GIS支持下的红壤丘陵区脆弱生态环境综合评价--以长沙市为例

遥感和地理信息系统技术的发展为研究区域生态环境变化提供了有效的手段。针对红壤丘陵区这一特定区域，在地理信息系统的支持下，建立了红壤丘陵区环境信息系统数据库；同时结合特尔斐法、层次分析法及环境质量综合指数法，对红壤丘陵区的典型区域——长沙市的生态环境质量进行综合评价。研究结果表明，由于人类活动的强烈影响，长沙市环境质量状况良好以上级别的区域面积仅有827．64km^2，占总面积的7．0％；而生态环境较差的区域其面积达到6187．14km^2，占总面积的52．4％，这说明长沙市总体生态环境质量有待进一步提高。     

黑河流域土地退化分类研究

黑河流域位于我国的西北内陆干旱区。人类不合理利用水资源造成的土地退化，已成为黑河流域一个非常严重的生态问题。土地荒漠化是该流域最典型和最严重的土地退化形式。对该流域土地退化的空间分布、特点、退化面积等方面还没有较为详细的研究，因此探讨这个问题就显得非常重要。文章通过最新的遥感影像资料(2000年)，在分析已有的研究成果的基础上，结合野外调查，利用遥感和地理信息系统(GIS)技术，初步分析了黑河流域土地退化的情况。研究结果表明，黑河流域土地退化主要有5种类型，即：水土流失、干旱化、植被退化、盐渍化和沙漠化。土地退化面积达29971．91km^2，占整个流域面积的23．06％；其中，水土流失主要分布在祁连山的南部山区，面积为5747．68km^2，占整个流域土地退化面积的19．18％，主要是由于过度开垦和放牧造成的；由于人类活动的影响，造成水资源在时空上的重新分配而导致的干旱化土地主要分布在山前部分冲、洪积平原的河流沿岸附近，其面积为1369.96km^2，占整个流域土地退化面积的4．57％；盐渍化土地是该流域土地退化的主要类型之一，面积为10591．82km^2，占整个流域土地退化面积的35．34％，分布在流域的低地、冲积扇的边缘等位置，主要是由于干旱的气候条件造成的；沙化土地，包括流动沙丘(地)，是研究区土地退化面积最大的类型，为10771．97km^2，占整个流域土地退化面积的35.94％，这其中也包括历史时期形成的沙漠和现代形成的大部分沙地；植被退化土地面积为1490．48km^2，只占整个流域土地退化面积的4．97％。通过分析可知，黑河流域土地退化严重，特别是在下游地区。人类不合理的经济活动，尤其是对该流域内有限水资源的不合理利用，是导致该地区土地生态系统脆弱的主要因素。     

基于GIS的卧龙自然保护区大熊猫生境选择与利用

在ArcGIS 10.2的支持下,分析卧龙自然保护区大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)在地形因子(海拔、坡度和坡向)和生物因子(植被、竹林类型)上的生境选择(动物利用某种生境类型面积占其家域的比例)与利用(动物家域内某生境类型面积与保护区的这一类型面积的比例)特征进行了定量研究。结果表明,(1)地形因子:卧龙大熊猫在生境选择过程中,生境利用率较高的海拔区间为1 5 00~3 000 m,平均利用率达到了55.93%,而生境选择的主要海拔区间为2 000~3 500 m,占空间利用面积的89.64%;大熊猫生境利用在坡度上相对均匀,而生境选择的主要坡度区间为20°~50°,占空间利用面积的85.56%;生境利用率最高的坡向区间为270°~315°,占比达到了31.88%。(2)生物因子:大熊猫生境利用率较高的植被类型区域为亚高山针叶林与常绿落叶阔叶林,利用率分别为51.04%和70.20%;而生境选择的主要植被类型区域为针叶林与针阔混交林,占空间利用面积的90.23%;生境利用率最高的竹林类型区域为冷箭竹(Bashania fangiana)林,利用率达到了51.63%,而生境选择的主要竹林类型为拐棍竹(Fargesia robusta)和冷箭竹,二者占空间利用面积的95.20%。研究结果揭示了在不同地形和生物因子分异区间(类型)大熊猫的生境面积分布和空间利用模式特征,丰富了大熊猫生境选择与利用特征的研究手段。     

