Protective effects of curcumin on antioxidant status,body weight gain,and reproductive parameters in male rats exposed to subchronic 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of curcumin (CUR) on antioxidant status, body weight (BW) gains, and some reproductive parameters in male rats exposed to subchronic doses of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Thirty-two rats were divided into four groups. The first group was kept as control. The second group (TCDD group) was given TCDD at a dose of 50 ng·kg^?1 BW per day; the third group (CUR group) was treated with CUR at a dose of 80 mg·kg^?1 BW per day. The fourth group (TCDD + CUR group) was given TCDD and CUR at the same doses simultaneously. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were significantly increased in the TCDD group. In addition, TCDD exposure decreased liver superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, catalase (CAT) activities of kidney and brain, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities of liver, kidney, and brain, and glutathione levels of liver, kidney, and heart. However, CUR treatment with TCDD exposure decreased MDA levels in all tissues and increased SOD activities of liver, kidney, and brain, CAT activity of heart, and GSH-Px activities of heart and brain. TCDD caused a decrease in BW gain, and CUR partially eliminated this effect of TCDD. In addition, while reproductive organ weights, sperm concentration, and sperm motility tended to decrease with TCDD exposure, these effects tended to be close to normal levels by CUR treatment. In conclusion, CUR was seen to be effective in the treatment and prevention of toxicity induced by subchronic TCDD exposure.     

Radical scavenging activity of Trianthema triquetra in male albino rats intoxicated with CCl4

Radical scavenging activity of ethanolic extract of Trianthema triquetra root was investigated against CCl4 in rats. The rats were treated with T. triquetra (100 mg, 200 mg/kg b.w.) for a period of 7 days. Antihepatotoxic effect was studied by assaying the activities of thiobarbituric acid (TBARS), reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx),catalase (CAT), super oxide dismutase (SOD) and vitamin C (Vit. C). Lipid peroxidation is evidenced by an increase in the value of TBARS and also a distinct diminution in the level of GSH, Vit. C at 200 mg/kg b.w. The activity of antioxidant enzymes, such as GPx, CAT SOD and Vit. E is significantly recovered towards an almost normal level in animals coadministrated with T. triquetra. The maximum protection against CCl4 induced hepatic injury was afforded by the dose of 200 mg/kg b.w. of Trianthema triquetra.     

镧、铈、钕对小鼠肝细胞线粒体的氧化损伤作用

轻稀土元素进入生物体后主要累积于肝脏,进入肝细胞,除蓄积在细胞核中,还存在于线粒体中。为探讨轻稀土元素对小鼠肝细胞线粒体的氧化损伤作用,选用5周龄雄性ICR小鼠分别以10、20和40mg·kg~(-1)的镧(La)、铈(Ce)和钕(Nd)灌胃,6周后测定小鼠肝细胞线粒体中超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)的活性,以及谷胱甘肽(GSH)和丙二醛(MDA)的含量。结果显示,与对照组相比,La中剂量组和Ce低剂量组SOD活性显著升高,La高剂量组和Nd中、高剂量组中SOD活性显著降低(P<0.05,P<0.01);除个别剂量组外,各染毒组CAT和GPx活性与GSH含量显著降低(P<0.05,P<0.01);Nd各剂量组、La高剂量组和Ce高剂量组的MDA含量显著升高(P<0.05,P<0.01)。研究表明,La、Ce和Nd所导致的CAT和GPx活性以及GSH含量降低可能是造成肝细胞线粒体氧化损伤的主要原因。     

Mercuric chloride induced proteotoxicity and structural destabilization in marine fish (Therapon jarbua)

The reaction byproducts derived from lipid peroxidation (LPO), as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) enzyme activities were measured in tissues of marine fish (Therapon jarbua) exposed to mercuric chloride (HgCl) in water dispersions of 0.125 or 0.25 ppm. LPO was significantly increased in various tissues relative to control values after 96-h exposure. SOD and GPx activities significantly decreased after exposure to first two doses but significantly elevated CAT in Dose II kidney and liver tissues. The elevated levels of LPO, decreased activities of SOD and GPx, and increased CAT activities in all tissues examined in T. jarbua are an index of oxidative stress in fish. Structural analysis by scanning electron microscopy studies revealed the structural deformation in HgCl₂-exposed animals. These observations suggest that HgCl acts as a mediator in free radical generation. The increase in CAT and decrease in SOD and GPx activities in these tissues may be an adaptive response.     

