共存阳离子对砷、硒和钒毒性效应的影响及预测模型研究

为探明并量化共存阳离子存在下含氧阴离子型金属在生物体中的毒性效应,以模式植物小麦(Triticum aestivumL.)为研究对象,通过单一变量控制实验,探究了4种阳离子(Ca⁽²⁺⁾、Mg(2+)、Mg⁽²⁺⁾、Na(2+)、Na⁺和K+和K⁺)对3种典型含氧阴离子型金属(AsO_4+)对3种典型含氧阴离子型金属(AsO_4^(3-)、SeO_3(3-)、SeO_3^(2-)和VO_4(2-)和VO_4^(3-))毒性的影响,并构建了静电作用模型来预测和评估As、Se和V的生态毒性效应与风险。结果表明,Ca(3-))毒性的影响,并构建了静电作用模型来预测和评估As、Se和V的生态毒性效应与风险。结果表明,Ca⁽²⁺⁾对As、Se和V毒性的影响呈现出3种不同的趋势：在相同设计浓度范围内Ca(2+)对As、Se和V毒性的影响呈现出3种不同的趋势：在相同设计浓度范围内Ca⁽²⁺⁾的增加显著引起了As毒性的减弱(Adj.R(2+)的增加显著引起了As毒性的减弱(Adj.R²=0.76,P<0.05)、V毒性的加剧(Adj.R2=0.76,P<0.05)、V毒性的加剧(Adj.R²=0.81,P<0.05),而对Se毒性却没有显著影响。当Mg2=0.81,P<0.05),而对Se毒性却没有显著影响。当Mg⁽²⁺⁾从0.20 mmol·L(2+)从0.20 mmol·L^(-1)增加到2.73 mmol·L(-1)增加到2.73 mmol·L^(-1)时,Se主导形态的半数有效活度值(EC_(50){HSeO+3(-1)时,Se主导形态的半数有效活度值(EC_(50){HSeO+3^-})从40.40 μmol·L-})从40.40 μmol·L^(-1)显著下降为27.98 μmol·L(-1)显著下降为27.98 μmol·L^(-1),即Se毒性增强到原来的1.44倍(Adj.R(-1),即Se毒性增强到原来的1.44倍(Adj.R²=0.79,P<0.05)。静电作用理论能够很好地解释Ca2=0.79,P<0.05)。静电作用理论能够很好地解释Ca⁽²⁺⁾(或Mg(2+)(或Mg⁽²⁺⁾)在显著增强V(或Se)毒性中发挥的作用,将这种静电作用影响纳入考虑成功构建了可以定量预测V(Adj.R(2+))在显著增强V(或Se)毒性中发挥的作用,将这种静电作用影响纳入考虑成功构建了可以定量预测V(Adj.R²=0.88)和Se(Adj.R2=0.88)和Se(Adj.R²=0.95)毒性的静电作用模型。研究结果弥补了目前含氧阴离子型金属生态毒性研究的不足,为含氧阴离子型金属的土壤污染生态风险评估提供了指导与参考。     

基于MCD12Q2的秦岭植被物候时空变化及对气候的响应

植被物候是反映环境条件和气候变化最客观、最敏感的指示器,秦岭是中国南北自然环境的分界线,研究秦岭物候变化对于深入理解和预测陆地生态系统的动态变化具有重要的意义。基于2001—2016年连续16 a的MCD12Q2数据和气候资料、利用统计分析方法对秦岭地区植被物候变化规律及对气候的响应进行了研究,结果表明,(1)秦岭地区植被物候始期、末期、生长期长度大体呈现由南到北的纬向分异规律。物候始期表现出由南向北逐渐延迟的纬向分布特征,物候末期分布情况与始期大体相反。生长季始期主要分布在第80—110天(3月下旬至4月中旬),生长季末期均值集中分布在第300—320天(10月下旬至11月中旬),生长期长度绝大部分在200—240 d之间。(2)16 a间秦岭地区植被物候年际变化的总体特征呈现生长始期具有提前趋势(P0.05),平均提早0.61 d·(10 a)~(-1);生长末期具有显著的推迟趋势(P0.05),平均推迟3.1 d·(10 a)~(-1);生长期长度年际变化具有延长趋势(P0.05),平均延长3.7 d·(10 a)~(-1)。(3)生长始期随海拔高度呈现上升线性提前,海拔每升高1 000 m,生长始期推迟18 d左右。(4)秦岭地区植被生长始期与3月气温之间具有极显著的相关关系(P0.01),3月气温每增加1℃生长始期提前2.1 d;生长末期与9月气温之间具有显著的相关关系(P0.05),9月气温每增加1℃生长始期推迟1.5 d。研究结果揭示了秦岭地区植被物候及其变化趋势、变化速率的时空分布特征,分析说明了物候的变化与春、秋季温度密切相关。     

