乐安江鄱阳湖河口沉积物样品生态效应的初步

对乐安江鄱阳湖河口三个沉积物样品中主要污染元素含量的分析，表明存在重金属Ｃｕ和Ｚｎ污染。用模拟湖水对沉积物进行溶出实验，上清液金属含量符合国家地表水质量标准。成组生物检验结果表明，三个沉积物样品对无脊椎动物和发光菌均无急性毒性。但对光合藻类的生长有抑制作用。初步用毒性鉴定和评价方案进行的研究结果表明，抑制作用主要由阳离子类型污染物引的。     

农药类化合物对大型溞的毒性作用模式:与基线毒性化合物比较研究

农药在控制有害生物的同时,对水生生态系统产生较大的毒性效应。本文通过实验获得了25种基线化合物对大型溞的急性毒性数据,并与57种农药类化合物对大型溞的急性毒性数据进行比较研究,同时根据体外浓度LC_(50)、生物富集因子BCF和体内临界浓度CBR的关系,计算了这些化合物在大型溞体内的临界浓度,研究了农药类化合物对大型溞的毒性作用机理。结果表明,基线化合物在大型溞体内的临界浓度log1/CBR值在一个很窄的范围波动,而农药类化合物在大型溞体内的临界浓度log1/CBR值范围广且较高。这说明多数农药类化合物对大型溞为反应性毒性作用模式。其中,除草剂对大型溞的毒性显著低于杀菌剂和杀虫剂对大型溞的毒性。这可能是因为除草剂主要通过干扰植物光合作用、植物激素或植物分子合成发挥毒性效应,从而导致其对大型溞的生理系统难以发生反应性毒性效应。而杀虫剂和杀菌剂主要通过干扰生物神经系统、生殖系统、呼吸作用或大分子合成发挥毒性效应,因此易与大型溞生理系统发生生物化学反应,从而具有较高的毒性效应。本文分别建立了除草剂、杀菌剂和杀虫剂对大型溞的急性毒性QSAR模型。除草剂对大型溞的急性毒性机理较简单,其毒性与化合物疏水性程度和离子化程度有关;而杀菌剂对大型溞的急性毒性主要与化合物的标准生成热和极性表面积有关;杀虫剂对大型溞的急性毒性作用机理较复杂,它们对大型溞的毒性效应与其和生物分子之间的氢键和范德华力有关。     

广州市某A2/O工艺城镇污水处理厂出水对大型溞的生殖毒性作用

城镇污水处理厂废水中存在大量生物毒性物质,但该废水对动物的生殖能力影响研究还十分缺乏。利用大型溞暴露实验,检测广州市某采用A~2/O工艺的城镇污水处理厂出水的急性毒性和生殖毒性。48 h急性毒性实验表明,所有水样均未表现出急性毒性效应。慢性生殖毒性(14 d)测试结果表明:(1)从进水到缺氧池出水均能显著提高第一胎产溞数量;(2)进水和沉砂池出水显著增加受试期总产溞数量;(3)从厌氧池到出水工艺段受试溞的第一胎产溞时间均推后;(4)好氧池出水的毒性显著降低,但仍然对大型溞具有生殖毒性。研究表明,好氧池(A~2/O)工艺能够显著去除具有大型溞生殖毒性的物质,但污水处理厂废水的生殖毒性仍需要引起关注。     

广州城市河涌沉积物浸出液对水生生物的急性毒性

研究了广州市石井河、澳口涌、沙河涌、东朗涌、车陂涌、花地涌6条河涌沉积物浸出液对小球藻、大型和斑马鱼的急性毒性.试验结果表明,6条河涌沉积物浸出液对水生生物均存在不同程度的毒性,其中石井河和澳口涌毒性较大.对于河涌沉积物污染的生物检测,小球藻生长抑制率指标比大型和斑马鱼存活率指标具有更高的敏感性和指示性,其顺序表现为小球藻>斑马鱼>大型.沉积物会构成河流的一个持久性污染源而对水生生物造成危害.在治理河涌的过程中,河涌沉积物的二次污染不可忽视.氵搔氵搔氵搔     