Effects of subchronic exposure to carbofuran on antioxidant defence system and malondialdehyde levels in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

The present study focused on the assessment of oxidative stress induction by pesticides such as carbamates which are widely used as insecticides and nematicides and contaminate aquatic ecosystems on certain biomarkers in liver of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Biomarkers selected for stress monitoring were malondialdehyde (MDA), an index of lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant defence system enzymes, mainly catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities in liver of fish exposed to 0, 10, 50, or 100?µg?L^?1 of carbofuran for 4, 15, or 30 days. Oxidative stress was found in liver of common carp exposed to carbofuran which was manifested by a decrease in CAT and GR activities after 4 and 30 days of exposure. An adaptive response was probably produced since at day 15 no modifications in the CAT activity and increased GR activity were observed. In addition, a decrease in MDA content with the highest concentration of carbofuran used was found after 30 days of exposure. However, no significant changes were found in GST activity showing a varied response. The results concerning oxidative and antioxidant profiles indicate that subchronic exposure to the insecticide carbofuran is capable of inducing oxidative stress in fish.     

Antioxidant enzymatic activities and lipid peroxidation in liver and ovary of zebrafish (Danio rerio) exposed to deltamethrin

Deltamethrin (DM) is being used as a substitute for organochlorines and organophosphates in pest control because of its low environmental persistence and toxicity. But it has become an environmental contaminant as it has been used widely. In this study, we investigated the effect of DM (technical grade) on the antioxidant system of adult zebrafish. For this, six-month-old fish were exposed to 2, 4 and 6?μg/L of DM for 96?h. The tissues selected were liver and ovary. Our data showed that exposure to DM increases CAT (catalase), SOD (superoxide dismutase), GPx (glutathione peroxidase, antioxidant enzymes), LPO (lipid peroxidation, non-enzymatic antioxidant) and GST (glutathione S-transferase, detoxifying enzyme) in liver and ovary. Increased GST could detoxify the toxicant; still there could be enough DM to cause oxidative stress. It appears from our study that zebrafish used compensatory mechanisms in eliminating reactive oxygen species. These data will be useful as oxidative stress is being used as a biomarker for aquatic pollution.     

Effects of mercury graded doses on redox status,metallothionein levels and genotoxicity in the intestine of sea cucumber Holothuria forskali

Mercury (Hg) is a ubiquitous and a major environmental metal pollutant in the aquatic ecosystem. The present study was performed to evaluate the effect of mercury graded doses exposure on oxidative stress, redox status, metallothionein levels and genotoxicity in the intestine of sea cucumber Holothuria forskali. Specimens were exposed for 96?h to three concentrations of Hg (40, 80 and 160?µg/L). Exposure of H. forskali to Hg promoted oxidative stress with an increase in malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl (PCO) and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) levels. An increase of glutathione (GSH), vitamin C (ViteC) and non-protein thiols (NPSH) contents was also observed. Additionally, antioxidant activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) increased especially with the highest doses of Hg indicating a great defense of the antioxidant system. Our investigation revealed an increase in total Metallothionein (MT) content which was more pronounced at the sharpest concentrations of Hg. A significant decline of AChE activity was also observed. In the intestine of Hg-treated H. forskali genotoxicity was confirmed by DNA degradation.     

汞、硒暴露对紫贻贝(Mytilus edulis)抗氧化酶系统的影响

为了研究重金属汞及微量元素硒对海洋贝类的毒性效应,揭示汞、硒在生物体内的相互作用机制,用汞和硒对指示生物紫贻贝(Mytilus edulis)进行单一及联合亚慢性暴露实验。设置对照组(0μg·L-1)、汞暴露组(25μg·L-1Hg2+)、硒暴露组(4μg·L-1Se4+)以及硒汞联合暴露组(25μg·L-1Hg2++4μg·L-1Se4+)4个实验组,并分别在暴露期间的第0、2、4和6天定时采集样本,测定紫贻贝鳃SOD、GPx及CAT3种抗氧化酶活性。将实验数据进行ANOVA分析处理后,结果表明:与对照组相比,汞暴露组SOD和GPx均呈现先显著升高(p<0.05或p<0.01)后降低(p<0.01或p<0.001)的趋势,CAT则从第4天开始显著降低(p<0.05);硒暴露组中SOD活性始终高于对照组(p<0.001),GPx活性在第2天也显著升高(p<0.001),CAT活性始终与对照组相近;硒汞联合作用与汞暴露组相比,SOD、GPx和CAT活性在不同时间点均有显著升高(p<0.05),而与硒暴露组相比,3种酶活性均低于硒单独暴露的水平。说明汞在短期能够诱导抗氧化酶活性,随着暴露时间的延长,则表现出明显的抑制作用;微量硒能够增强抗氧化酶系统活性,对汞导致的氧化损伤具有拮抗作用。     