天山东部西伯利亚落叶松径向生长对气候的响应及其物候模拟

运用树轮气候学方法,探讨天山东部不同海拔西伯利亚落叶松(Larix sibirica)径向生长与气候因素和气候生态指标的关系,并借助VS-oscilloscope模型对落叶松的生长季物候进行模拟研究.结果显示:(1)上限树木径向生长与3月降水呈显著正相关,与7、8月气温呈显著负相关(P 0.05),下限树木径向生长与8、9月气温呈显著负相关(P 0.05),与降水相关性不显著.(2)上下限树木生长与春季降水和夏季气温的相关性分别呈显著正相关和显著负相关(P 0.05),与湿润指数的相关性呈显著正相关(P 0.05).(3)VS-oscilloscope模型模拟结果显示:上下限落叶松平均每年生长季开始都提前了0.39 d,生长季结束都推迟了0.21 d,生长季长度都延长了0.60 d,上下限树木径向生长与生长季开始和结束的相关性分别是0.361(P 0.01)和0.318(P 0.05).(4)上下限树木生长季开始时间大多与气温呈负相关,而结束时间大多与气温呈正相关,降水对树木生长季物候的影响并不显著(P 0.05).本研究表明海拔差异明显影响树木径向生长对单月气候的响应,而对季节性气候因子和气候生态指数的响应影响不明显;温度对树木生长季物候的影响较为明显,且海拔差异不能影响温度对树木生长季物候的限制;本研究结果有助于更加深入地了解气候变化对森林生态系统的影响,可为天山地区气候因子重建提供一定生理背景支持.(图8表5参48)     

梵净山不同森林植被生物量、净生产量、碳储量及空间分布特征

为做好梵净山国家级自然保护区森林植被保护,摸清自然保护区森林植被资源家底,采用2016年第四次森林资源规划设计调查数据及变更至2019年的森林资源数据,计算和分析保护区内森林植被生物量、净生产量、碳储量。梵净山8种森林类型的总生物量为443.72×10⁴t,总碳储量为219.80×10⁴t,总生长量为29.75×10⁴t·a^?1,总凋落量为18.65×10⁴t·a^?1,总净生产量为48.40×10⁴t·a^?1,总生物量、总碳储量较大的是栎林,较小的是铁杉林,桦木林、阔叶混交林、马尾松林、软阔林、杉木林和硬阔林居中;平均碳密度为48.86 t·hm^?2,依次为:桦木林>阔叶混交林>栎林>硬阔林>软阔林>马尾松林>杉木林>铁杉林;总生长量、年凋落量、净生产量较高的是栎林、硬阔林,较低的是马尾松林、阔叶混交林和铁杉林,3种森林类型合计比例不到10%;在龄组中的分配依次为:中龄林>近熟林>成熟林>幼龄林>过熟林。在不同海拔中,梵净山森林植被生物量、碳储量、生长量、凋落量和净生产量主要分布在海拔1201—1800 m,其分布比例分别为50.39%、50.38%、49.21%、50.08%和49.54%;在不同坡向中,梵净山森林植被生物量、碳储量、生长量、凋落量和净生产量主要分布在南坡和北坡,二者合计比例大于60%。     

