渭北黄土区刺槐根系空间分布特征研究

采用土钻法对黄土高原地区主要造林树种刺槐的根系分布特征进行调查,结果表明不同立地上刺槐根系的空间分布特征具有明显差异.阴坡立地上,刺槐根系随距树干距离的增加表现出了先增加后减少的趋势,并且不同深度土层的分布相对比较均匀,这一分布特征扩大了刺槐根系的吸收空间范围,有利于树木地上部分的生长;而阳坡立地上的刺槐根系随距树干距离的增加呈降低趋,并且各处根系集中分布在40～80 cm的土层中,这一分布特征限制了根系在土层中的吸收空间,进而树木地上部分的生长也产生了一定的限制作用.对不同径级根系生物量分布特征的分析结果表明,不同立地上根系存在的差异主要是由于大径级根系生物量而引起的,阴坡立地上的细根生物量更大一些.在两个立地上,直径为1 mm<d<3 mm的根系生物量具有相似的分布特征;而直径d<1 mm的根系生物量具有明显的差异,反映了立地条件对于树木生长的影响,可以作为反映根系吸收等生理特性的有效根系.结合树木根系消弱系数,从量化的角度对不同立地上刺槐根系分布特征的进一步分析,结果表明阳坡立地上刺槐较细根系的根系消弱系数数值较小,说明在深层土壤中的分布较少,这种分布结构不利于树木对深层土壤水分和养分的吸收利用;而阴坡立地上的刺槐较细根系的根系消弱系数数值较大,说明在深层土壤中细根的分布比例相对较大,这种分布特征扩大了刺槐的吸收空间,有利于树木吸收深层的水分和养分,促进树木地上部分的生长和发育.     

地表臭氧浓度升高对森林及农田地下生态过程的影响

地下生态学过程是指陆地生态系统地下部分结构与功能的动态变化过程,它与地上过程高度关联,是全面理解生态系统结构和功能的关键。随着人类活动的不断增强和工业的不断发展,地表臭氧的浓度迅速增长。目前,有关臭氧浓度升高对陆地生态系统的影响研究主要集中在地上部分,而有关其对地下生态学过程影响的研究有限,臭氧浓度升高对地下生态学过程的影响作用复杂。综述臭氧浓度升高对森林及农田地下过程影响的研究进展,以期为我国学者进一步了解臭氧对森林树木及农田生态影响提供科学依据。有关大气臭氧浓度升高对森林和农田地下生态过程的影响,已有研究主要包括植物根系生长、根系代谢、菌根、土壤养分、土壤微生物活性的响应变化等几个方面。臭氧对地下生态过程的影响与臭氧浓度、物种、种植条件以及臭氧污染环境模拟方法相关。今后应该加强臭氧浓度升高条件下土壤微生物过程与土壤养分循环过程之间的相关机理研究以及臭氧与其他环境因子的交互作用对地下生态过程的影响趋势和机理的研究。     

干旱胁迫对植物根际环境影响的研究进展

全球气候变化下频发的干旱灾害已成为一个世界范围内的重大气候问题.根际环境是植物适应极端环境的有效方式之一,探讨干旱胁迫下根际环境改变及其与植物抗逆性和生产力的关系,已逐渐成为包括植物营养学、植物生理学、土壤学、微生物学等多学科的研究热点.本文在介绍干旱的严重性及根际环境的重要性的基础上,根据近年来国内外关于干旱对植物根际环境影响的研究成果,重点阐述干旱胁迫对植物根系分泌物的组成和含量、根际土壤碳氮磷养分状况、根际土壤酶活性及根际微生物数量和种群结构的影响,结果表明干旱胁迫不仅会提高植物根系分泌物的数量,改变其组成,而且会改变根际土壤酶活性及土壤微生物群落结构多样性与功能,同时也会改变土壤养分的循环与可利用性,从而影响植物生长,且这些改变会因植物种类、植物所处发育阶段、干旱胁迫强度与时间等的不同而异;但这些研究仅从现象上对其变化趋势进行了探究,目前对其相关机理性的研究仍非常缺乏、不够系统深入.未来应结合一些现代的新技术和方法,从根际化学信号及微生物组学的细微尺度上,加强干旱胁迫及其与其他环境胁迫耦合下植物根际环境变化与机理的系统深入研究,对丰富和推进植物对干旱逆境的适应与响应机理性的认识具有重要意义.(参91)     