河北平原土壤重金属人为污染的富集因子分析

在环境地球化学研究中,自然异常与人为异常往往同时存在,因此要判断环境污染状况,从自然异常中分离人为异常是十分重要的。文章根据重金属元素的环境地球化学行为,采用富集因子来判别河北平原表层土壤中重金属的人为污染情况。以4 km^2为一个评价单元,选择Zr为标准化元素,分别以河北太行山区岩石平均值及该评价单元所对应的深层土壤样品的分析值为地球化学背景,计算得到了河北平原表层土壤中重金属元素的两组富集因子值,分别用EF和CEF表示。结果表明,除As、Ni外,其它重金属元素的EF和CEF分布特征基本一致。按CEF计算结果,该区表层土壤约有50%的区域（约40 000 km^2）发生了1级轻微的重金属污染;As、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn约有1%～5%的少部分区域发生了2级中度以上重金属污染;Cd、Hg达到2级中度污染的面积为河北平原总面积的14.7%和49.6%,达到3级显著污染级别以上分别为1.1%（880 km^2）和12.6%（10 080 km^2）。重金属污染主要分布在工矿区（如冀东北部地区的铁矿集区、白洋淀及周边的小冶炼厂集中区）、污灌区（如唐海县的Cd异常、石家庄及其南部的河两岸的多金属异常）、大中城镇（Hg异常）。河北平原的实例研究表明,应用富集因子可有效区分重金属污染的自然影响和人为影响。     

基于最小累积阻力模型(MCR)和空间主成分分析法(SPCA)的沛县北部生态安全格局构建研究

沛县北部因采煤导致地形、地貌和地类变化,直接影响了整个区域的生态安全,因此需要在区域生态安全状况评价的基础上构建生态安全格局。该研究以沛县北部地区为研究对象,选取高程、坡度、土地覆盖类型、植被覆盖、距水体的距离、距道路的距离、距矿点的距离、距居民点的距离8个指标,采用空间主成分分析法(SPCA)评价研究区生态安全状况,并利用最小累积阻力模型(MCR)建立生态阻力面,借助GIS空间分析技术提取生态廊道和生态节点,从而构建研究区的生态安全格局。结果表明研究区生态安全水平不高,中度安全水平的面积为447.53 km~2,占研究区总面积的44.53%;较低安全水平的面积为344.58 km~2,占研究区总面积的34.28%;识别的31条潜在生态廊道、31个一类生态节点和20个二类生态节点与生态源地一起构成了研究区的生态安全格局,为沛县北部的生态规划和生态可持续发展提供了有效参考。     

基于MODIS数据的阿拉善盟植被指数变化的地形分异性

阿拉善盟为中国生态环境重度危急区与北方地区的天然保护屏障,及时、科学、准确地评价其植被指数的地形分异特性,对其植被建植与生态恢复具有重要的参考价值和现实意义。以美国航空航天局的陆地专题产品MOD13Q1-NDVI为时间序列数据集,利用ENVI中波段计算功能提取2000-2016年植被生长季(7-9月)覆盖阿拉善盟的植被指数信息,同时结合栅格化数字高程模型,利用Arc GIS空间统计功能中的表面分析工具提取栅格尺度上的坡度、坡向及地形起伏度等地形因子,并通过区域统计获取各地形因子级别区内植被指数的空间分布特征。结果表明:(1)采用均值变点分析法确定的阿拉善盟地形起伏度的最佳统计单元为0.26km~2;(2)阿拉善盟以中山区为主,所占比例高达79.05%;坡度以第Ⅰ(0-2°)与Ⅱ(2°-5°)级别区为主,所占面积比例高达90.62%,在空间分布上呈分散状态;坡向分布较为均匀;地形起伏度级别区以平原和台地为主,所占比例高达87.83%。该区地形具有西南高、东北低,平坦、起伏小的分布特征;(3)以植被指数低值区(0.1)和中低值区为主(0.1-0.2),且呈现西北和东南区域两级分化的空间分布特征。总体而言,在地形因子作用下,阿拉善盟植被指数均值分布具有明显的地形分异性,且植被指数高值区主要集中分布在高程为1 000-1 600 m的中山区与坡度15°的西坡。     