太行山南麓栓皮栎径向生长的海拔差异及其气候响应变化

研究气温突变前后栓皮栎(Quercus variabilis Blume)径向生长海拔差异及其气候响应的变化，可为不同海拔栓皮栎林的养护管理提供参考数据.基于太行山南麓海拔1 507 m和909 m的栓皮栎样地年轮宽度数据，结合树轮序列的差值年表(RES)与气候因子分析两个海拔栓皮栎径向生长在气温突变前后对气候响应的差异，并利用胸高断面积年增长量(BAI)分析两海拔栓皮栎生长速度的差异.结果显示，高海拔栓皮栎的BAI年增长速度[0.63 cm²/(10 a)]高于低海拔[(0.23 cm²/(10 a)]，且在温度上升作用下二者差值逐渐增大.在具有明显快速升温变化(1992年)之前，高海拔栓皮栎生长主要与当年2、7月温度显著正相关，低海拔栓皮栎生长则主要与夏季(6-8月)降水呈正相关.快速升温变化之后，高海拔栓皮栎生长与当年7月平均与最低温度由正相关转变为负相关；低海拔栓皮栎生长与当年3月最高温度和7月最低温度由正相关转变为负相关.本研究表明温度升高使两海拔栓皮栎径向生长-气候因子关系发生了改变，温度对树木生长的限制作用增强，升温促使研究区内...     

锡林浩特草原大针茅返青特征及其与气象因子的关系

植被物候被认为是环境条件、季节和年际间变化最直接、最敏感的综合指示器,也是农牧民确定播种、收割、放牧的重要依据,研究植被物候变化与气象因子的关系已成为热点科学问题。为探明典型草原区牧草返青特征及其与气象因子的关系,以典型草原区优势植物种大针茅(Stipa grandis)为研究对象,通过对锡林浩特草原2014-2017年大针茅返青情况的调查,分析了返青期芽、叶的生长特征;并结合气象资料,对大针茅返青与气象因子进行相关性分析,结果表明,(1)锡林浩特草原大针茅返青期主要集中于3月下旬至4月下旬,且返青期芽、叶生长始期缓慢、盛期较快、末期平缓。(2)1971—2017年锡林浩特草原气温呈上升趋势,降水波动较大,呈递减趋势,较历史时期相比平均提前4.2 d·(10 a)~(1)。(3)大针茅返青过程中,气温与降水为主导因子,4月与春季气温、春季降水与大针茅返青显著相关,其中气温为决定性因子,降水为影响性因子。最低气温与平均气温决定了返青的开始,最高气温与春季降水的多少决定了返青的快慢。该文确定的锡林浩特草原大针茅返青时间及其生长特征可为典型草原区物候期的预测提供基础数据资料;得到的影响大针茅返青的关键气象因子对典型草原区农牧业生产具有重要意义与参考价值。     

高浓度含油废水中不同组分烃的生物强化去除特性

为探究石油烃降解菌群对高浓度含油废水中不同组分烃的生物降解特性,向含油水相中接种石油烃降解菌群LW-10(Accession number:SRR15082184)进行降解实验.利用GC-MS研究了LW-10对原油中不同组分烃的降解性能,采用流式细胞术检测降解体系中的菌量变化.利用qPCR技术对控制不同组分烃降解的关键基因进行检测.结果表明,原油浓度为5000 mg·L^-1的含油废水中接种LW-10降解17 d,对原油中烷烃和多环芳烃组分的降解率分别为96.7%和28.4%.体系中的降解菌总浓度与高活性菌浓度由接种时的1.0×10⁸ cfu·mL^-1增加至2.1×10⁹ cfu·mL^-1和8.3×10⁸ cfu·mL^-1.检测的3种石油烃降解功能基因中,烷烃单加氧酶基因alkB2拷贝数由1.06×10⁸ copy·mL^-1变为2.84×10⁸copy·mL^-1...     