磷胁迫条件下北美红杉幼苗生长的适应性反应

采用温室盆栽的方法探讨了不同的P质量浓度(0、0.018、0.036、0.054、0.071、0.108、0.142和0.213g.L-1,以0.071g.L-1作为对照)处理下北美红杉一年生幼苗生物量及根系生长的反应,结果表明,P供应不足时,幼苗将更多的生物量分配到地下以扩大根系的生长,地下/地上生物量比率增加,缺P时为0.47。高水平供P条件下,增加幅度较大,供P水平增加2倍时,达0.66。幼苗细根/叶生物量比率与地下/地上生物量比率变化规律相似。当供P水平较低时,幼苗的一级侧根数增多,根系的分枝密度增加,二级侧根节点之间距离减小,细根的特定根长增加,这些根系结构特征的变化有利于幼苗吸收更多的养分和水分。P养分供应适宜时,幼苗增加了地上部分的分枝数,以争取更多的地上资源空间。     

青藏高原东缘高寒灌丛根系分泌物碳氮输入对增温的响应

根系分泌物是植物根系向土壤输入有机碳和养分的重要途径之一,深刻影响着根际土壤碳和养分循环过程。环境温度变化可通过改变植物初级生产力和根系性状等直接或间接地影响根系分泌过程,但其具体机制仍缺乏必要关注。为了揭示气候变暖对高寒灌丛根系碳、氮分泌过程的影响,以青藏高原东缘典型的高寒灌丛类型-窄叶鲜卑花(Sibiraea angustata)灌丛为研究对象,设置OTC(Open top chamber)增温试验,采用根系分泌物原位连续动态收集技术,分析了窄叶鲜卑花根系分泌物碳、氮输入速率与通量对土壤增温(+1.3℃)的响应。结果表明:窄叶鲜卑花灌丛根系分泌物碳、氮输入速率具有明显的季节差异,生长季中期根系分泌物碳、氮输入速率显著高于生长季初期和末期。整个生长季,对照处理根系分泌物碳、氮输入速率分别为0.55-0.74mg·g~(–1)·d~(–1)和0.05-0.08mg·g~(–1)·d~(–1),增温分别使根系分泌物碳、氮输入速率显著增加了14.0%-69.1%和15.3%-70.2%。对照组根系分泌物碳、氮输入通量分别为26.94 g·m~(–2)和3.03 g·m~(–2),增温分别使根系分泌物碳、氮输入通量显著增加了57.2%和46.9%。进一步分析表明,增温使根系分泌物碳、氮输入通量的增加主要归因于根系分泌物碳、氮输入速率和细根生物量显著提高。这些结果表明,气候变暖将促进青藏高原东缘高寒灌丛根系碳、氮分泌过程,提高根系分泌物碳、氮输入通量,进而加速该区域根际土壤碳和养分循环过程。     