太湖围湖利用及网围养殖的遥感调查与分析

利用多期Landsat TM、Landsat ETM^ 和航片从时间、空间和利用类型3个方面分析了太湖围湖利用、网围养殖的时空变化。结果表明：1984-2003年间太湖围湖利用面积为4．45km^2，与20世纪50年代至70年代中期相比，围湖利用规模较小、速度较慢，围湖利用的主要类型是鱼塘养殖，主要分布在苏州市；太湖网围养殖增长迅速，尤其是1995年以后，1990年太湖网围养殖面积13．17km^2，1995年为25．95km^2，2003年为107．72km^2，1995—2003年间网围养殖年增长速率是1990-1995年间年增长速率的4倍，太湖网围养殖主要分布在东太湖。     

广东土地抗蚀潜势初步研究

利用计算机和地理信息系统软件．研究了广东省的土壤质地、土壤有机质、地势三个侵蚀因子对土壤侵蚀方面的影响，指出了广东土地抗蚀性极弱地区主要是湛江市、新丰县的小部分地区，而抗蚀性弱的区域则很大，约占全省土地面积的49．8％，遍布全省中部和南部．针对这样的现状，提出要减少抗蚀性弱和极弱地区的土壤侵蚀，必须做到：对土地的利用开垦进行统一规划；严禁乱伐森林；采取生物措施和工程措施相结合的方式防治土壤侵蚀的进一步变化．     

乌鲁木齐城市地表温度时空变化与贡献度研究

伴随着新疆首府乌鲁木齐市经济快速发展,人口持续增加、城市化进程不断加快,地表温度也发生极其显著的变化。以乌鲁木齐市中心城区为研究对象,利用1990—2018年的4期Landsat卫星影像和中国科学院土地利用/覆被分类数据,采用地表温度反演、重心转移模型、空间聚类分析以及计算贡献度指数等方法,定量研究乌鲁木齐市城市化进程中地表温度的时空格局变化及土地利用/覆盖对热环境的贡献程度。结果表明,(1)1990—2018年间,研究区相对地表温度等级在<0、0—2、>8等级上面积增加,2—4、4—6、6—8等级上面积减少。面积增长最大的是<0的相对地表温度等级,面积减少最多的是6—8等级,从空间分布上看,温度区分布有从中间向外围递增的现象。(2)1990—2018年间,研究区内相对地表温度等级在0—2、2—4、4—6区域的重心均表现为先向东南,再向西,再向东北转移的趋势,相对地表温度等级>8区域的重心先向西南,再向东北转移,相对地表温度等级<0的区域温度重心一直北移,空间上呈现等级越高越靠东的现象,相对地表温度等级<0分布在中间,相对地表温度等级>8区域的重心转移距离最长,相对地表温度等级在0—2区域的重心转移距离最短。(3)研究区内的LST在空间上呈现出很强的集聚效应,从整体上均表现为等级越高集聚性越强的现象;1990—2018年间,区域热岛的集聚程度在不断降低,空间尺度临界值逐年下降。(4)1990—2018年间,研究区建设用地与水域面积增加,其余类型均在减少,面积增长最大的为建设用地,面积减少最大的耕地面积。各土地利用/覆盖类型的贡献度指数从大到小表现为草地、建设用地、未利用地、林地、水域、耕地,其中草地、建设用地、未利用地为正贡献,林地、水域、耕地为负贡献。贡献度值指数大小与面积密切相关。     