紫外/过二硫酸盐对组胺H2受体拮抗剂的降解特性及自由基模拟

研究了基于硫酸根的高级氧化技术UV/过二硫酸盐(UV/PDS)对水体中组胺H₂受体拮抗剂(HRAs)的降解,并选取HRAs中的典型物质西咪替丁(CMTD)为目标污染物.采用竞争动力学方法得到了HRAs和·OH及SO₄-·反应的二级速率常数,k_·OH/HRAs为(2.8—14.6)×10⁹ L·mol^-1·s^-1,k_SO4^-·/HRAs为(0.81—8.10)×10⁹ L·mol^-1·s^-1.研究在实验基础上建立了UV/PDS的自由基拟稳态模型,模拟结果表明,UV/PDS对污染物的降解,其间接光解起主要作用,体系中·OH和SO₄^-·是间接光解的主导自由基.在(0.1—0.5) mmol·L^-1 PDS投加量下,·OH和SO₄^-     

低压气相色谱柱10 min内测定黄瓜中120种农药残留

采用低压气相色谱柱(LPGC)结合三重四极杆串联质谱技术(GC-MS/MS)测定黄瓜中120种农药残留的分析方法.该方法中120种农药在0.010—0.400 mg·L^-1范围内具有良好的线性相关性,相关系数(R²)均大于0.995.在0.02、 0.04、 0.10mg·kg^-1不同质量浓度水平下做加标实验,回收率为73.6%—115%,相对标准偏差为(SRSD,n=3)0.0560%—12.6%,定量限为0.01 mg·kg^-1.该方法操作简便、高效快速,适用于黄瓜中农药多残留的快速筛查.     

高锰酸钾氧化饮用水中醛类嗅味物质的效果及动力学研究

我国北方呼和浩特市以黄河为水源的JH饮用水厂近年来冬季经常有醛类嗅味物质检出,常规处理工艺如混凝、沉淀等对其去除效果有限,需要对其进行其它处理工艺的探究.本文选择高锰酸钾对水厂检出频率和浓度均较高的反,反-2,4-庚二烯醛(tt24hept)、反-2-辛烯醛(t2oa)、反,反-2,4-辛二烯醛(tt24oda)、反,反-2,4-癸二烯醛(tt24dda)和β-环柠檬醛(β-cyclo)5种醛类嗅味物质进行氧化控制研究,探究其去除效果、氧化动力学和氧化机理.结果表明,20℃,pH=7时,2 mg·L^-1高锰酸钾氧化5种醛类嗅味物质30 min后,去除率达75%以上.根据动力学分析可知,高锰酸钾氧化5种醛类嗅味物质属于伪二级动力学过程,其伪二级反应速率常数分别为5.25×10⁴、2.66×10⁴、4.50×10⁴、2.71×10⁴、5.37×10³ L·mol^-1·min^-1,醛类嗅味物质结构中含碳碳双键数目越多、...     

On the use of the advanced very high resolution radiometer for development of prognostic land surface phenology models

Regulation of interannual phenological variability is an important component of climate and ecological models. Prior phenological efforts using the advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) as a proxy of vegetation dynamics have often simulated spring events only or failed to simulate interannual variability. Our aim is to address these shortcomings and to use the AVHRR to develop prognostic models for interannual land surface phenology and, critically, to test whether or not the developed models are superior to use of climatological phenology values from the AVHRR. Using datasets for the conterminous United States, we first filtered data to select regions and plant functional types for which the best-possible remotely sensed signal could be obtained. We then used a generalized linear model approach to model the relationship between an integrative productivity index and estimates of the start of season (SOS) and end of season (EOS) derived from the AVHRR, yielding models capable of prognostically predicting SOS/EOS events independently of satellite data. Mean absolute errors between the model-predicted and AVHRR-observed SOS/EOS ranged from 5.1 to 20.3 days. SOS errors were uniformly lower than EOS errors. SOS models for the deciduous broadleaf forest and grassland plant functional types produced lower errors than use of the climatological SOS values while all other models produced errors higher than those obtained from the climatological dates. Based on this criterion for success, we suggest that the AVHRR may not be appropriate for further development of prognostic land surface phenology models. However, an intercomparison of phenological dates from an independent spring index model, our model predictions, and the AVHRR observations indicated that interannual predictions from our models may be superior to the satellite data upon which they are based, implying that a further comparison between models based on the AVHRR and newer, superior sensors, should be conducted.     

