Cd胁迫下不同水稻品种组织细胞中Cd的转运分配研究

采用土培试验,以越冬稻、R1088(籽粒Cd低积累)和IR34582、太粳558(籽粒Cd高积累)4个水稻品种为试验材料,研究不同水稻品种在Cd0(不加Cd)、Cd5(5 mg·kg~(-1))和Cd25(25 mg·kg~(-1))胁迫下对Cd的吸收、转运及其分配特征,以期为培育镉低积累水稻品种提供科学依据。结果表明,(1)Cd胁迫下,Cd低积累水稻品种根Cd含量显著高于Cd高积累水稻品种,而地上部Cd含量却显著低于Cd高积累水稻品种;同时,其TF_(根-茎)和TF_(茎-叶鞆)也显著低于Cd高积累水稻品种。(2)Cd在各组织亚细胞中的含量表现为细胞壁可溶部分细胞膜细胞器。Cd胁迫下,Cd低积累水稻品种根系细胞壁(F1)、细胞器(F2)、细胞膜(F3)和可溶部分(F4)Cd含量均显著高于Cd高积累水稻品种,而茎、叶鞘和叶中F1、F2、F3和F4Cd含量却显著低于Cd高积累水稻品种。(3)不同水稻品种各组织间转移系数与根系Cd亚细胞分布比例相关性分析表明,Cd5处理中,TF_(根-茎)分别与F1和F4分配比例呈极显著负相关和显著正相关,相关系数分别为-0.93 1(P0.01)和0.702(P0.05);Cd25处理中,TF_(根-茎)与F1和F4分配比例呈极显著负相关和极显著正相关,相关系数分别为-0.908和0.786(P0.01)。综上所述,Cd胁迫下水稻各组织Cd含量显著增加,且Cd含量和TF_(根-茎)在Cd高低积累水稻品种间存在显著差异,根系细胞壁和可溶部分在Cd从根部向上转运的过程中起着重要作用。     

镉在五节芒(Miscanthus floridulus)不同种群细胞中的分布及化学形态

通过营养液培养,以种子分别来自粤北大宝山矿区和惠州博罗非矿区的2个五节芒种群为试验材料,并采用差速离心技术和化学试剂逐步提取法,比较研究了Cd在2个种群根、茎和叶片中的亚细胞分布及化学形态.结果表明,五节芒2种群各部位的Cd主要富集在细胞壁和以液泡为主的可溶组分,在叶绿体、细胞核和线粒体中的分布较少;2种群根、茎、叶的亚细胞各组分Cd含量由高到低的次序均为:细胞壁组分(F1),可溶组分(F4),细胞核和叶绿体组分(F2),线粒体组分(F3).Cd在五节芒矿区种群根、茎、叶中的含量均显著高于非矿区种群.提高Cd处理质量浓度,对于非矿区种群,Cd在细胞壁(F1)和可溶组分(F4)的分配比例下降,在细胞核和叶绿体组分(F2)与线粒体组分(F3)的分配比例卜升;而对于矿区种群,Cd在细胞壁(F1)的分配比例上升,在可溶组分(F4)、细胞核和叶绿体组分(F2)与线粒体组分(F3)的分配比例下降,细胞壁对Cd的同持作用增强.五节芒2种群根中Cd的化学形态存在着明显差异:低Cd(5 mg·1-1)处理下,矿区种群根中的Cd以水提取态、氯化钠提取态和醋酸提取态为主,各占36.41%、28.15%和17.04%,其它形态所占比例较少;而非矿区种群根中的Cd以氯化钠提取态、水提取态和醋酸提取态所占比例较大,各占31.58%、23.15%和20.85%.提高Cd处理质量浓度,矿区种群根中的氯化钠提取态为优势形态,所占比例提高到41.29%,水提取态所占比例也提高到38.25%.其他提取态所占比例均有不同幅度下降;而非矿区种群根中氯化钠提取态Cd含量比例下降到21.45%,各化学形态的在分配比例上表现为平均化趋势.因此,细胞壁同持、可溶组分的液泡区隔化和向活性较弱的结合形态转移可能是五节芒矿区种群耐Cd的主要机制.     