南昌市生态空间和生态保护红线划定研究

生态保护红线作为生态空间的刚性约束区域,是保障和维护国家生态安全的底线和生命线。结合国土空间规划双评价技术,以南昌市为例,选取水源涵养功能、水土保持功能、水质保护功能、生物多样性保护功能4种重要性指标和土壤侵蚀、酸沉降、水污染3种敏感性指标,采用模型评估法和净初级生产力定量指标评估法,开展生态空间和生态保护红线划定研究。结果表明:南昌市生态保护红线面积为1648.43 km2,占总面积的22.27%,以水质保护与水污染敏感红线和生物多样性维护功能生态保护红线为主,面积分别为787.93 km2和628.96 km2,主要分布在南昌市梅岭森林公园及周边地区、中部赣江与瑶湖范围、东部军山湖与青岚湖地区、西部鄱阳湖湖域以及近鄱阳湖部分区域,以水域、农田、森林3种地类为主;生态空间面积为4271.43 km2,占总面积的57.70%,主要分布在南昌东部、南部以及西南方向,以农田、森林地类为主;其他空间面积为1482.67 km2,占总面积的20.03%,主要分布在南昌市中部以及市区周边部分地区,以建设用地为主。研究结果可为区域国土空间规划和生态安全提供参考。     

Evaluating land-use suitability of an industrial city in northeast China

Distribution of industrial land use has a crucial influence on the regional environment. Nanfen is a developing industrial city affiliated with Benxi City, northeastern China. The suitability of industrial land use in Nanfen was evaluated to provide a scientific basis for industrial land-use planning and to minimise negative impacts on the local environment. Multi-criteria evaluation (MCE) within GIS was employed to derive a suitability map. The suitability map was compared with current industrial land use to identify areas for relocation of current industries. A total of 25.7% of the urban area in Nanfen was rated as suitable, 28.1% as somewhat suitable, 37.9% as unsuitable and 8.2% as most unsuitable. About 20.6% of the current industrial land was in suitable areas, 46.5% in somewhat suitable areas and 32.9% in unsuitable areas. We further verified the influence of selected factors on the suitability of industrial land use using a field survey. The results confirmed that industrial land-use relocation in Nanfen is required. This study uses ecological suitability evaluation as a basis for land-use planning and has implications for other industrial cities in northeast China that have similar environmental and ecological problems.     

珠江口沿岸土地利用变化及其地表热环境遥感分析

以遥感和GIS为技术手段,选择四期TM/ETM＋影像为数据源,对珠江口沿岸区域的土地利用及其地表热环境的变化进行了定量分析。1990—2008年期间,建设用地扩展是珠江口区域土地利用变化最为显著的特征,建设用地从1990年的605.50km^2增加到2008年的2394.26km^2。土地利用变化导致区域热环境效应增强,并促使不同土地利用类型在7个热力区间中的组成发生变化。珠江口东岸建设用地在数量上的优势使得珠江口的热力重心始终分布在东岸。研究结果表明,以建设用地扩展为突出特征的土地利用变化,深刻影响着区域热环境。     

佛山城市绿地现状评价体系

通过野外实测和数据收集的方法,运用层次分析法建立了佛山市绿地系统评价指标权重体系。结果表明:佛山市城市绿地系统综合效益处于一般水平,得分为0.383。佛山市绿地系统存在绿地斑块分布不均,绿化植物品种单一,忽视本地种的开发等问题。全绿化率最高的三水区达35.20%,最低绿化率禅城区则只有14.31%;乡土树种仅占全部绿化树种的30%;群落结构较简单,道路附属绿地的群落层片结构多为2层,地被植物品种单一。     