Technical feasibility study of an onshore ballast water treatment system

To fulfill the requirements of Guidelines for approval of ballast water management system (G8), a set of onshore ballast water treatment equipment utilizing micro-pore ceramic filtration (MPCF) and UV radiation (MPCF&UV) system was designed and set up with a maximum flow rate of 80 m³·h^-1. Technical feasibilities of MPCF&UV system were evaluated in three areas: removal efficiencies of indicator organism and oceanic bacteria, perdurability of a ceramic filter, and application on native seawater. The results showed that no indicator organism (Dunaliella) or oceanic bacteria was detected after treatment of 20 L MPCF and UV radiation at 1.3× 10⁴ μW·s·cm^-2. A 20 L ceramic filter can run continuously for 5.3 h at the flow rate of 15 m³·h^-1 before its pressure drop up to 0.195 MPa. The removal percentage of total plankton amounts were 91.9% at a flow rate of 70 m³·h^-1 by 80 L MPCF and UV radiation at 1.3× 10⁴ μW·s·cm^-2.     

渭河浮游生物群落结构特征及其与环境因子的关系

渭河是黄河第一大支流,是黄河流域生态保护与高质量发展的重要研究区域.为了掌握渭河浮游生物组成结构及生态环境现状,于2018—2019年分两个季节在渭河开展4次水生态调查,研究分析了渭河浮游生物群落结构特征及其影响因子.调查结果显示,浮游植物有8门53种,以绿藻门和硅藻门为主,占比分别为43.4％、33.9％;浮游动物4...     

Preparation of hapten-specific monoclonal antibody for cadmium and its ELISA application to aqueous samples

High-affinity and specific monoclonal antibodies against cadmium-ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) complex have been produced using the hybridoma technique. A hapten was synthesized and characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and UV-Vis. Competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for quantitative detection of cadmium in aqueous sample was developed. The monoclonal antibody with high level of binding affinity for Cd-IEDTA-BSA and high specificity for soluble Cd-EDTA complex showed less than 0.99% cross-reactivity with other 11 metals. The limit of detection was 0.10 μg·L^-1, and the effective linear range was 10^-1–10³ μg·L^-1. The intra- and inter-assay coefficient variations were 1.5%–6.3% and 3.2%–7.4%, respectively. The spike recovery in different water samples were between 98.5% and 110.3%. The detection limit of this assay was well below the allowable concentration of cadmium (3 μg·L^-1), and the working range was wider than that of other methods which showed the range of 2.19–86.38 and 0–10³ μg·L^-1. The competitive ELISA established in this paper was sensitive and accurate in the screening of cadmium in aqueous samples. The results will lay a solid foundation for construction of an immunoassay kit for cadmium.     

硫氮沉降下西北荒漠煤矿区周边土壤性质的变化特点

近年来中国大部分区域大气硫、氮沉降速率趋于平稳甚至下降,但西北地区煤炭行业的快速发展使得硫、氮沉降速率加快.燃煤电厂作为酸前体物的主要排放源之一,在其周围开展硫、氮沉降效应研究,可为合理评价煤矿区大气污染物控制措施的实施效果提供数据支撑.该文以宁东能源化工基地3个燃煤电厂为采样点,研究了电厂周围土壤化学和生物学性质的变...     

