超滤分离,浓缩,脱盐青霉素酰化酶的研究

本文用中空纤维超滤膜对青霉素酰化酶进行了分离，浓缩的研究，实验了不同种类的膜，不同的酶活浓度，不同运行时间和不同压力等因素对膜透水量，截留率和酶的回收率的影响。结果表明：采用超滤技术分离，浓缩，脱盐青霉素酰化酶工艺，具有操作简单，酶的比活高。回收经高和省能等特点，适用于工业化生产。     

纳滤膜处理高浓度工业废液浓差极化与膜污染

当利用纳滤膜处理高浓度工业废液时,实验研究表明随着浓缩时间的延长,渗透液通量衰减系数和膜污染阻力提高很快;浓缩时间较短时,纳滤膜的分离过程由浓差极化控制;浓缩时间较长时,纳滤膜分离过程由浓差极化和膜污染共同控制;提高卷式纳滤膜浓缩液流量会增加纳滤膜浓差极化与膜污染的影响,板式纳滤膜恰与此相反;原浓度高的母液,其渗透液通量衰减系数和膜污染阻力随浓缩时间的延长其提高速率相对也高。     

细滤膜处理高浓废工业废液浓差极化与膜污染

当利用纳滤膜处理高浓度工业废液时，实验研究表明随着浓缩时间的延长，渗透液通量衰减系数和膜污染阻力提高很快；浓缩时间较短时，纳滤膜的分离过程由浓差极化控制；浓缩时间较长时，纳滤膜分离过程由浓差极化和膜污染共同控制；提高卷式纳滤膜浓缩液流量会增加纳滤膜浓差极化与膜污染的影响，板式纳滤膜恰与此相反；原浓度高的母液，其渗透液通量衰减系数和膜污染阻力随浓缩时间的延长其提高速率相对也高。     

米曲霉产氨基酰化酶条件及部分酶学性质研究

通过单因子和多因子摇瓶正交优化试验,确定了米曲霉液态发酵产氨基酰化酶的最佳发酵条件.优化发酵培养基组成(ρ/gL-1):葡萄糖40,蔗糖10,可溶性淀粉20,蛋白胨2.5,马铃薯液1000mL,pH自然.培养基装量50mL/250mL三角瓶,接种量4%.培养温度30℃,转速100r/min,发酵时间42h.每50mL培养物的总酶活由优化前的2627u提高到7338u,是优化前的2.79倍.研究了米曲霉氨基酰化酶的部分酶学性质.该酶催化反应的最适pH为7.0,最适温度为40℃,低浓度的Co2 (5×10-4mol/L)对酶活激活作用显著.图5表2参8     

北京中科膜技术开发中心简介

北京中科膜技术开发中心是以中国科学院生态环境研究中心高分子膜研究室为基础新近组建发展起来的技术、生产实体.高分子膜研究室从1975年起就致力于研究反渗透膜、超过滤膜及其应用,不仅在基础研究方面开展了广泛深入的工作.而且在应用方面也取得了多项成果.经过20年的努力,现已用十余种膜材料及其共混物制备出截留分子量3千到24万的平板膜,纺制出截留分子量6千到10万的双皮层或单内皮层中空纤维超滤膜,并组装成不同尺寸的组件(中空纤维膜组件与膜包或膜盒)和不同处理量的设备(中空纤维膜装置或膜堆);小的装置可用于实验室几升溶液的分离,浓缩或纯化.中等(四根3寸组件到10根3寸组件)和大的(可达40根3寸组件和3级)装置可用于工业规模水处理或生物产品分离、浓缩与纯化.     

超滤回收聚乙烯醇退浆水的研究

本工作对中空纤维超滤膜浓缩纺织工业的聚乙烯醇退浆水进行了实验室研究,分析了有关的操作条件对超滤膜性能的影响。膜对聚乙烯醇的脱除率达90—94％,回收率为90％以上。实验结果证明,超滤法浓缩聚乙烯醇退浆水是可行的,并为扩大试验提供了参考数据。     