续断菊与玉米间作系统不同植物部位Cd、Pb分配特征

采用植物修复的方法对会泽铅锌矿周围受Cd、Pb污染的农用地进行修复,将超富集植物续断菊和农作物玉米在污染农用地间作种植,以减少农用地重金属含量,并获得合格的农产品。通过田间小区直接种植的方式,测定植物生物量及各器官重金属含量,研究续断菊(Sonchus asper L.Hill)与玉米(Zea mays L.)间作系统植物不同器官Cd、Pb分配特征。结果表明,(1)间作续断菊生物量相比单作增加了31.55%,间作玉米生物量相比单作增加了29.02%。(2)从拔节期到成熟期,间、单作玉米各器官Cd质量分数呈下降趋势。成熟期与拔节期相比,间作玉米根、茎、叶Cd质量分数分别降低了24.51%、29.06%、55.32%,单作玉米根、茎、叶Cd质量分数分别降低了22.05%、7.20%、45.02%。在不同时期,间作玉米根、叶Cd质量分数都低于单作玉米根、叶Cd质量分数。根部Cd质量分数在抽穗期和成熟期差异显著;叶部Cd质量分数在成熟期差异性显著;茎部Cd质量分数在抽穗期和成熟期呈现出单作大于间作,在成熟期差异显著。玉米各部位Pb质量分数呈现出先增加后下降趋势,且成熟期根、茎Pb质量分数小于拔节期,而该期叶Pb质量分数则大于拔节期。不同时期,间作玉米根、叶Pb质量分数小于单作玉米根、叶,根在抽穗期和成熟期Pb质量分数差异性显著;间作玉米籽粒Cd、Pb质量分数显著小于单作。(3)续断菊根部及地上部Cd质量分数随时间推移而呈现逐渐增加趋势,间作续断菊根部及地上部Cd质量分数分别增加16.88、15.45 mg·kg-1,单作续断菊根部及地上部Cd质量分数分别增加5.5、10.09 mg·kg-1,间作续断菊地上部Cd质量分数显著大于单作,间作根部大于单作根部,在抽穗期和成熟期出现显著差异。(4)间作、单作种植模式下土壤Cd、Pb质量分数均有下降,土壤Cd质量分数在间作模式下降25.99%,单作续断菊模式下降23.19%,单作玉米模式下降14.78%;土壤Pb质量分数在间作模式下降6.78%,单作续断菊模式下降7.53%,单作玉米模式下降7.23%。结果表明,续断菊和玉米间作促进了续断菊各部位对镉的积累量,同时抑制了玉米各部位镉的积累量。     

小麦根对镉离子的吸收机制及镉的亚细胞分布（Uptake and Subcellular Distribution of Cadmium in Wheat （Triticum aestivum）Roots）

小麦作为毒性实验推荐的标准物种之一,了解其对Cd的吸收过程及其致毒机理具有重要意义. 应用Ca离子通道抑制剂LaCl3、巯基抑制剂N-乙烷基顺丁烯二酰亚胺（NEM）及能量代谢抑制剂2,4-二硝基苯酚（DNP）,研究了小麦根对Cd的吸收;借鉴水生动物的亚细胞分离方法,在原有植物亚细胞分离方法上进行了改进,考察了Cd在小麦根中的亚细胞分布. 8h的暴露吸收实验结果表明,LaCl3作为Ca离子通道抑制剂抑制小麦根对Cd的吸收高达30%;巯基抑制剂NEM没有表现出抑制效应,关于Cd与巯基的结合没有明确证据;在低浓度Cd条件下（0.25、1.0μM）,DNP抑制其吸收,表明Cd是需要消耗能量进入细胞内,而在高浓度Cd条件下（5.0μM）则提高了Cd的吸收. Cd进入细胞内依次分布于胞液、细胞残渣、细胞器、微粒体,分布比例：胞液>细胞残渣、细胞器>微粒体;3种抑制剂均通过降低细胞器、提高胞液和微粒体中Cd分布来维持细胞的正常功能,降低Cd的毒性.     