制革废水处理系统各级出水的生态毒性评价

采用生态毒理学常用的大型溞（Daphnia magna）和活性污泥（activated sludge）作为试验系统,对制革废水处理系统各个环节出水进行毒性试验,以评价其处理效果。按照OECD标准试验方法,选取本实验室繁殖的大型溞（溞龄小于24 h）,和采自以处理生活污水为主的污水处理厂活性污泥,分别使用重铬酸钾和3,5-二氯酚作为参比物验证大型溞和活性污泥的毒性敏感性。以大型溞活动抑制和活性污泥呼吸抑制作为毒性终点,利用48 h静态试验和3 h曝气试验分别评价水样对于大型溞活动和活性污泥呼吸作用的急性毒性效应。统计各试验组大型溞的活动情况和活性污泥的呼吸速率,分别将其与空白对照组进行比较,计算大型溞的活动抑制率和活性污泥的呼吸抑制率,采用Bliss法统计制革废水处理系统各个环节出水对大型溞和活性污泥的半数抑制浓度（EC50）。结果表明：制革废水依次经过厌氧脱硫反应器、脱色厌氧反应器、微曝气反应器和厌氧氨氧化反应器的生物处理系统处理,其出水对大型溞和活性污泥的急性毒性已大为降低。进水、厌氧脱硫反应器出水、脱色厌氧反应器出水、微曝气反应器出水和厌氧氨氧化反应器出水对大型溞活动抑制试验的48 h-EC50分别为41.3%、32.2%、48.0%、91.2%和无抑制作用;活性污泥呼吸抑制试验3 h-EC50则分别为178.2%、101.5%、689.7%、184.6%和无抑制作用。总体上毒性呈现逐渐降低的趋势,而且大型溞比活性污泥更为灵敏。大型溞和活性污泥的生态毒性结果与化学分析的结果相互补充,可为制革废水处理提供预警和效果评价提供科学依据。     

某石化废水的综合毒性评价及其处理工艺对毒性的削减规律研究

利用生物毒性测试对环境中的污染物进行生态风险评价,是目前风险评价中的研究热点。本研究以明亮发光杆菌(Photobacterium phosphoreum)、斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)和大型溞(Daphina magna)为受试生物,对某石化厂废水的处理流程中5个主要单元出水的急性毒性进行了测试,分析了其急性毒性与理化指标间的相关性;同时,为了解不同处理单元毒性去除效果及主要毒性来源,结合毒性鉴别评价(toxicity identification evaluation,TIE)技术对各阶段出水的毒性削减及其主要致毒物质类别进行了分析。毒性测试结果表明,该废水处理厂对石化废水的毒性去除效果比较显著,其中进水对明亮发光杆菌、斜生栅藻和大型溞分别表现为中毒、高毒和剧毒,最终处理后出水的毒性分别为无急性毒、中毒和微毒,对毒性的去除效率分别为96.4%、74.3%和99.5%。TIE结果表明,石化废水中的主要致毒物质是非极性有机物和可滤型物质。本研究结果为石化废水的综合生物毒性评价提供了研究基础,为探讨废水生物毒性的去除提供了实例参考。     

成组生物毒性测试法综合评价典型工业废水毒性

为了更加准确地评估典型工业废水的综合生物毒性以及处理工艺对废水毒性的削减情况,采用发光细菌急性毒性实验、大型溞急性毒性实验和单细胞凝胶电泳实验,结合潜在生态毒性效应探测(potential ecotoxic effects probe,PEEP)指数对常州市7种典型工业废水的综合生物毒性进行了评价。结果表明,7种工业原水都表现出了急性毒性或遗传毒性,综合生物毒性强度的排序为电子厂>电镀厂>综合污水处理厂>印染厂>化工厂>食品厂>制药厂。而7种工业废水的处理后出水综合生物毒性强度的排序为印染厂>化工厂>电子厂>综合污水处理厂>食品厂>制药厂>电镀厂。其中,印染和化工厂出水综合生物毒性高于原水,分别增加了43.3%和38.7%,PEEP评价结果显示分别属于剧毒和高毒,而电镀、电子、综合污水处理和食品厂出水的综合生物毒性削减明显,分别比原水削减了76.9%、53.1%、48.3%和26.6%,PEEP结果表明基本无毒。建立在成组生物毒性实验基础上的PEEP评价方法可全面反映工业废水的综合生物毒性,进而更客观地评价废水对水生态系统乃至人类健康的潜在影响。     

