鼎湖山粗死木质残体生物量特征

对鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林1 hm2永久性样地内粗死木质残体(Coarse woody debris,简称CWD)的生物量、存在形式及分解状态进行研究.结果表明:1)鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林CWD的生物量为42.09 t hm-2,其中倒木和枯立木分别为32.81 t hm-2、9.28 t hm-2,所占比例分别为77.9%、22.1%.1999~2010年间CWD年均输入量为1.68 t hm-2a-1.2)CWD主要优势树种为锥栗(Castanopsis chinensis)、黄杞(Engelhardtia roxburghiana)和荷木(Schima superba),所占比例分别为54.0%、15.1%和13.9%.3)CWD径级主要分布在30 cm以下,但对CWD生物量贡献最大的径级在30 cm以上.4)CWD的分解状态主要为中度分解状态,占CWD总生物量的61.2%.研究还表明,鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林的CWD生物量呈逐年增加趋势.图2表3参17     

藓类-兴安落叶松林木质物残体贮量及组成

以大兴安岭藓类-兴安落叶松林为研究对象,估算木质物残体(WD)的贮量及组成,分析WD随着龄组的动态变化趋势.WD 又可分为粗木质残体(CWD)和细木质残体(FWD),随着对 CWD 研究的不断深入,CWD 的直径划分标准有了改进,美国学者把直径大于10 cm的WD定为CWD,但我国大多学者的研究仍然沿用以往的直径大于2.5 cm的标准,致使研究结果与国际研究无法进行比较.鉴于此,采用新的 CWD划分标准,分析CWD的物种组成、径级结构、腐烂等级及树种组成等特征,揭示CWD密度、体积和生物量贮量及特征随着龄组的变化趋势.结果表明,(1)WD体积和生物量为2.09~151.03 m3·hm-2和1.57~55.11 t·hm-2.从组成上来看,中龄林以倒木和小枝为主(占73.00%),近熟林以枯立木和倒木为主(占96.04%),过熟林以枯立木为主(93.18%).从类型上来看,中龄林均为FWD,近熟林和过熟林中CWD生物量达75%以上.(2)龄组显著影响着藓类-兴安落叶松林WD和CWD的生物量和组成.随着龄组的增加,WD生物量和枯立木比例逐渐增加,倒木和大枝比例减小.CWD 生物量和体积随着龄组的增大而逐渐增加.(3)近熟林中 CWD密度、体积和生物量(217株·hm-2、40.51 m3·hm-2、20.61 t·hm-2)均小于过熟林(258株·hm-2、138.82 m3·hm-2、48.88 t·hm-2).(4)近熟林CWD体积和生物量均以Ⅱ-Ⅲ级腐烂为主(两者之和分别占90.81%和89.01%),过熟林以Ⅲ级腐烂为主(占36.15%和41.23%).(5)过熟林CWD密度、体积和生物量均以10~20 cm为主,且以枯立木居多.     

岷江上游高山森林溪流非木质残体现存量与碳储量及其分配特征

森林溪流非木质残体的特征直接关系到流域源头水质环境以及森林生态系统碳及养分等物质的输出格局.为了解岷江上游水源源头高山森林生态系统溪流非木质残体的储量特征,于2013 年8 月高山森林溪流水量最大的季节,在研究区域海拔3 600 m 典型高山森林范围内,沿主河道两岸调查每条森林溪流的非木质残体储量,共找到18 条森林溪流汇入主河道,根据实地采样的可操作性和典型性,选择其中12 条溪流详细调查非木质残体储量,每条森林溪流从尽头到源头每隔10 m 设置一个长度为1 m,溪流实际宽度的样方（源头作为最后一个样方）.将样方内所有非木质残体全部采集,低温保存,迅速带回实验室,分别按照树皮、树叶和直径小于1 cm 树枝分离,65 ℃烘干至恒重,测定各组分现存量.然后,将样品粉碎过筛,采用重铬酸钾氧化法测定凋落物有机碳含量,以不同组分现存量与其碳含量计算各组分的碳储量.结果表明：（1）该区域森林溪流非木质残体总现存量和总碳储量分别为657.25 kg 和262.96 kg,单位面积现存量和碳储量为439.70 g·m^-2 和175.92g·m^-2;（2）各溪流中直径小于1 cm 树枝占非木质残体总现存量和总碳储量的69.76%和73.41%,其次为树叶,树皮比例最小且不足10%;（3）尽管溪流长度、面积和流量与非木质残体各组分单位面积现存量和碳储量均无显著相关关系,但显著影响溪流非木质残体总现存量和总碳储量及其在各组分的分配比例;（4）相对于树皮,凋落树叶现存量和碳储量所占比例在流量较小溪流中相对较大.这些结果为深入认识高山森林流域水环境及其在森林生态系统中的重要作用提供新的思路和一定的科学依据.     