有机溶剂和变性剂对枯草芽胞杆菌溶栓酶活性的影响

以枯草芽胞杆菌LD-8547菌株发酵液为材料,提取分离溶栓酶,研究了几种有机溶剂及变性剂对枯草杆菌溶栓酶活性的影响.结果表明,甲醇对溶栓酶表现为抑制作用,在10%-15%浓度范围时,其抑制作用最强;乙醇在5%～15%浓度范围内对酶活有激活作用,但随浓度的增大则转变为较强的抑制作用;正丁醇和异丙醇对酶活力则表现出强烈的抑制作用;丙三醇对酶活力有轻微的抑制作用,随着浓度增加抑制作用逐渐增强;异戊醇在5%～15%浓度范围内有一定的激活作用,但当浓度大于15%时则表现为抑制作用.醛类对酶活也有较强的抑制作用;丙酮、DMSO、DMF、SDS和异氰硫酸胍对酶活均有不同程度的抑制作用;脲浓度＜0.01 mmol/L时略有激活作用,随浓度增大转变为抑制作用.实验同时对EDTA在不同浓度和不同时间内对酶活力的影响进行了研究,结果表明,浓度＜2mmol/L的EDTA基本不影响酶活力,但随着浓度的增大,其抑制作用明显增大.本实验还以牛血为材料,对酶液进行了体外抗血凝和溶血栓实验,结果表明,该酶具有抗血凝和溶血栓效果.     

聚芳醚酮超滤膜的研究

本文以国产聚芳醚酮为原料，研究了铸膜液组成，聚合物浓度，添加剂种类和用量等对超滤膜性能的影响，选择适宜组成的铸膜液，可以制得截留分子量为２０００，６０００，１００００的超滤膜。上述超滤膜对α－干扰素的分离浓缩效果较好，其截留率均可达到９９％以上。     

蕹菜类囊体膜磷酸酯酶的分离纯化和部分性质

使用NaCl抽提、硫酸铵分步沉淀、离子交换和疏水柱层析等方法 ,从蕹菜叶绿体类囊体膜中分离纯化到一种蛋白磷酸酯酶 .SDS -PAGE检测表明 ,这种磷酸酯酶的分子量 (Mr)为 14 .9× 10 3 .该酶具有水解磷酸单酯类物质的活性 ,水解pNPP的Km值为 1.76× 10 -6mol/L ;体外测活时最适pH为 5 ,属于酸性磷酸酯酶 ;该酶耐热 ,在 5 0℃时活力达到最高 ,对NaCl不太敏感 ;但EDTA和NaF可以明显影响该酶的活性 .图 6表 3参 2 4     

一株耐受糠醛的纤维素降解菌Bacillus siamensis BREC-11的分离与鉴定

糠醛是木质纤维素转化过程中产生的有毒的代谢抑制物,能阻碍菌株正常发酵,增加发酵成本.为提高发酵菌株耐受糠醛的能力,促进对木质纤维素的高效转化,以糠醛为耐受物添加到培养基中,竹虫幼虫肠道作为分离源,经刚果红染色法初步筛选,分离到一株可耐受糠醛的纤维素降解菌株BREC-11;通过形态学观察、生理生化分析、细胞化学分析、16S rDNA序列比对等多相分类学方法鉴定;进一步进行了不同浓度糠醛耐受试验研究,并测定菌株的滤纸酶活(FPA)、CMC酶活、纤维二糖酶活(β-G).确定菌株BREC-11属于芽孢杆菌属的一个种,将其定名为Bacillussiamensis BREC-11.菌株BREC-11在含3.5 g/L糠醛的培养基中可以生长;在3.5 g/L糠醛的耐受浓度下,在30℃、150 r/min培养2 d后,滤纸酶活达到0.1 U/m L,CMC酶活达到0.21 U/m L,纤维二糖酶活达到0.07 U/m L.本研究表明BREC-11是一株耐受糠醛的纤维素降解菌株,在生物炼制过程中具有一定的应用潜力.     

Penicillin fermentation residue biochar as a high-performance electrode for membrane capacitive deionization

● We have provided an activated method to remove the toxicity of antibiotic residue. ● PFRB can greatly improve the salt adsorption capacity of MCDI. ● The hierarchical porous and abundant O/N-doped played the key role for the high-capacity desalination. ● A new field of reuse of penicillin fermentation residue has been developed. Membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) is an efficient desalination technology for brine. Penicillin fermentation residue biochar (PFRB) possesses a hierarchical porous and O/N-doped structure which could serve as a high-capacity desalination electrode in the MCDI system. Under optimal conditions (electrode weight, voltage, and concentration) and a carbonization temperature of 700 °C, the maximum salt adsorption capacity of the electrode can reach 26.4 mg/g, which is higher than that of most carbon electrodes. Furthermore, the electrochemical properties of the PFRB electrode were characterized through cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) with a maximum specific capacitance of 212.18 F/g. Finally, biotoxicity tests have showed that PFRB was non-biotoxin against luminescent bacteria and the MCDI system with the PFRB electrode remained stable even after 27 adsorption–desorption cycles. This study provides a novel way to recycle penicillin residue and an electrode that can achieve excellent desalination.     