纳米水稳型C_(60)60(n_(60))促进Zn~(2+)和Cr~(6+)在大型溞体内的吸收、抗氧化性和急性毒性

富勒烯(C60)作为一种被广泛使用的纳米工程材料,其环境行为和所造成的毒效应越来越引起人们的关注,特别是其与重金属的联合毒性。文章选取模式生物大型溞研究纳米水稳型富勒烯(nC60)与Zn2+和Cr6+的联合毒性。按EPA 2024急性毒性试验结果,nC60对大型溞48 h-LC50为0.47 mg·L-1,最大无观察效应浓度(NOEC)为0.10 mg·L-1。NOEC浓度选定为nC60亚急性试验浓度,用于联合毒性试验。nC60增强了Zn2+和Cr6+对大型溞的毒性,Zn2+和Cr6+对大型溞48 h-LC50分别由2.33 mg·L-1和0.40mg·L-1降低为1.52 mg·L-1和0.33 mg·L-1;nC60增加了大型溞对Zn2+和Cr6+的摄入,暴露1440 min后体内Zn2+和Cr6+累积量分别由6.52μg·g-1湿重和1.52μg·g-1湿重增加到9.98μg·g-1湿重和3.01μg·g-1湿重;nC60和Zn2+和Cr6+联合作用于大型溞后,大型溞SOD酶活性均呈现出增强的诱导现象,联合作用时诱导作用强于两种物质单独作用。此研究表明:在亚急性浓度下,nC60增强了Zn2+和Cr6+对大型溞的毒性,提高了大型溞体内Zn2+和Cr6+的积累,并提高大型溞体内自由基活性。     

武汉地表水对蚕豆根尖细胞微核的影响

采用蚕豆Vicia faba根尖微核检测技术对武汉市主要地表水(河流、湖泊)的污染情况进行了研究.分别于东湖、西北湖和长江武汉江段共12个位点进行水样采集,以源水直接处理蚕豆根尖,检测各组水样对蚕豆根尖细胞形成微核的诱导效应.结果表明,各水样处理蚕豆根尖细胞后微核率在2‰～10‰之间,其中,4个样点水样可显著诱导蚕豆根尖细胞形成微核(P＜0.05),水样污染达到中度污染水平.表明该市地表水中存在一定致突变性,具有明显的遗传毒性;同时,这些污染较为严重的样点主要分布于水体流动性较差的湖泊中,因此,水体流动性的增加可有效改善湖泊水质.     

纳米水稳型C60（nC60）促进Zn2+和Cr6+ 在大型溞体内的吸收、抗氧化性和急性毒性

富勒烯(C60)作为一种被广泛使用的纳米工程材料,其环境行为和所造成的毒效应越来越引起人们的关注,特别是其与重金属的联合毒性.文章选取模式生物大型溞研究纳米水稳型富勒烯(nC60)与Zn+和Cr6+的联合毒性.按EPA 2024急性毒性试验结果,nC60对大型溞48 h-LC50为0.47 mg·L-1,最大无观察效应浓度(NOEC)为0.10 mg·L-1.NOEC浓度选定为nC60亚急性试验浓度,用于联合毒性试验.nC60增强了Zn2+和Cr6+对大型溞的毒性,Zn2和Cr6+对大型溞48 h-LC50分别由2.33mg·L-1和0.40mg·L-1降低为1.52 mg·L-1和033 mg·L-1;nC60增加了大型溞对Zn2+和Cr6+的摄入,暴露1440 min后体内Zn2+和Cr6+累积量分别由6.52 μg·g-1湿重和1.52 μg·g-1湿重增加到9.98 μg ·g-1湿重和3.01 μg·g-1湿重;nC60和Zn2+和Cr6+联合作用于大型潘后,大型溞SOD酶活性均呈现出增强的诱导现象,联合作用时诱导作用强于两种物质单独作用.此研究表明:在亚急性浓度下,nC60增强了Zn2+和Cr6+对大型溞的毒性,提高了大型潘体内Zn2+和Cr6+的积累,并提高大型溞体内自由基活性.     