川西高山峡谷区暗针叶林粗木质残体金属元素贮量特征

普遍存在于森林地表的粗木质残体(Coarse woody debris,CWD)是森林生态系统的重要组成部分.金属元素不断在CWD中积累—释放—转移,是认识植物-土壤金属元素循环的关键纽带.因此以长江上游高山峡谷区暗针叶林不同类型不同腐烂等级CWD为研究对象,调查其金属元素含量及贮量特征.结果表明:CWD类型和腐烂等级显著影响金属元素含量.CWD中生物必需非重金属元素(K、Ca、Na和Mg)含量分别介于0.29-2.56、2.41-8.13、0.56-1.65和0.34-1.03 g/kg之间,生物必需重金属元素(Cu、Mn和Zn)含量分别介于1.71-6.00、0.03-1.01和0.06-0.73 g/kg之间,非生物必需重金属元素含量(Cr、Cd和Pb)分别介于3.74-34.54、0.07-3.60和0.73-36.10 mg/kg之间.高山峡谷区暗针叶林CWD生物必需非重金属(K、Ca、Na和Mg)总贮量分别为43.77、220.63、40.78和31.37 kg/hm~2,生物必需重金属元素(Cu、Mn和Zn)总贮量分别为0.12、16.11和9.91 kg/hm~2,非生物必需重金属元素(Cr、Cd和Pb)总贮量分别为0.10、0.16和0.72 kg/hm~2.不同类型CWD金属元素贮量表现为倒木根桩大枯枝枯立木,且不同金属元素在相同类型CWD不同腐烂等级之间基本具有相对一致的变化趋势.可见,CWD是高山峡谷区暗针叶林金属元素重要贮存场所之一,其降解过程中金属元素的释放可能是生态系统元素循环的重要途径.     

中亚热带杉木人工林冰雪灾害引发的林木损害及林地养分分布

对中亚热带被冰雪灾害破坏的杉木林地的杉木损害程度及其林地养分分布变化进行了调查,冻雨在杉木枝叶上形成冰柱,造成大量的林木折冠,林木折断的树干部位随胸径的增加而显著升高。树木残体的干质量达25987.6kg·hm-2,树干、枝、叶和皮分别占44%、27%、22%和7%。树木残体中叶、干、枝和皮的N、P和K储量分别占其N、P和K总储量的62%、18%、13%和7%。杉木林地的N、P、K3种养分的积累量为63294.5kg·hm-2,杉木残体的养分仅占杉木林地的0.23%,凋落物层的养分占0.09%,而土壤养分所占比例高达99.68%。3种养分数量在各组分中均为N〉K〉P。雨雪冰冻灾害造成的杉木折干增加了土壤肥力。林冠残体分解引起的养分含量下降,林冠破坏后几乎没有凋落物归还土壤,华南地区频降大雨造成的速效养分流失将使土壤变得贫瘠。     