生物炭对土壤中阿特拉津吸附特征的影响

为探究生物炭对土壤中阿特拉津的吸附特征及影响因素,采用批处理实验研究了灭菌(T1)、5%秸秆生物炭+灭菌(T2)、未灭菌(T3)和5%秸秆生物炭+未灭菌(T4)条件下对土壤中阿特拉津吸附特征及土壤理化性质的影响.结果表明,在最初0—12 h内,不同处理下阿特拉津吸附量均随时间的延长而快速增加,而在12—96 h内增加较为缓慢并逐渐趋于平衡.在96 h时,T2和T4处理下阿特拉津最大吸附量分别达到46.22 mg·kg^-1和46.43 mg·kg^-1,而未添加生物炭的T1和T3处理则有所降低,分别为44.20 mg·kg^-1和43.09 mg·kg^-1.准二级动力学模型更好地拟合不同处理下土壤对阿特拉津吸附特征,T2和T4处理下吸附速率常数K分别为0.257 kg·mg^-1·h^-1和0.339 kg·mg^-1·h^-1,显著高于未添加生物炭处理的T1和T3处理(K分别为-0.083 kg·mg^-1·h^-1和-0.261 kg·mg^-1·h^-1).内扩散模型显示添加生物炭后,土壤对阿特拉津的吸附是一个由边界扩散、内部孔隙扩散等多因素控制的复杂化学过程.添加生物炭可显著提高土壤pH、有机碳、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量,其中土壤有机碳含量与阿特拉津最大吸附量之间存在显著的正相关关系(P<0.05).由此可见,添加生物炭可以提高土壤对阿特拉津的固持能力,减少其淋溶迁移风险,从而达到修复阿特拉津污染土壤的目的.     

广东省植被固碳量时空变化及气象贡献率研究

植被固碳能力对气象条件十分敏感,研究植被固碳量变化的气象贡献率,对提升生态环境质量、实现"碳中和"目标具有重要意义.文章基于植被净初级生产力数据和地面气象观测数据,利用相关性分析和模型模拟方法,分析广东省植被固碳量的时空分布特征及其对气象条件的响应规律,并定量研究植被固碳量变化的气象贡献率.结果表明,从空间分布而言,广...     

Effects of humic acid on residual Al control in drinking water treatment plants with orthophosphate addition

This study aimed to investigate the effects of humic acid (HA) on residual Al control in drinking water facilities that used orthophosphate addition. The results showed that adding orthophosphate was an effective method for residual Al control for the raw water without HA. When orthophosphate was added at 1.0 min before the addition of poly aluminum chloride (PACl), the concentrations of soluble aluminum (Sol-Al) and total aluminum (Tot-Al) residue were 0.08 and 0.086 mg·L^-1, respectively; both were reduced by 46% compared with the control experiment. The presence of HA would notably increase the residual Al concentration. For the raw water with 5 mg·L^-1 of HA, the concentrations of Sol-Al and Tot-Al increased from 0.136 and 0.174 mg·L^-1 to 0.172 and 0.272 mg·L^-1, respectively. For water with a HA concentration above 5 mg·L^-1, orthophosphate was ineffective in the control of residual Al, though there were still parts of orthophosphate were removed in coagulation. The amounts of Al removal were positively correlated with the solids freshly formed in coagulation. Similar to the raw water without HA, the best Al control was obtained with orthophosphate salt added at 1.0 min before PACl. HA concentrations in the raw water, solution pH, and the orthophosphate dosage suitable for residual Al control by orthophosphate precipitation were also investigated.     

Abundance and distribution of ammonia-oxidizing archaea in Tibetan and Yunnan plateau agricultural soils of China

As low oxygen and high ultraviolet （UV） exposure might significantly affect the microbial existence in plateau, it could lead to a specialized microbial community. To determine the abundance and distribution of ammonia-oxidizing archaea （AOA） in agricultural soil of plateau, seven soil samples were collected respectively from farmlands in Tibet and Yunnan cultivating the wheat, highland-barley, and colza, which are located at altitudes of 3200-3800 m above sea level. Quantitative PCR （q-PCR） and clone library targeting on amoA gene were used to quantify the abundances of AOA and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria （AOB）, and characterize the community structures of AOA in the samples. The number of AOA cells （9.34 × 10^7-2.32× 10^8 g^-1 soil） was 3.86-21.84 times greater than that of AOB cells （6.91 × 10^6-1.24 × 10^8 g^-1 soil） in most of the samples, except a soil sample cultivating highland- barley with an AOA/AOB ratio of 0.90. Based Kendall＇s correlation coefficient, no remarkable correlation between AOA abundance and the environmental factor was observed. Additionally, the diversities of AOA community were affected by total nitrogen and organic matter concentration in soils, suggesting that AOA was probably sensitive to several environmental factors, and could adjust its community structure to adapt to the environmental variation while maintaining its abundance.