians. Overall, only 15% (79 out of 544) of the tests resulted in antibacterial activity with 33% (13 out of 39) of the gorgonians inhibiting only one bacterial strain and 23% (9 out of 39) showing no activity. The extracts of four Pseudopterogorgia species showed relatively high levels of activity, inhibiting 43 to 86% of the bacterial strains. The potency of the active Pseudopterogorgia species was variable, however, and three additional Pseudopterogorgia species were inactive against all bacterial strains. With the exception of one sensitive strain, Vibrio species were resistant to gorgonian metabolites. Our results indicate that organic extracts of most Caribbean gorgonians do not possess potent, broad-spectrum antibacterial activity inhibitory to the growth of opportunistic marine pathogens and bacteria associated with healthy and decayed gorgonian surfaces. These findings suggest that the inhibition of bacterial growth is not the primary ecological function of gorgonian secondary metabolites and that bacteria may not be important selective agents in the evolution of gorgonian secondary chemistry.     

Bacterial toxicity testing and antibacterial activity of parabens

Parabens are used because of their antimicrobial effects, yet they have multiple adverse effects. The aim of this work was to evaluate the bactericidal activity and bacterial toxicity of the most common parabens: methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, isopropylparaben, butylparaben, isobutylparaben and phenylparaben. The bactericidal action was evaluated by means of the dilution-neutralization method against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, and the biotest of inhibition of growth of E. coli was applied for the bacterial toxicity assay. Bactericidal concentrations were reached only for propylparaben, butylparaben and isobutylparaben. The toxicity study showed methylparaben to be the least toxic, whereas the most toxic one was phenylparaben. It can be concluded that the disinfectant activity of the parabens studied is insignificant against S. aureus and E. coli. Acute toxicity is very low, and the inhibitory effect is weak. Our results provide information about the risk–benefit balance of parabens use.     

Observations of heterotrophic activity on photoassimilated organic matter

The natural heterotrophic utilization of released and particulate photoassimilated compounds by natural phytoplankton populations was followed during the summer of 1975 in the Kiel Bight (Western Baltic Sea). Phytoplankton exudates (2 to 21% of primary production) seem to represent an important substrate for heterotrophic bacteria: uptake rates between 8 and 17,5%/h were observed. Samples incubated with antibiotics indicated that the heterotrophic uptake of phytoplankton exudates during photosynthesis could lead to underestimation of the release rate. Production of 14_{CO 2}was used as an estimate of the mineralization of particulate photoassimilated matter. The mineralization rates measured were in the range of 6 to 20% after 20 h. In order to confirm the quantitative measurements, micro-autoradiographic examinations of the samples were performed.     

Zn-TiO_2纳米管的光催化活性

采用水热合成-浸渍法制备锌掺杂TiO2纳米管（Zn-TiO2纳米管）,透射电镜照片显示Zn-TiO2纳米管为两端开口形貌均一的中空管状结构,管径约6～8 nm,壁厚约1 nm,长度约50～200 nm。研究了Zn-TiO2纳米管对甲基橙的光催化性能,结果表明：掺杂适量锌提高了TiO2纳米管对甲基橙的光催化降解性能,0.4%Zn-TiO2纳米管的光催化性能最佳。同时还探讨了Zn-TiO2纳米管用量和初始pH值等因素对光催化降解甲基橙的影响,结果显示Zn-TiO2纳米管能有效地降解甲基橙。随着光催化反应进行,CODCr去除率和脱色率变化规律不完全相同,可能是由于芳基和烷基降解速率不同所致。