川西高山森林生态系统林下生物量及其随林窗的变化特征

作为森林生态系统的重要组成部分,林下植被及其残体的分布受到林冠层的影响,但迄今有关林窗对林下植被和残体生物量的影响尚无研究报道.于2013 年8 月2 日至20 日,以海拔3 600 m 的川西岷江冷杉原始林林下植被为研究对象,根据区域内的坡向和林分组成等因素设置3 个100 m×100 m 的典型样地,调查其生物量及其随林窗的变化特征.在每个样地内选择3 个大林窗,在林窗、林缘和林下分别设置3 个20 m×20 m 的样方,调查粗木质残体长度或高度、大小头直径、枯立木记录胸径、腐烂等级等;在林窗、林缘和林下分别设置3 个5 m×5 m 的样方,采用“收获法”收集样方内直径在2.5-10 cm之间的细木质残体和灌木生物量;在林窗、林缘和林下分别设置3 个1 m×1 m 的样方来调查凋落物储量和草本生物量;在1m×1 m 的样方内随机选择1 个20 cm×20 cm 的小样方来调查地被植物生物量.结果表明,（1）川西高山森林生态系统总生物量为72.75 t·hm^-2,其中林下生物量为67.92 t·hm^-2,占生态系统生物量的95.17%.活体植被以灌木为主,其生物量为9.81t·hm^-2;残体部分以粗木质残体为主,其储量为53.00 t·hm^-2;（2）林窗对灌木、草本、地被植物的影响各不相同,且不同物种的灌木生物量表现出不同的分布规律;草本生物量表现出明显的“边缘效应”,在林缘显著高于林下;林窗和林缘的地被植物生物量相对较低;（3）粗木质残体储量从林下到林窗呈现减小的趋势,但总体储量仍然较大,林窗和林缘的细木质残体储量高于林下.这些结果为认识高山森林生态系统林下生物量及其格局,以及林窗在森林生态系统的重要作用提供了基础理论依据.     

柑橘果园凋落物量及凋落叶的分解特征

对福州郊区7年生柑橘果园生态系统凋落物的发生及凋落物叶分解特征进行观测研究.结果表明,柑橘果园年凋落物总量为1 682.48 kg·hm-2,其中以叶凋落量最大,占58.97%;凋落物的发生呈现不规则的月变化,以3月和7月凋落物量最大;柑橘果园凋落物年碳、氮归还量分别为704.56、43.72 kg·hm-2.凋落物叶分解过程呈现先快后慢的规律,经过1 a分解后,凋落物叶分解残留率为21.50%,凋落物叶分解95%所需时间为1.83 a.     

广西罗城马尾松、杉木、桉树人工林碳储量及其动态变化

对广西罗城仫佬族自治县杉木（Cunninghamia lanceolata）、马尾松（Pinus massoniana）桉树（Eucalyptus grandis x E.urophylla）人工林生态系统碳含量、碳储量进行了研究,结果表明：不同发育阶段马尾松、杉木、桉树人工林林下植被含碳率变化幅度为37.96%~49.03%,枯落物含碳率为41.8%～49.6%之间,马尾松幼龄林林下植被含碳率最高,2年生桉树林枯落物含碳率最小。0~60 cm土层含碳率变化幅度为0.45%～2.17%,0~20 cm土层含碳率表现为杉木〉马尾松〉桉树。马尾松、杉木、桉树人工林生态系统碳储量分别为135.61、144.30、87.54 t.hm-2,马尾松和桉树人工林生态系统碳储量均表现为随林龄的增加而增加,马尾松幼龄和近熟林碳储量分别高于杉木,杉木中龄林碳储量高于马尾松中龄林。马尾松、杉木、桉树人工林乔木碳储量分别占其总碳储量的43.03%、34.44%、22.92%。马尾松、杉木、桉树人工林下植被碳储量表现为桉树（2.54 t.hm-2）〉杉木（1.91 t.hm-2）〉马尾松（0.89 t.hm-2）。马尾松、杉木、桉树人工林枯落物碳储量分别占其总碳储量的1.64%、4.56%、1.95%。马尾松、杉木、桉树人工林土壤碳储量分别为74.13、86.48、62.95 t.hm-2,杉木人工林土壤碳储量最高,桉树最小,0~20 cm土层碳储量成为土壤的主体,马尾松0~20 cm土层碳储量占其土壤总碳储量的47.03%,杉木占51.67%,桉树为42.58%。乔木和土壤碳储量成为整个森林生态系统的主要的碳储存库。     