氮磷添加对互花米草-土壤系统碳分配的影响

采用~(13)C脉冲标记方法分析不同氮(N)、磷(P)添加水平下互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)植株及根系土壤有机碳δ_C~(13)含量变化,比较不同N、P添加水平对光合碳分配和固定的差异,探讨N、P添加对光合碳在互花米草-土壤系统分配和固定的影响。结果表明第4次脉冲标记后各处理组各组分~(13)C丰度均明显提高,除NP1处理外其他处理~(13)C丰度均呈现茎、叶、根、根际土壤和土体递减的规律,与对照组(CK)变化一致。各处理组~(13)C固定总量分别呈持续增加趋势,但均低于CK组,NP添加处理~(13)C平均固定量大于单独添加N或P处理。在植物发育过程中,光合碳在互花米草地上部分(叶、茎)分配比例逐渐减小,地下部分(根、根际土壤和土体)分配比例逐渐增大,土壤中有机碳~(13)C发生富集;且随着植物的发育,各处理组间互花米草-土壤系统各组分~(13)C分配比例差异越来越小,趋于一致。N添加组根际土壤和土体~(13)C分配比例随着N添加水平的增加而增加,说明施N能促进光合碳向土壤转移。P添加组在中等P水平(P2)下,植物光合碳地下部分分配比例最高,有利于光合碳向地下转移。NP添加组在中等NP配施水平(NP2)下,地下部分~(13)C分配比例最高,根际土壤和土体~(13)C分配比例随NP添加水平的增加而增加。N、P添加水平及营养盐类型能改变光合碳在互花米草-土壤系统的分配,表明富营养化作用对盐沼生态系统碳循环具有显著生态效应。     

喀斯特生境下AMF侵染对任豆生长的影响

喀斯特地区土壤退化,植被定植更新困难,丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)具有增强植物养分吸收能力和抵抗逆境胁迫能力。研究喀斯特生境下植物与AMF共生效果,选择优势菌种促进喀斯特植被恢复,对于提高植物定植成活率具有重要作用。以豆科植物任豆(Zenia insignis)幼苗为试验材料,盆栽条件下,选取喀斯特优势菌种-摩西球囊霉(Funneliformis mosseae)、根内球囊霉(Rhizophagus intraradices),2种菌根真菌混合菌剂进行接种,培养180 d,研究贫瘠喀斯特土壤生境和养分较高的滇柏林下土壤生境下AMF对任豆生长影响。结果表明:摩西球囊霉、根内球囊霉和混合接种均能侵染任豆根系,幼嫩根系更易侵染,木质化根系侵染率下降。接种摩西球囊霉,贫瘠喀斯特土壤生境下,株高、地径、地上生物量、地下生物量和总生物量分别提高68.92%、56.18%、83.90%、42.20%和67.34%;养分较高的滇柏林下喀斯特土壤生境下,株高、地上生物量、地下生物量和总生物量分别提高48.05%、6.77%、7.92%和8.89%;根内球囊霉处理接种效应低于摩西球囊霉和混合接种处理,对生物量增长为负效应,混合接种处理接种效应介于单接种之间,摩西球囊霉接种效果优于根内球囊霉和混合接种。摩西球囊霉在贫瘠喀斯特土壤生境下发挥的促生效应优于养分较高的喀斯特土壤,可作为喀斯特侵蚀区植被恢复菌根真菌干扰途径的优势菌种,混合接种作为接种剂具有单接种兼容效应。     

藏北3种高寒草地植物根系碳氮磷密度的非生长季和生长季差异

根系碳(C)氮(N)磷(P)密度影响植物与土壤间碳氮磷养分的循环过程,从而影响生态系统的地球化学循环。以申扎县高寒草原、高寒草甸草原和高寒草甸3种草地为对象,探究非生长季(4月)和生长季(8月)3种高寒草地根系C、N、P密度的分布规律及其差异。结果表明,(1)3种草地根系C、N、P密度在两个时期均呈现"T"字型空间分布,即3种草地根系C、N、P密度均随着土壤深度的增加而降低,且整体上高寒草甸的养分密度显著高于其他两种草地。3种草地根系C、N、P密度范围分别为57.287—1 130.753、1.457—38.243、0.090—3.217 g·m~(-2)。(2)3种草地的C、N、P密度具有显著的季节差异。生长季,高寒草原总地下C、N密度显著高于非生长季,分别高出非生长季47.822%和60.910%,而总地下P密度无显著差异;而生长季高寒草甸草原总的和每层的地下C、N、P密度显著低于非生长季。高寒草甸总地下C、N、P密度表现为生长季高于非生长季。高寒草原和高寒草甸增加的养分密度集中在0—10 cm深度。高寒草甸、高寒草原及高寒草甸草原的物种组成不同,土壤养分含量差异及土壤水分状况的不同可能是导致3种草地根系养分密度差异的原因。本研究可以为高寒草地根系养分密度季节变化提供基础资料,进一步认识草地根系在养分循环中的作用提供理论支持。     