Dependence of settlement rate on suitable substrate area

Several recent field studies have found disproportionately high barnacle settlement rates (expressed on a per-area basis) in situations where the amount of suitable substrate is reduced, either due to occupation by other individuals or to physical processes. We call this phenomenon the intensification effect; it is not included in many models of benthic populations, which assume that the per-area settlement rate is a constant, or in field larval-collector studies, where number of larvae caught is assumed to be a function only of larval supply. In this paper we derive a simple Markov chain model that generates the intensification effect. It describes the fate of a settling larva, which may be washed out of the system or may attempt to settle in suitable or unsuitable substrate. If it lands on unsuitable substrate, it returns to the water column to try again. At low values of the washout rate, the per-area settlement rate decreases with increasing substrate area. At high values of the washout rate, per-area settlement rate is constant. We conducted a set of laboratory experiments in March through April 1995 with barnacle larvae (Semibalanus balanoides Linnaeus) to illustrate the predictions of the model. Substrate area was manipulated by varying the number of settling panels available, and the larval loss rate was adjusted by manipulating the residence time of larvae in the experimental units (1.5 h or 12 h). As predicted by the model, in the 12-h treatment settlement per area decreased nonlinearly as the amount of substrate increased, whereas in the 1.5-h treatment no differences were found. These results explain and predict the intensification effect, and suggest that variability in the proportion of suitable substrate may be an important factor in determining variability in settlement rate. Received: 27 May 1997 / Accepted: 10 June 1997     

武夷山风景名胜区景观要素斑块特征分析

针对近年来开展生态旅游等人类活动的强烈干扰给风景区带来巨大生态影响的问题，在武夷山风景名胜区景观类型划分的基础上，从景观要素斑块特征的角度对武夷山风景名胜区的景观格局及破碎化进行初步的研究，以期为今后武夷山风景名胜区的景观生态保护提供科学的依据．研究结果表明，在武夷山风景名胜区中，马尾松林、茶园与农田是风景区中3个主要景观类型，三者面积与周长之和分别占全区的84．581％和81．669％；景观要素的面积、周长、斑块数的分布极不平衡，尤其在3类主要景观类型中，在斑块面积、周长方面差异显著；各景观要素面积与周长的分布极为相似，而斑块数的分布却没有明显的规律性；景观要素面积、周长、斑块数等斑块特征分析表明，茶园、居住地、经济林等人工或半人工经营景观的破碎化程度高，而马尾松各天然林景观的破碎化程度低，从而证明了人类经营活动的干扰是导致自然风景区景观破碎的主要因素之一．表3参18     

Grazing as a measure against grass encroachment in Dutch dry dune grassland: effects on vegetation and soil

A grazing experiment was started in 1984 and 1989 respectively, in two parts of a dune grassland in the nature reserve ‘Zwanenwater’, North Holland; a third part with similar geology and topography was used as a control area and not grazed. An evaluation of the effects of grazing on vegetation patterns, species composition, vegetation structure and humus form was made with the help of vegetation maps from 1986 and 1992 as well as field surveys. Dense tall-grass communities dominated byAmmophila arenaria increased over the period 1986–1992 in the grazed areas, and especially in the non-grazed area (increase in area to 20%, 22% and 50%, respectively). Open communities decreased in the grazed areas, but are still prevalent, while in the ungrazed area they virtually disappeared, with the result that the present percentage areas are 53%, 38% and 17%. Field survey data were classified by TWINSPAN producing four vegetation types. These occur more or less equally in grazed and ungrazed areas, albeit with different percentage areas: (1) open vegetation dominated byCorynephorus canescens; (2) open vegetation characteized, byKoeleria macrantha; (3) heathland dominated byEmpetrum nigrum; and (4) tall-grass communities dominated byAmmophila arenaria. Within a vegetation type, species composition was only marginally affected by grazing regime. Within the open communities the number of species, vegetation height, vegetation cover and soil organic horizons were not affected by grazing. In the tall-grass communities the number of species was significantly larger and the height of the vegetation significantly lower in the area grazed since 1984. In the heathland community the number of species and cover of the moss layer were significantly higher in the 1984 area and ectorganic and endorganic horizons significantly thicker in the ungrazed area. It is suggested that these effects are the result of an increased availability of light, but possibly also of a decreased stock of organic matter and nutrients, due to a decreased input of litter and accelerated rates of decomposition.     