三工河流域5种荒漠群落土壤有机碳动态

土壤有机碳是土壤质量和健康的重要指标,其来源是根系和凋落物,了解土壤有机碳的分布格局及土壤有机碳密度、储量与细根、凋落物的关系,是深入理解荒漠生态系统碳循环过程的关键.以新疆三工河流域的骆驼刺(Alhagi sparsifolia)、沙枣(Elaeagnus angustifolia)、多枝柽柳(Tamarix ramosissima)、芦苇(Phragmites australis)、梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)等5种荒漠群落为研究对象,采用连续土钻取样法和土柱法,研究土壤有机碳的密度、储量和细根、凋落物对土壤有机碳的补充.结果表明,随着土层深度的增加,5个群落的土壤有机碳含量均呈逐渐降低的趋势,最大值均出现在0-5 cm土层;5个群落的土壤有机碳密度和0-100 cm土壤有机碳储量分别为3.19 kg/m~2、306.87g/m~2,土壤有机碳的总储量为5.13×10~5 t.5个群落的凋落物年产量为10.10-79.78 g/m~2,通过分解每年补充的土壤有机碳为0.44-9.53 g/m~2,占土壤有机碳储量的0.21%-3.94%. 5个群落的细根周转速率为1.41-1.98次/年,通过分解每年补充的土壤有机碳为6.31-44.12 g/m~2,占土壤有机碳储量的2.25%-20.90%,是凋落物贡献的2.09-2.58倍.可见,细根和凋落物对土壤有机碳库的积累起关键作用,细根较凋落物对土壤有机碳的贡献更大.(图8表5参38)     

闽西北马尾松人工林营养元素的积累与分配格局

通过定位监测与取样分析,研究了41 a生马尾松人工林生态系统中的林木、林下植被、地被物及土壤等各组分营养元素含量、积累及分配特征.对林木的养分含量分析显示,除Ca元素外,针叶的养分含量最高,其次是枝、根、皮,树干的养分含量最低.林下植被层的养分含量比较高,其养分含量大小排列顺序为Ca＞N＞K＞Mg＞P;凋落物中各元素的含量与林木养分含量基本一致;土壤中K含量最高,其次是Mg,而Ca、N、P的含量则比较低.通过对林木生产力的分析表明,马尾松的养分年积累量为110.79 kg·hm-2·a-1,其中叶占34.47%,树干占22.56%,皮、枝和根分别占21.43%、10.91%和10.63%.马尾松林生态系统养分总贮量为187864.77 kg hm-2,其中土壤占98.70%,林木占1.18%,林下植被和凋落物养分元素总贮量较低,仅占总贮量的0.12%.     

宁夏贺兰山自然保护区油松林碳储量及分布格局

森林保护对减缓全球变暖有着重要意义。不同森林生态系统由于其所处地理位置不同,气候、土壤、物种构成差异很大,因此其碳汇功能也各不相同,油松是中国北方重要的森林类型之一,为了摸清贺兰山自然保护区森林碳储量,本文通过实地调查取样和室内实验测定的方法,于2011—2012年期间对宁夏贺兰山自然保护区油松林碳储量进行了取样测定,估算了其碳储量。结果表明：油松单株平均含碳率为51．91％,高于国内其他地区的阔叶树种及灌木的含碳率;经估算贺兰山油松林总有机碳储量为13．39kg.m^-2,其中立木碳储量为2．98kg．m^-2,地被层有机碳碳储量为0．86kg·m^-2,土壤层有机碳储量为9．55kg．m^-2,土壤碳储量占林分碳储量的70％以上,是油松林有机碳的主要储存库。总体来看,针叶林的固碳能力要高于阔叶林,在营造固碳林时应优先考虑针叶树种。从分布格局来看,东经105．80°～106．15°,北纬38．36°～39．00°,海拔2000～2400m的区域是油松林的主要分布区域,也是贺兰山森林有机碳的主要分布区,该区域是保护区碳平衡研究和碳汇管理应该关注的重点区域。     

Comparing measured and modelled forest carbon stocks in high-boreal forests of harvest and natural-disturbance origin in Labrador, Canada