Is there a relationship between soil and groundwater toxicity?

Part IIA of the Environmental Protection Act 1990 requires environmental regulators to assess the risk of contaminants leaching from soils into groundwater (DETR, 1999). This newly introduced legislation assumes a link between soil and groundwater chemistry, in which rainwater leaches contaminants from soil into the saturated zone. As the toxicity of both groundwater and overlying soils is dependent upon the chemicals present, their partitioning and their bioavailability, similar patterns of soil, leachates and groundwater toxicity should be observed at contaminated sites. Soil and groundwater samples were collected from different contaminated land sites in an urban area, and used to determine relationships between soil chemistry and toxicity, mobility of contaminants, and groundwater chemistry and toxicity. Soils were leached using water to mimic rainfall, and both the soils and leachates tested using bioassays. Soil bioassays were carried out using Eisenia fetida, whilst groundwater and leachates were tested using the Microtox test system and Daphnia magna 48 h acute tests. Analysis of the bioassay responses demonstrated that a number of the samples were toxic to test organisms, however, there were no significant statistical relationships between soil, groundwater and leachate toxicity. Nor were there significant correlations between soil, leachates and groundwater chemistry.     

Ecotoxicological characterization of tannery wastewater in Dhaka, Bangladesh

Tanning industries are one of the main economic activities in Bangladesh. It has been well documented that wastewater discharged from tanneries without appropriate treatment results in detrimental effects on the ecosystem. No ecotoxicity evaluation of any aquatic environment in Bangladesh has been conducted so far. In this study a battery of toxicity bioassays and chemical analysis were carried out from water samples obtained from three sampling points: upstream from discharging site on River Buriganga (S1), raw wastewater effluent (S2), and downstream the discharging sluice gate (S3), in the Hazaribagh tannery area of Dhaka City, Bangladesh. While S1 and S3 water samples did not show significant toxicity in the bioassays tested, S2 exhibited high acute toxicity to the bacterium Vibrio fischeri (15-min Microtox test, EC50 = 9.8%), the higher plant Lactuca sativa (5-day root elongation inhibition test, EC50 = 14.2%), and the microcrustacean Daphnia magna (24-hour mobility test, EC50 = 31.5%). The results suggested that the raw wastewater effluent had detrimental effects on broad spectrum of organisms in the aquatic ecosystem and bacterium was the most sensitive. The chemical analysis revealed that sample S2 contained an extremely high concentration of chromium (47 g l(-1)). Additionally microbiological analysis indicated that the sampling area is impacted by fecal pollution, increasing the environmental health risk for its inhabitants.     

Untersuchung von Abfällen mit biologischen Testverfahren zur Bewertung der Wassergefährdung

Wastes from three different types of waste treatment facilities (slag from a municipal waste incineration plant, slag granules from a pilot plant combining carbonization and incineration, mechanical and biological treated wastes) were examined to determine their hazard potential to different waters sites. The process temperature is seen to be the main difference between the three treatment processes. The wastes were extracted with water according to the German standard DIN 38414 S 4 and additionally at a constant pH value of 4. The leachates were investigated in a battery of aquatic bioassays and characterised physically and chemically. Every leachate revealed in a toxic effect at least in one test. The toxicity of the leachates prepared at a pH of 4 was significantly higher than the toxicity of the leachates prepared by extraction with water without pH adjustment. The leachates of the slag granules showed the lowest toxicity. On the basis of these experimental results, a scheme to derive Water Hazard Classes of wastes, which is presented in part II of this publication, was developed.     