First steps in strategic environmental assessment (SEA) adoption for coastal planning in Sicily (South Italy)

The Industrial District (I.D.) of Messina was the first public authority to consider useful the application of the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) procedure for the development of an Industrial Plan regarding a coastal area. At the moment the I.D. includes six areas, but the application of the SEA concerns only the area of Pace del Mela (along the north-eastern coast of Sicily), where a “District of the two Seas” will be created, based on the synergetic development between an industrialized niche (shipbuilding) and touristic development (port and hotels). The area in which this type of intervention will occur is not in use at the moment and it was not possible to collect environmental data. For this reason, in order to describe the environmental features of this territory, we took into consideration a few indicators which could be easily identified, necessary for a post evaluation which considers the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of the industrial and suburban structures to be built.     

敦煌地区生态问题的地质学探析

敦煌地区严重的生态环境退化问题,其根源在于对其产生的原因及其演变过程没有科学、统一的认识.尽管近年来政府及有关部门投入了大量的人力物力,采取了一些措施,做了一些研究,但效果并不明显,甚至有人提出将之与古楼兰衰退相提并论.该文认为,敦煌地区生态退化及其演变,无论是地下水位的下降、绿洲与湿地的萎缩等,都是地质科学领域的问题,需要运用地质学思维分析探讨.研究改善敦煌的生态环境退化和治理措施,必须从环境地质、生态地质学的理论和方法去解决.图1,参13.     

Grazing as a measure against grass encroachment in Dutch dry dune grassland: effects on vegetation and soil

A grazing experiment was started in 1984 and 1989 respectively, in two parts of a dune grassland in the nature reserve ‘Zwanenwater’, North Holland; a third part with similar geology and topography was used as a control area and not grazed. An evaluation of the effects of grazing on vegetation patterns, species composition, vegetation structure and humus form was made with the help of vegetation maps from 1986 and 1992 as well as field surveys. Dense tall-grass communities dominated byAmmophila arenaria increased over the period 1986–1992 in the grazed areas, and especially in the non-grazed area (increase in area to 20 %, 22 % and 50 %, respectively). Open communities decreased in the grazed areas, but are still prevalent, while in the ungrazed area they virtually disappeared, with the result that the present percentage areas are 53 %, 38 % and 17 %. Field survey data were classified by TWINSPAN producing four vegetation types. These occur more or less equally in grazed and ungrazed areas, albeit with different percentage areas: (1) open vegetation dominated byCorynephorus canescens; (2) open vegetation characterized byKoeleria macrantha; (3) heathland dominated byEmpetrum nigrum; and (4) tall-grass communities dominated byAmmophila arenaria. Within a vegetation type, species composition was only marginally affected by grazing regime. Within the open communities the number of species, vegetation height, vegetation cover and soil organic horizons were not affected by grazing. In the tall-grass communities the number of species was significantly larger and the height of the vegetation significantly lower in the area grazed since 1984. In the heathland community the number of species and cover of the moss layer were significantly higher in the 1984 area and ectorganic and endorganic horizons significantly thicker in the ungrazed area. It is suggested that these effects are the result of an increased availability of light, but possibly also of a decreased stock of organic matter and nutrients, due to a decreased input of litter and accelerated rates of decomposition. Nomenclature: Van der Meijden et al. (1992) for phanerogams; Corley et al. (1981) for mosses; Grolle (1983) for hepatics.