Understanding the effects of disturbance regimes on carbon (C) stocks and stock changes is a prerequisite to estimating forest C stocks and fluxes. Live-tree, dead-tree, woody debris (WD), stump, buried wood, organic layer, and mineral soil C stock data were collected from high-boreal black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) stands of harvest and fire origin and compared to values predicted by the Carbon Budget Model of the Canadian Forest Sector (CBM-CFS3); the core model of Canada's National Forest Carbon Monitoring, Accounting and Reporting System. Data comparing the effect of natural and anthropogenic disturbance history on forest C stocks are limited, but needed to evaluate models such as the CBM-CFS3. Results showed that adjustments to the CBM-CFS3 volume-to-biomass conversion and partitioning parameters were required for the non-merchantable and branch C pools to accurately capture live-tree C stocks in the studied black spruce ecosystems. Accuracy of the CBM-CFS3 modelled estimates of dead organic matter and soil C pools was improved relative to regional default parameters by increased snag fall and >10 cm WD base decay rates. The model evaluation process also highlighted the importance of developing a bryophyte module to account for bryophyte C dynamics and the physical burial of woody debris by bryophytes. Modelled mineral soil C estimates were improved by applying a preliminary belowground slow C pool base decay rate optimized for the soil type of the studied sites, Humo-Ferric Podzols.     

黄土高原沟坡地土地生产力评价的指标体系与评价方法

通过对渭北黄土高原地区沟坡地土壤理化性质的分析和对当地社会经济状况的调查研究,应用层次分析法对沟坡地土地自然生产力和现实生产力进行了分析和评价.在分析过程中,把当地主要造林树种根系垂直分布特征及其根系抗旱性特性纳入了分析评价体系.结果表明,嘴头村和西坡村不同树种沟坡地上刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)的自然生产力属于中等稍微偏上水平,而山杏(Prunus armeniacia var. ansu)、油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)和侧柏(Platycladus orientalis)的自然生产力水平则较低.两地沟坡地上的现实生产力计算结果则证明刺槐和山杏两个树种表现出了较高的水平,具有较好的发展前途;而油松和侧柏的现实生产力水平则较低,其发展推广受到了限制.群众对沟坡开发治理的态度和对开发方案的认可对沟坡开发的成功起到了重要作用.     

Fungi and wind strongly influence the temporal availability of logs in an old-growth spruce forest.

Coarse woody debris (CWD) is a key habitat for many species in forest ecosystems. To ensure the long-term survival of such species, forest management regimes must include measures that promote dead wood dynamics similar to those of natural forests. Thus, information on CWD dynamics under natural conditions is required, including data pertaining to the underlying agents of disturbance. This study examines modes of mortality, decay rates, and temporal patterns in the availability of Picea abies logs in a Swedish old-growth forest affected by internal, small-scale disturbance. All 684 logs in a 6.6-ha plot were mapped and classified into one of six decay classes. Logs in the early stages of decay were examined for the presence of heart-rot fungi. Six years later all logs were re-inventoried, including newly formed logs. Matrix models based on the transition rates between decay classes showed that it took about 60 years for 90% of the logs to decay beyond class 6 (a deformed trunk with soft wood). Large logs (> 26 cm) decayed 40% more slowly than small logs (< 25 cm). The initial volume of logs was 37.6 m3/ha but increased to 44.8 m3/ha after six years. In addition, there was a large shift in the decay-class distribution. The volume of logs in early and late decay classes increased by 71% and 45%, respectively, while the volume of logs in the intermediate decay classes decreased by 32%. The fluctuations appear to result from pulses in mortality, driven by a combination of strong winds and the heart-rot fungus, Phellinus chrysoloma, which was present in more than 30% of all logs at an early stage of decay. These results show that large temporal fluctuations in dead wood also occur in the absence of large-scale disturbance, and that heart-rot fungi are important factors driving the overall dynamics of dead wood. Since many wood-inhabiting species are naturally rare and have very specific substrate demands, such temporal variability in dead wood availability may have effects on biodiversity and should be taken into account when designing small, protected forest areas.     

Demography of northern flying squirrels informs ecosystem management of western interior forests.