复合污染下Cu、Cr、Ni和Cd在水稻植株中的富集特征

掌握水稻对污染土壤中重金属的吸收和富集特征,为科学认识水稻中重金属的残留问题、健康风险提供理论依据。采用田间试验,研究了4个不同处理量Cu、Cr、Ni、Cd复合污染下水稻的富集特征及其随生育期的变化规律。结果表明,重金属在水稻植株各部位中吸收富集系数的大小依次为：Cd〉Cu〉Ni〉Cr,根部重金属吸收富集系数是地上各部位的吸收富集系数的2~100倍。各重金属在水稻植株不同部位的积累分布明显不同,成熟期水稻植株中Cu在水稻不同部位的质量分数为根〉茎≥叶〉米粒〉谷壳,Ni的分布规律为根〉叶〉茎〉米粒〉谷壳,Cr的分布规律为根〉叶〉谷壳≥茎〉米粒,Cd的分布规律为根〉茎〉叶〉米粒〉谷壳;且随着重金属处理量的增加,水稻植株不同部位的重金属质量分数也呈上升趋势。成熟期米粒中Cu、Ni、Cr和Cd的质量分数范围分别为：4.50~6.19、1.86~4.63、0.72~0.76和0.08~0.39 mg·kg-1,与无公害食品标准（GB15199-94、GBT2762-2005）相比,米粒中Cu和Cr的质量分数均未超标,而Ni和Cd（Cd高剂量处理时）的质量分数均超标,存在食用安全风险。重金属在水稻植株不同部位的质量分数随生育期均呈现先升后降的趋势,灌浆中期达到最大,而到成熟期又明显降低。不同重金属在水稻植株中的富集能力和分布规律均呈现明显差异,不同生育期水稻植株中重金属的质量分数明显不同但其质量分数变化呈明显规律性。     

不同水稻品种对镉积累的差异及其与镉亚细胞分布的关系

采用土培试验,以籽粒Cd低积累水稻品种(越冬稻和R1088)和籽粒Cd高积累水稻品种(IR34582和太粳558)为试验材料,研究成熟期水稻在Cd0(不加Cd)、Cd5(5 mg·kg~(-1))和Cd25(25 mg·kg~(-1))胁迫下,Cd在水稻各组织中的积累差异及其与Cd亚细胞分布的关系,为培育Cd低积累水稻品种和水稻安全生产提供科学依据。结果表明:(1) Cd胁迫下,约65%～83%的Cd积累于根系,低积累品种根系Cd含量显著高于高积累品种,而地上部却相反;(2)高积累品种往地上部转运Cd的效率以及地上部各组织往籽粒转运Cd的效率均显著高于低积累品种;(3) Cd胁迫下,低积累品种根中细胞壁(F1)、细胞器(F2)、细胞膜(F3)和可溶部分(F4)中Cd含量显著高于高积累品种,而茎、叶鞘和叶中却相反;(4)低积累品种根和茎中F1中Cd分配比例均显著高于高积累品种,而F4中Cd分配比例却相反;在叶鞘和叶中,F1、F4中Cd分配比例在不同品种之间无显著差异。(5) Cd胁迫下,TF_(根-茎)和TF_(茎-糙米)均与F1中Cd分配比例成显著负相关关系,而与F4中Cd分配比例成显著正相关关系。综上,高积累品种往地上部转运Cd的能力强于低积累品种;低积累品种根和茎中细胞壁限制了Cd的迁移;而高积累品种根和茎中可溶部分在Cd从根部向上以及从茎向籽粒转运过程中起着重要作用。     