蒽醌类化合物对大型蚤(Daphnia magna)的急性光致毒性研究

通过测定模拟光照和无光照条件下20种蒽醌类化合物对大型(Daphnia magna)的48h半数活动抑制浓度(EC50), 研究了该类化合物的光致毒性．比较了两种助溶剂(二甲基亚砜和丙酮)对这些化合物光致毒性的影响,初步讨论了光致毒性的机理．结果表明,所研究的助溶剂不影响这些化合物对大型潘的光致毒性．蒽醌类化合物因其取代基的不同(-NH2、-OH、-Cl、-Br、-NO2)、取代基位置的不同和取代基数目的不同,而表现出对大型潘光致毒性的不同．最低未占据分子轨道能(ELUMO)和最高占据分子轨道能(EHOMO)之间的能级差,可用于初步判断蒽醌类化合物 溞大型的潜在光致毒性．     

Evaluation of tests to assess the quality of mine-contaminated soils

An acid metal-contaminated soil from the Aljustrel mining area (a pyrite mine located in SW Portugal in the Iberian Pyrite Belt) was subjected to chemical characterisation and total metal quantification (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn). Water-soluble metals were determined and a sequential extraction procedure was used to investigate metal speciation. Two bioavailable metal fractions were determined: a mobile fraction and a mobilisable fraction. Soil ecotoxicity was studied using a battery of bioassays: plant growth test and seed germination with cress (Lepidium sativum L.), earthworm (Eisenia fetida) mortality, E. fetida avoidance behaviour, luminescent inhibition of Vibrio fischeri and Daphnia magna immobilisation. Although the total content of Cu, Zn and Pb in the soil was large (362, 245 and 1,250 mg/kg dry matter, respectively), these metals were mostly structurally bound (87% for Cu, 81% for Zn and 89% for Pb) and, therefore, scarcely bioavailable. Nonetheless, the D. magna immobilization test using soil leachate showed an EC₅₀ (48 h) of 36.3% (v/v), and the luminescent inhibition of V. fischeri presented an EC₂₀ (15 min) of 45.2% and an EC₂₀ (30 min) of 10.7% (v/v), suggesting a considerable toxic effect. In the direct exposure bioassays, E. fetida avoided the mine soil at the highest concentrations (50%, 75% and 100% v/v). At the same soil concentrations, cress showed negligible growth. The results suggest the need to use a battery of toxicity tests, in conjunction with chemical methods, in order to assess the quality of mine-contaminated soils correctly.     

吡虫清等4种新农药的水生态安全性评价

以斜生栅列藻 (Scenedesmusobliquus)、大型 (Daphniamagna)和斑马鱼 (Brachydaniorerio)为试验生物 ,在实验室条件下测定了吡虫清、吡嗪酮、恶草酮和精喹禾灵 4种新农药对水生生物的急性毒性IC50值或LC50 值 ,并进行了安全性评价。结果表明 ,杀虫剂吡虫清对水极毒 ,对鱼类高毒 ,对藻类低毒 ;杀虫剂吡嗪酮对水和鱼类低毒 ,对藻类中等毒性 ;除草剂恶草酮对藻类高毒 ,对水和鱼类中等毒性 ;除草剂精喹禾灵对藻类高毒 ,对水中等毒性 ,对鱼类高毒。     

对硝基酚对大型蚤和斑马鱼胚胎的毒性

采用静态生物毒性试验方法,研究了对硝基酚对大型蚤的急性毒性和斑马鱼胚胎发育影响.结果表明,大型蚤幼蚤接触不同浓度的对硝基酚后,活动会受到不同程度的抑制,甚至死亡,48hEC50值为2.55mg·L-1.对硝基酚对斑马鱼胚胎有蓄积致毒作用,最敏感性指标为83h未孵化、83h卵凝结;实验还发现对硝基酚具有低浓度促进斑马鱼胚胎发育和孵化,高浓度抑制发育并延缓孵化的作用.对硝基酚对大型蚤的毒性与对斑马鱼胚胎的发育影响相比,大型蚤对对硝基酚反应更为敏感.