Developments in forward osmosis and membrane distillation for desalination of waters

Membrane technology has become a common separation technology over the past decennia. Membranes are used more and more for the production of drinkable water from groundwater, surface water and wastewater. Membranes are now competitive versus conventional techniques. Desalination is predominantly used to eradicate the problem of water scarcity. The sustainability of all desalination processes depends mainly on the reduction of energy costs (production cost) and the increase in water recovery. Forward osmosis and membrane distillation are emerging technologies for sustainable desalination. Here we review membrane processes of forward osmosis and membrane distillation and the advancements in membrane material and modules. We also discuss the capability of membrane distillation in treating highly concentrated aqueous solutions derived from other desalination processes. Furthermore, the advancements in fabrication of high-performance membrane is reviewed and the performance of different membranes and optimization of membrane distillation process are summarized.     

超滤法回收PVA并回用于生产的扩大实验

本工作采黑由美国引进的超滤装置,在湖南湘潭纺织印染厂进行了从退浆废水中回收pVA的生产性扩大试验,探讨了料液温度、浓度,操作压力等因素对超滤性能的影响,并简单介绍了回收浆料回用于浆纱,织布及印染生产的情况。     

Cross-stacked super-aligned carbon nanotube/activated carbon composite electrodes for efficient water purification via capacitive deionization enhanced ultrafiltration

• A high-performance electrode was prepared with super-aligned carbon nanotubes. • SACNT/AC electrode achieved a ~100% increase in desalination capacity and rate. • SACNT/AC electrode achieved a ~26% increase in charge efficiency. • CUF process with SACNT/AC achieved an up to 2.43-fold fouling reduction. • SACNT/AC imparts overall improved water purification efficiency. The practical application of the capacitive deionization (CDI) enhanced ultrafiltration (CUF) technology is hampered due to low performance of electrodes. The current study demonstrated a novel super-aligned carbon nanotube (SACNT)/activated carbon (AC) composite electrode, which was prepared through coating AC on a cross-stacked SACNT film. The desalination capability and water purification performance of the prepared electrode were systematically investigated at different applied voltages (0.8–1.2 V) with a CDI system and a CUF system, respectively. In the CDI tests, as compared with the control AC electrode, the SACNT/AC electrode achieved an approximately 100% increase in both maximum salt adsorption capacity and average salt adsorption rate under all the applied voltage conditions, demonstrating a superior desalination capability. Meanwhile, a conspicuous increase by an average of ~26% in charge efficiency was also achieved at all the voltages. In the CUF tests, as compared with the control run at 0 V, the treatment runs at 0.8, 1.0, and 1.2 V achieved a 2.40-fold, 2.08-fold, and 2.43-fold reduction in membrane fouling (calculated according to the final transmembrane pressure (TMP) data at the end of every purification stage), respectively. The average TMP increasing rates at 0.8, 1.0, and 1.2 V were also roughly two times smaller than that at 0 V, indicating a dramatical reduction of membrane fouling. The SACNT/AC electrode also maintained its superior desalination capability in the CUF process, resulting in an overall improved water purification efficiency.     

产碱杆菌DN25中降氰酶的分离纯化及生化特性

以一株可降氰的产碱杆菌DN25为酶来源,通过超滤、30 mg/mL硫酸鱼精蛋白沉淀、30%～70%硫酸铵盐析和Phenyl-Toyopearl 650M疏水层析等步骤,获得比活力为44 U/mg的纯化酶制剂.在确定酶浓度、反应时间等氰降解活力测定条件后开展酶学性质研究,试图为将来氰降解代谢机理的深入研究和菌株的基因工程改造提供理论基础.研究结果表明,此纯化酶催化氰化物水解的最适pH值为8.0,最适温度为30℃.该酶在pH 7.0～8.0区域稳定,而在pH>9时会很快失活;在30℃保存10 h,酶活力保持稳定,高于60℃,酶快速失活.加入甘氨酸稳定剂,在60℃下保存20 min酶活仍可保留19.6%.酶促反应动力学符合米氏双曲线方程,测得米氏常数Km为3.11 mmol/L,最大反应速率Vmax为0.23 mmolL-1min-1.     