Age effect on the antioxidant activity of Daphnia magna (Anomopoda: Daphniidae): does younger mean more sensitivity?

It has been accepted that for most species newborns and senescent organisms are more sensitive than other ages to environmental stressors. Nevertheless, it must be considered that there are several biochemical and physiological compensatory processes which are not expressed with the same magnitude during the whole life cycle. With this aim, Daphnia magna individuals of different age were exposed to hexavalent chromium, Cr (VI), at two different sublethal concentrations (0.032 and 0.0064 mg l(-1)), and the activity of some antioxidant enzymes such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were evaluated during most of the life cycle of this cladoceran. The antioxidant enzymatic activity showed an inverse relationship with respect to age. The activity of CAT, GR and GPx were increased in the two treated groups, at all life stages tested. On the other hand, the activity of SOD decreased in the same groups. Both, increase and decrease in the antioxidant enzymatic activities, showed significant differences with respect to the control group, being higher for the 0.032 mg l(-1) group. The Cr (VI) LC50 was also estimated for these age groups, finding statistical differences among them. Even though adults exhibited higher responses, these enzymatic activity changes should not be interpreted as higher sensitivity, since the daphnids acute chromium toxicity followed a different pattern, with increasing LC50 values according to age.     

Effects of chronic bisphenol A exposure on hepatic antioxidant parameters in medaka (Oryzias latipes)

Bisphenol A (BPA), the plastic monomer and plasticizer with well-known endocrine-disrupting chemical properties, is widely present in the aquatic environment, but little is known regarding hepatic toxicity in fish. This study assessed the effects of chronic exposure to BPA on the antioxidant defense system of Japanese medaka liver. Fish were exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of BPA (0.1, 1, 10, 100, or 1000?µg?L^?1) for 60 days. Antioxidant parameters were determined and compared with controls. The results showed that the activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase, and the content of reduced glutathione were all induced at 10?µg?L^?1 BPA after 60 days. Further, hepatic CAT was sensitive to BPA at 1?µg?L^?1 concentration. In conclusion, CAT may serve as a potential early biomarker of BPA exposure in aquatic environment.     

镧、铈、钕对小鼠肝细胞核的氧化损伤作用

轻稀土元素进入生物体后主要累积于肝脏,进入肝细胞,分布于细胞核上.为探讨轻稀土元素对小鼠肝细胞核的氧化损伤作用,选用5周龄雄性封闭群(ICR)小鼠灌喂10、20和40 mg·kg-1的稀土元素镧(La)、铈(Ce)和钕(Nd),6周后测定小鼠肝细胞核中超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(...     

Post natal antioxidant enzyme activity of rat brain regions during developmental lead exposure

This study reports the effects of low level developmental Pb exposure on specific brain regions like hippocampus, cerebellum and cerebral hemispheres of antioxidant enzyme activities. Wistar dams were exposed to 50 ppm, 100 ppm and 500 ppm of Pb acetate in drinking water during pregnancy and lactation (gestation day 6 through PND 21 (post natal day) and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and glutathione reductase (GR) were determined in the hippocampus, cerebellum and cerebral hemispheres of pups during treatment period (PND 7, 14, and 21 days) and also during withdrawl period (PND 35, 45, 60 and 90 days). During treatment period, SOD activity significantly (p < 0.05) decreased in all regions of all the treated groups with maximum decrease in 500 ppm treated group of 21 days, while GSH-Px and GR activities increased with maximum increase in 21 days aged 500 ppm group. During withdrawl period, the activities of all enzymes were significantly (p < 0.05) reversed. Thus the perinatal exposure of dams to variable dosages of low level lead results in characteristic neurochemical alterations in rat brain regions due to impaired antioxidants function.     