We studied northern flying squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus) demography in the eastern Washington Cascade Range to test hypotheses about regional and local abundance patterns and to inform managers of the possible effects of fire and fuels management on flying squirrels. We quantified habitat characteristics and squirrel density, population trends, and demography in three typical forest cover types over a four-year period. We had 2034 captures of flying squirrels over 41 000 trap nights from 1997 through 2000 and marked 879 squirrels for mark-recapture population analysis. Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forest appeared to be poorer habitat for flying squirrels than young or mature mixed-conifer forest. About 35% fewer individuals were captured in open pine forest than in dry mixed-conifer Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and grand fir (Abies grandis) forests. Home ranges were 85% larger in pine forest (4.6 ha) than in mixed-conifer forests (2.5 ha). Similarly, population density (Huggins estimator) in ponderosa pine forest was half (1.1 squirrels/ha) that of mixed-conifer forest (2.2 squirrels/ha). Tree canopy cover was the single best correlate of squirrel density (r = 0.77), with an apparent threshold of 55% canopy cover separating stands with low- from high-density populations. Pradel estimates of annual recruitment were lower in open pine (0.28) than in young (0.35) and mature (0.37) forest. High recruitment was most strongly associated with high understory plant species richness and truffle biomass. Annual survival rates ranged from 45% to 59% and did not vary among cover types. Survival was most strongly associated with understory species richness and forage lichen biomass. Maximum snow depth had a strong negative effect on survival. Rate of per capita increase showed a density-dependent response. Thinning and prescribed burning in ponderosa pine and dry mixed conifer forests to restore stable fire regimes and forest structure might reduce flying squirrel densities at stand levels by reducing forest canopy, woody debris, and the diversity or biomass of understory plants, truffles, and lichens. Those impacts might be ameliorated by patchy harvesting and the retention of large trees, woody debris, and mistletoe brooms. Negative stand-level impacts would be traded for increased resistance and resilience of dry-forest landscapes to now-common, large-scale stand replacement fires.     

深圳福田秋茄红树林生态系统碳循环的初步研究

滨海红树林的生产力极高,在全球碳循环中占有重要地位,但是其碳循环的系统测定却鲜见报道。以深圳福田秋茄林为研究对象,2011年4月-2012年4月对内滩天然林、中滩和外滩人工林的植被、凋落物、粗木质残体、土壤的碳密度和净增量,以及植被和土壤呼吸进行了实际观测,并探讨了土壤有机碳来源,初步构建了秋茄林沿不同滩位的生态系统碳循环模式。结果表明,深圳福田秋茄林的碳密度在234.58～694.46 t.hm^-2之间,其中植被碳密度为44.54～239.51 t.hm^-2,凋落物和粗木质残体碳密度为2.02～24.56 t.hm^-2,土壤碳密度（深度为50 cm）为188.02～430.39 t.hm^-2,生态系统碳密度整体上表现为自内滩向外滩降低的趋势。在研究时段内,3个滩位的植被碳密度净增量为4.31～13.28 t.hm^-2.a^-1,凋落物和土壤碳密度没有显著变化。红树林的凋落物生成量为2.17～10.55 t.hm^-2.a^-1,约有49.94～94.01%通过食草动物、冲入海洋和腐烂分解等途径消耗。植被呼吸量为2.20～12.08 t.hm^-2.a^-1,土壤微生物的异氧呼吸量为0.25～1.61 t.hm^-2.a^-1,甲烷排放为0.09～0.31 t.hm^-2.a^-1,土壤有机碳输入约18.99%～44.43%来自植被内源输入,其余来源于海洋碳输入。生态系统的总初级生产力介于8.68～35.91t.hm^-2.a^-1之间,约有47.38%～74.08%转变为净初级生产力（6.48～23.84 t.hm^-2.a^-1）。碳平衡分析表明,在研究时段内,内滩的天然林是个很大的碳汇,约20.08 t.hm^-2.a^-1,中滩和外滩的人工林碳汇量分别为9.98 t.hm^-2.a^-1和4.03 t.hm^-2.a^-1。相对于陆地森林,秋茄红树林有着显著的碳汇效益,在全球碳循环中起着不可忽视的作用。