Comparison of the removal of monovalent and divalent cations in the microbial desalination cell

Microbial desalination cell (MDC) is a promising technology to desalinate water and generate electrical power simultaneously. The objectives of this study were to investigate the desalination performance of monovalent and divalent cations in the MDC, and discuss the effect of ion characteristics, ion concentrations, and electrical characteristics. Mixed salt solutions of NaCl, MgCl₂, KCl, and CaCl₂ with the same concentration were used in the desalination chamber to study removal of cations. Results showed that in the mixed salt solutions, the electrodialysis desalination rates of cations were: Ca²⁺ >Mg²⁺>Na⁺>K⁺. Higher ionic charges and smaller hydrated ionic radii resulted in higher desalination rates of the cations, in which the ionic charge was more important than the hydrated ionic radius. Mixed solutions of NaCl and MgCl₂ with different concentrations were used in the desalination chamber to study the effect of ion concentrations. Results showed that when ion concentrations of Na⁺ were one-fifth to five times of Mg²⁺, ion concentration influenced the dialysis more profoundly than electrodialysis. With the current densities below a certain value, charge transfer efficiencies became very low and the dialysis was the main process responsible for the desalination. And the phosphate transfer from the anode chamber and potassium transfer from the cathode chamber could balance 1%–3% of the charge transfer in the MDC.     

Carbon nanotube- and graphene-based advanced membrane materials for desalination

The development of membrane-based desalination and water purification technologies offers new alternatives to meet the global freshwater demand. Rapid advancement in carbon nanotube-based and graphene-based nanomaterials has drawn the attention of scientific investigators on various desalination technologies. These nanomaterials indeed offer advantageous structure, size, shape, porosity and mass transport behavior for membrane separation process. This article  reviews theoretical and experimental investigations of carbon nanotube- and graphene-based composite materials for desalination. Special attention is given to the simulation of molecular transport through these materials. Further, recent advances in the application of functionalization of carbon nanotube- and graphene-based materials for salt rejection and hydraulic permeation properties are discussed.     

Performance of activated carbon coated graphite bipolar electrodes on capacitive deionization method for salinity reduction

• Graphite bipolar electrodes act as an appropriate bed for the CDI process. • Activated carbon Coating improves the application of the electrodes. • CDI is an environmentally friendly method to apply for brackish water. • Initial concentration is the most important parameter in the CDI method. • CDI process in a batch-mode setup needs more development. This research investigates a capacitive deionization method for salinity reduction in a batch reactor as a new approach for desalination. Reductions of cost and energy compared with conventional desalination methods are the significant advantages of this approach. In this research, experiments were performed with a pair of graphite bipolar electrodes that were coated with a one-gram activated carbon solution. After completing preliminary tests, the impacts of four parameters on electrical conductivity reduction, including (1) the initial concentration of feed solution, (2) the duration of the tests, (3) the applied voltage, and (4) the pH of the solution, were examined. The results show that the maximum efficiency of electrical conductivity reduction in this laboratory-scale reactor is about 55%. Furthermore, the effects of the initial concentration of feed solution are more significant than the other parameters. Thus, using the capacitive deionization method for water desalination with low and moderate salt concentrations (i.e., brackish water) is proposed as an affordable method. Compared with conventional desalination methods, capacitive deionization is not only more efficient but also potentially more environmentally friendly.     

Recovery of plasmatic cholinesterase activity in a neotropical fish Prochilodus lineatus (Pisces,Curimatidae) exposed to organophosphorous pesticides

The objective was to determine the plasmatic enzyme cholinesterase recovery, after being inhibited by an organophosphorous in juveniles of Prochilodus lineatus. Fish were exposed 12 h to a sublethal concentration of 1 mg/l of monocrotophos, and immediately placing in clean water during 12, 24, 48 and 96 h to detoxification. After this period, blood was extracted and plasma were used for the quantification of cholinesterase. The results showed a enzymatic inhibition of 91.9%, 55.1%, 50.4% and 33.4% with 12, 24, 48 and 96 h of recovery, respectively. The enzymatic activity spreads to be normalized with the course of hours and the degree of inhibition obtained initially was very high and sustained in the first 48 h.     

Recent advances in 2D nanopores for desalination

Water shortage is a major problem facing the world today, although 70% of the earth is covered with water. With 95% of this water in seas and oceans, man has to find the most energy-efficient way of desalination for sustainable freshwater supply. Conventional desalination technologies such as reverse osmosis and thermal distillation involve large amounts of energy, especially for high salt rejection. In comparison, the discovery of two-dimensional materials such as graphene and its structural analogs boron nitride and molybdenum disulphide (MoS₂) has fostered been tremendous progress for energy-saving desalination using nanopores of these materials. This article reviews the recent developments in this technology with experimental and molecular simulation literature survey over the past few years. It explains the role of nanopores in desalination in terms of structure, energy, cost-effectiveness and process efficiency.