芘暴露对马氏珠母贝鳃和肝胰腺抗氧化酶活性的影响

在实验生态条件下,采用生态毒理学方法,选用海洋环境中常见的有机污染物多环芳烃芘（Pyrene）,以马氏珠母贝（Pinctada martensi）为实验材料进行毒理实验。研究了芘不同质量浓度（8、16、32和64μg·L^-1、不同时间（7,10 d）的胁迫对马氏珠母贝鳃和肝胰腺组织中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GPx）3种抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明：3种酶在不同组织和不同胁迫时间的敏感性有所差异,在芘胁迫马氏珠母贝第7天,鳃组织中 SOD、POD、GPx 3种酶活性主要表现为诱导现象,高质量浓度组对3种酶活性均具有极显著诱导作用（p〈0.01）,而芘胁迫对肝胰腺3种酶活性的影响主要表现为抑制作用,且POD酶活性表现最敏感,在较低浓度组就被显著抑制（p〈0.01）;到染毒第10天,鳃组织中SOD、GPx两种酶诱导作用明显,POD诱导现象不显著（p〉0.05）,肝胰腺中3种酶活性与对照组相比诱导明显,并表现出一定的剂效关系。两种组织中SOD和GPx活性的变化具有一定的同步性。通过比较最低可观察效应质量浓度（LOEC）,发现在第7天,鳃组织中敏感性强弱表现为SOD=POD〉GPx,肝胰腺中表现为POD〉GPx〉SOD,而到第10d,两组织中敏感性又分别表现为GPx〉SOD〉POD,GPx=SOD〉POD。因此,在较短的暴露时间,POD酶活性可作为芘胁迫对马氏珠母贝的生物标志物,而对于较长时间的染毒实验,可选用 GPx 酶作为芘胁迫对马氏珠母贝的生物标志物以监测海洋环境芘污染。     

硫酸锰废渣浸出液对斑马鱼的毒性及抗氧化酶活性的影响

已有研究表明,堆积在湘西花垣河河岸的硫酸锰废渣含有多种重金属,可能是导致花垣河河水和沉积物重金属污染的主要原因.为了评价硫酸锰废渣的潜在生态风险和对水生动物的毒性,本研究分析了硫酸锰废渣浸出液中的主要重金属成分,用漫出液对斑马鱼进行了急性毒性实验,观察在急性胁迫下斑马鱼的体征变化,测定了斑马鱼在亚致死浓度下的生化指标的...     

The role of thymoquinone as antioxidant protection on oxidative stress induced by imidacloprid in male and female Swiss albino mice

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the possible protective effects of thymoquinone (TQ), an antioxidant agent, against imidacloprid (IMI)-induced oxidative stress in male and female mice. In total, 48 Swiss Albino male and female mice were fed a standard rodent diet and divided into 3 equal groups: the animals in the control group (vehicle treated) were given corn oil, the second group were orally administered 15 mg/kg/day IMI alone, and the third group were orally administered 15 mg/kg/day IMI and with TQ at 10 mg/kg/day for 21 days. During the experimental period, there were no significant changes between initial body weights and final body weights of IMI treated male and female mice. IMI produced significant increase in blood, liver, kidney, and heart malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and decrease in blood and liver glutathione (GSH) levels. In addition, IMI treatment decreased erythrocyte, liver, and kidney superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in male mice and decreased erythrocyte and liver SOD activity in female mice. Erythrocyte catalase (CAT) activities were found to be low in male and female mice. However, treatment with TQ reversed IMI-induced oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, and activities of antioxidant enzymes. Moreover, TQ exhibited protective action against the IMI-induced histopathological changes in tissues of male and female mice. In conclusion, TQ was found to be effective in protecting mice against IMI-induced oxidative stress by enhancing antioxidant defense mechanisms.     

翡翠贻贝内脏团抗氧化酶活性及脂质过氧化物含量对苯并(b)荧蒽胁迫的生物响应研究

为了研究苯并(b)荧蒽这一典型的多环芳烃化合物对水生生物的毒性效应,测定了不同浓度(2.0、10.0和50.0 μg· L-1)苯并(b)荧蒽胁迫15 d和清水释放10 d后翡翠贻贝(Perna viridis)内脏团组织中抗氧化酶(CAT、SOD和GPx)活性和MDA含量的变化.结果表明,2.0 μg· L-1浓度组...     