盐雾胁迫对榄仁幼苗生长及体内矿质元素分布的影响

在温室培养条件下,用叶片喷雾的方式对盐生植物榄仁（Terminalia catappa）的幼苗进行NaCl胁迫处理,研究了盐雾胁迫对其生长、5种矿质元素（Ca2＋、Mg2＋、Na＋、K＋、Cl-）和灰分在幼苗不同叶龄叶片和叶片各部分分布的影响,以探讨盐雾胁迫下的盐害机理,以此指导实际工作中盐害诊断与预防措施,为筛选耐盐树种建设沿海防护林提供依据。结果表明：盐雾胁迫下榄仁幼苗的叶、茎、根生长比对照组缓慢,K＋在各叶片分区的分布差别较小,Ca2＋、Mg2＋、灰分在叶片中心区分布较多,Na＋和Cl-均向叶缘集中,且Na＋和Cl-质量分数显著增加（P〈0-05）,可见盐雾胁迫下榄仁幼苗叶片盐分较易集中在叶尖、叶缘,这与叶片病斑多分布于叶尖、叶缘的症状相符。盐雾胁迫下榄仁幼苗叶片的灰分质量分数在叶片中心区分布最多,并呈现老叶〉成叶〉新叶,而且随胁迫时间增加呈升高趋势,叶片不同部位和不同叶龄的灰分质量分数都显著高于对照组（P〈0-05）,故盐雾胁迫促进植物体灰分积累。盐雾胁迫下榄仁幼苗的 K＋、Na＋、Cl-在新叶分布最多,Ca2＋在老叶分布最多,Mg2-在成熟叶分布最多,可见新叶对盐雾胁迫最敏感。不论是在叶片不同部分、不同叶龄的分布,还是在盐雾胁迫下5种矿质元素质量分数的变化上,榄仁幼苗体内的Na＋-Cl-存在极显著强正相关（P〈0.01）。     

多种盐分离子作用下苋菜对重金属的吸收累积特征

模拟不同淋洗脱盐阶段滩涂土壤孔隙水中盐分和重金属含量,通过苋菜水培试验,研究多种盐分离子（SO42-、Cl-、NO3-、CO32-、Na＋、Ca2＋、K＋和Mg2＋等）的共同作用下,苋菜对Zn、Cu、Ni、Cr、Pb和Cd 6种重金属的吸收、累积和转运的变化。结果表明,与对照相比,在不同盐分离子浓度影响下,苋菜茎叶中Cd的累积增幅为69.2%～146.2%,而茎叶中其他重金属的含量无显著变化,苋菜根系中Cd、Pb、Cr、Ni和Cu含量的最大增幅分别为187.8%、197.7%、305.7%、228.1%和58.2%,但根系中Zn含量未受到显著影响。在相对较高的盐分离子浓度（〉1 312.4 mg.L-1）范围内,不同盐分离子浓度处理间苋菜茎叶和根系中6种重金属含量差异均不显著。盐分处理显著降低了苋菜对Pb、Cr、Ni和Cu的转移系数,但未显著影响苋菜对Cd和Zn的转移系数。     

蚕豆对铯的吸收蓄积及亚细胞分布研究

采用改良水培法培养蚕豆幼苗至2片真叶,置于含铯(ρ(Cs+)8.24(CK)~200 mg·L~(-1))的营养液中处理7 d、14 d、21 d后取样。采用差速离心法分离亚细胞组分,采用原子吸收分光光度法测定根、茎、叶及各亚细胞组分的Cs+含量,分析蚕豆幼苗对Cs+的吸收蓄积及亚细胞分布特点,研究蚕豆对Cs+的富集转运特征及耐受机理。结果显示:蚕豆3种器官对Cs+的蓄积量为根叶茎,根对Cs+的蓄积量占总量的65.13%~83.17%,最高(ρ(Cs+)200 mg·L~(-1)时)达到518.40 mg·kg~(-1)FW(7 d)、1 949.74 mg·kg~(-1)FW(14 d)和3 614.03 mg·kg~(-1)FW(21 d);蚕豆根、茎、叶中Cs+的亚细胞分布主要集中在细胞壁和可溶性组分中,Cs+相对含量分别达到75.84%~99.06%(根)、79.06%~100%(茎)、82.95%~100%(叶);细胞核、前质体、叶绿体和线粒体等细胞器仅含少量的Cs+(25%)。结果表明,蚕豆根、茎、叶细胞主要通过阻滞作用,将Cs+结合固定在细胞壁,并将进入细胞质基质的一部分Cs+转运到液泡内,暂时或"永久性"存贮,有效降低了细胞器、胞质溶胶(cytosol)及内含物中的Cs+含量,极大地减缓了Cs+对细胞器的功能性损伤,这是短期内蚕豆未表现出明显中毒症状的原因,也是蚕豆耐受Cs+胁迫的重要机理之一。     