Ameliorated effects of garlic (Allium sativum) on biomarkers of subchronic acrylamide hepatotoxicity and brain toxicity in rats

Acrylamide (ACR) exerts its toxicity through stimulation of the oxidative stress; yet, its effect on neurotransmitter catabolic enzymes has not been elucidated. We investigated the effects of ACR exposure on brain and hepatic tissues antioxidant enzymes activities and different markers such as, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), nitric oxide (NO), monoamine oxidase (MAO), and lipid profile, and to evaluate the protective effects of garlic against ACR toxicity. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to ACR (1 mg kg^?1 body weight) with or without diet containing 1.5% of garlic powder for 40 days. ACR administration showed a decrease in AChE activity associated with an increase in MAO activity in both brain and hepatic tissues. In addition, ACR administration increased the lipid peroxidation and NO levels of both tissues while decreased the activities of glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase, and glutathione-S-transferase (GST). On the other hand, the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase activities increased as a consequence of GSH depletion after ACR exposure. Finally, ACR exposure increased the brain and liver lipid profile of cholesterol, triglycerides and total lipid, while phospholipids level was decreased. Coadministration of garlic powder with ACR significantly attenuated oxidative stress, MAO activity, and inflammation in brain and hepatic tissues but did not ameliorate AChE activity. In conclusion, our results emphasized the role of garlic as a potential adjuvant therapy to prevent ACR neurotoxicity and hepatotoxicity.     

Effects of Matricaria chamomilla L. on lipid peroxidation,antioxidant enzyme systems,and key liver enzymes in CCl4-treated rats

In this study, we investigated the effects of Matricaria chamomilla L. extract (MCE) on lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzyme systems, and several liver enzymes in carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄)-treated rats. Rats were divided into five groups. The first group (control group) was fed on standard feed. The rats in the other groups (CCl₄, MCE50, MCE100, and MCE200) were injected intraperitoneally with 0.8?mL?kg^?1 CCl₄. Moreover, rats in the MCE50, MCE100, and MCE200 groups were gavaged with 50?mg?kg^?1, 100?mg?kg^?1, and 200?mg?kg^?1 MCE, respectively. Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, whole blood malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels, and erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT) activity levels were measured after 14 days of exposure. ALT and AST in the CCl₄ group increased significantly in comparison to the control group (p?4, MCE50, MCE100, and MCE200 groups at different significance levels. In conclusion, the findings suggest that, depending on the dose administered, MCE decreases CCl₄-induced damage and consequent oxidative stress in rats; it affects the antioxidant system positively.     

乙酸铜对银鲳幼鱼急性毒性及抗氧化酶活性的影响

为评价乙酸铜对银鲳的安全性及毒性效应,采用静水急性暴露实验,研究了8个乙酸铜浓度梯度(0、0.150、0.206、0.282、0.387、0.531、0.729、1.00 mg·L~(-1))对银鲳幼鱼的急性毒性,以肝脏和鳃组织的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化酶(GSH—PX)以及谷胱甘肽巯基转移酶(GST)活性为指标研究乙酸铜对银鲳幼鱼的毒理作用,并进行安全评价。结果表明,高浓度乙酸铜会对银鲳幼鱼产生了较大的毒性,48 h和96 h-LC_(50)分别为0.898 mg·L~(-1)、0.264 mg·L~(-1),安全质量浓度为0.026 mg·L~(-1);不同浓度乙酸铜胁迫下银鲳幼鱼组织中的SOD、CAT、GSH-PX和GST活性均表现为低浓度被诱导而高浓度受抑制的规律,与乙酸铜浓度呈抛物线型剂量效应关系,此外,肝脏中4种抗氧化酶活性普遍高于鳃组织。研究发现,乙酸铜胁迫对抗氧化酶的影响,可以反映银鲳幼鱼机体的受损状况,其中SOD可较灵敏地指示早期低浓度的铜污染。     

三苯基锡和五氯酚胁迫斑马鱼生理生化的影响

以斑马鱼(Brachy danio rerio)作为受试生物,分析不同暴露浓度、不同暴露时间三苯基锡(TPT)、五氯酚(PCP)对斑马鱼生理生化指标的影响,在0,1.05,2.09,4.18,6.27,8.36μg·L-1的TPT和0,5.01,10.02,20.04,40.08,80.16μg·L-1的PCP暴露下,...