小麦根对镉离子的吸收机制及镉的亚细胞分布

小麦作为毒性实验推荐的标准物种之一,了解其对Cd的吸收过程及其致毒机理具有重要意义.应用Ca离子通道抑制剂LaCl3、巯基抑制剂N-乙烷基顺丁烯二酰亚胺(NEM)及能量代谢抑制剂2,4-二硝基苯酚(DNP),研究了小麦根对Cd的吸收;借鉴水生动物的亚细胞分离方法,在原有植物亚细胞分离方法上进行了改进,考察了Cd在小麦根中的亚细胞分布.8h的暴露吸收实验结果表明,LaCl3作为Ca离子通道抑制剂抑制小麦根对Cd的吸收高达30%;巯基抑制剂NEM没有表现出抑制效应,关于Cd与巯基的结合没有明确证据;在低浓度Cd条件下(0.25、1.0μM),DNP抑制其吸收,表明Cd是需要消耗能量进入细胞内,而在高浓度Cd条件下(5.0μM)则提高了Cd的吸收.Cd进入细胞内依次分布于胞液、细胞残渣、细胞器、微粒体,分布比例:胞液>细胞残渣、细胞器>微粒体;3种抑制剂均通过降低细胞器、提高胞液和微粒体中Cd分布来维持细胞的正常功能,降低Cd的毒性.     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

Effects of Coffee Management on Deforestation Rates and Forest Integrity

Knowledge about how forest margins are utilized can be crucial for a general understanding of changes in forest cover, forest structure, and biodiversity across landscapes. We studied forest‐agriculture transitions in southwestern Ethiopia and hypothesized that the presence of coffee (Coffea arabica)decreases deforestation rates because of coffee's importance to local economies and its widespread occurrence in forests and forest margins. Using satellite images and elevation data, we compared changes in forest cover over 37 years (1973–2010) across elevations in 2 forest‐agriculture mosaic landscapes (1100 km² around Bonga and 3000 km² in Goma‐Gera). In the field in the Bonga area, we determined coffee cover and forest structure in 40 forest margins that differed in time since deforestation. Both the absolute and relative deforestation rates were lower at coffee‐growing elevations compared with at higher elevations (?10/20% vs. ?40/50% comparing relative rates at 1800 m asl and 2300–2500 m asl, respectively). Within the coffee‐growing elevation, the proportion of sites with high coffee cover (>20%) was significantly higher in stable margins (42% of sites that had been in the same location for the entire period) than in recently changed margins (0% of sites where expansion of annual crops had changed the margin). Disturbance level and forest structure did not differ between sites with 30% or 3% coffee. However, a growing body of literature on gradients of coffee management in Ethiopia reports coffee's negative effects on abundances of forest‐specialist species. Even if the presence of coffee slows down the conversion of forest to annual‐crop agriculture, there is a risk that an intensification of coffee management will still threaten forest biodiversity, including the genetic diversity of wild coffee. Conservation policy for Ethiopian forests thus needs to develop strategies that acknowledge that forests without coffee production may have higher deforestation risks than forests with coffee production and that forests with coffee production often have lower biodiversity value. Efectos de la Administración Cafetalera sobre las Tasas de Deforestación y la Integridad de los Bosques     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.     

Globalization of the Cashmere Market and the Decline of Large Mammals in Central Asia

As drivers of terrestrial ecosystems, humans have replaced large carnivores in most areas, and human influence not only exerts striking ecological pressures on biodiversity at local scales but also has indirect effects in distant corners of the world. We suggest that the multibillion dollar cashmere industry creates economic motivations that link western fashion preferences for cashmere to land use in Central Asia. This penchant for stylish clothing, in turn, encourages herders to increase livestock production which affects persistence of over 6 endangered large mammals in these remote, arid ecosystems. We hypothesized that global trade in cashmere has strong negative effects on native large mammals of deserts and grassland where cashmere‐producing goats are raised. We used time series data, ecological snapshots of the biomass of native and domestic ungulates, and ecologically and behaviorally based fieldwork to test our hypothesis. In Mongolia increases in domestic goat production were associated with a 3‐fold increase in local profits for herders coexisting with endangered saiga (Saiga tatarica).That increasing domestic grazing pressure carries fitness consequences was inferred on the basis of an approximately 4‐fold difference in juvenile recruitment among blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur)in trans‐Himalayan India. Across 7 study areas in Mongolia, India, and China's Tibetan Plateau, native ungulate biomass is now <5% that of domestic species. Such trends suggest ecosystem degradation and decreased capacity for the persistence of native species, including at least 8 Asian endemic species: saiga, chiru (Pantholops hodgsoni), Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus), snow leopard(Panthera uncia), khulan(Equus hemionus), kiang (E. kiang), takhi (E. przewalski), and wild yak (Bos mutus). Our results suggest striking yet indirect and unintended actions that link trophic‐level effects to markets induced by the trade for cashmere. Globalización del Mercado de Cachemira y la Declinación de Mamíferos Mayores en Asia Central     

The lichen-rich coastal heath vegetation on the isle of Anholt, Denmark — conservation and management

The high conservational value of the lichen-rich vegetation and landscape of the marine foreland Ørkenen on the isle of Anholt is treated from a Danish as well as a European perspective. The sensitivity of the lichen-rich vegetation to physical disturbance is emphasized. The impact of invasive species such asPinus mugo as well as the effect of atmospheric deposition of nutrients on the heaths at Anholt is described. Considerations related to the development of a management plan for Ørkenen are presented.     

Behavior and ecology of Old World Luperini beetles of the genusAulacophora (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Summary The attraction of Old World leaf beetles in the genusAulacophora to kairomones and parakairomones which are effective lures for New WorldDiabrotica andAcalymma were investigated. Beetles captured on sticky traps baited with single and multicomponent lures were no different from the control traps for two species ofAulacophora. Yellow colored traps and squash blossoms are attractive toAulacophora beetles which detect sub-microgram quantities of cucurbitacins on silica gel. Leaf feeding behavior and flight activity data are correlated with varietal preference of threeAulacophora species. The common response byDiabrotica andAulacophora to cucurbitacins reinforces the two groups' coevolutionary association with the Cucurbitaceae. The apparent lack of a common response toCucurbita blossom volatiles suggests recent evolutionary pathways are substantially different for these two groups of beetles.     

Use of stochastic patch occupancy models in the California red-legged frog for Bayesian inference regarding past events and future persistence

Assessing causes of population decline is critically important to management of threatened species. Stochastic patch occupancy models (SPOMs) are popular tools for examining spatial and temporal dynamics of populations when presence–absence data in multiple habitat patches are available. We developed a Bayesian Markov chain method that extends existing SPOMs by focusing on past environmental changes that may have altered occupancy patterns prior to the beginning of data collection. Using occupancy data from 3 creeks, we applied the method to assess 2 hypothesized causes of population decline—in situ die-off and residual impact of past source population loss—in the California red-legged frog. Despite having no data for the 20–30 years between the hypothetical event leading to population decline and the first data collected, we were able to discriminate among hypotheses, finding evidence that in situ die-off increased in 2 of the creeks. Although the creeks had comparable numbers of occupied segments, owing to different extinction–colonization dynamics, our model predicted an 8-fold difference in persistence probabilities of their populations to 2030. Adding a source population led to a greater predicted persistence probability than did decreasing the in situ die-off, emphasizing that reversing the deleterious impacts of a disturbance may not be the most efficient management strategy. We expect our method will be useful for studying dynamics and evaluating management strategies of many species.