盐渍地刺槐体内Na的积累和分布

研究了Na在不同树龄刺槐(Robiniapseudoacacia)地下部分和地上部分的分布,以及刺槐地下部分Na含量与对应土层Na含量的关系。在长时间盐胁迫下,大量Na盐进入刺槐体内,随着生长时间的增加,Na盐积累量骤然增加。刺槐地下部分Na的绝对含量和积累速率显著高于地上部分。随着根系不断向土层深处伸延,刺槐根部Na含量显著增加。本研究揭示了在高盐环境中,刺槐通过调节Na在植物体内的分配,以减少Na+的生理毒害,提高其对高盐胁迫的耐受性。     

盐渍地刺槐体内Na的积累和分布

研究了Na在不同树龄刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)地下部分和地上部分的分布，以及刺槐地下部分Na含量与对应土层Na含量的关系。在长时间盐胁迫下，大量Na盐进入刺槐体内，随着生长时间的增加，Na盐积累量骤然增加。刺槐地下部分Na的绝对含量和积累速率显著高于地上部分。随着根系不断向土层深处伸延，刺槐根部Na含量显著增加。本研究揭示了在高盐环境中，刺槐通过调节Na在植物体内的分配，以减少Na^ 的生理毒害，提高其对高盐胁迫的耐受性。     

Carbon allocation to ectomycorrhizal fungi correlates with belowground allocation in culture studies

Ectomycorrhizal fungi form symbioses with most temperate and boreal tree species, but difficulties in measuring carbon allocation to these symbionts have prevented the assessment of their importance in forest ecosystems. Here, I surveyed allocation patterns in 14 culture studies and five field studies of ectomycorrhizal plants. In culture studies, allocation to ectomycorrhizal fungi (NPPf) was linearly related to total belowground net primary production (NPPb) by the equation NPPf = 41.5% x NPPb - 11.3% (r2 = 0.55, P < 0.001) and ranged from 1% to 21% of total net primary production. As a percentage of NPP, allocation to ectomycorrhizal fungi was highest at lowest plant growth rates and lowest nutrient availabilities. Because total belowground allocation can be estimated using carbon balance techniques, these relationships should allow ecologists to incorporate mycorrhizal fungi into existing ecosystem models. In field studies, allocation to ectomycorrhizal fungi ranged from 0% to 22% of total allocation, but wide differences in measurement techniques made intercomparisons difficult. Techniques such as fungal in-growth cores, root branching-order studies, and isotopic analyses could refine our estimates of turnover rates of fine roots, mycorrhizae, and extraradical hyphae. Together with ecosystem modeling, such techniques could soon provide good estimates of the relative importance of root vs. fungal allocation in belowground carbon budgets.     

From single fine roots to a black alder forest ecosystem: How system behaviour emerges from single component activities

Based on empirical findings in a natural black alder ecosystem in Northern Germany we developed an individual based model that integrates components of a black alder ecosystem interacting on different levels of organisation. The factors determining seasonal fine root biomass development of forest ecosystems are not yet fully understood.We used an object oriented model approach to investigate this complex matter for black alder trees. Processes like growth, storage, respiration, transport, nutrient mineralisation and uptake as well as interactions among these factors are described on the level of functionally differentiated plant organs (fine roots, coarse roots, stem, branches, leaves) and soil units. The object structure of the model is determined by spatial relations between plant modules as well as between plant modules and their local environment modules.As results of model application we found that (i) on the organ level, spatio-temporal plasticity of (root) growth allocation is related to spatio-temporal variation of resource availability, (ii) on the plant level, balanced root:shoot growth appears in response to variation of available resources light and nutrients, (iii) on the population level, tree stand development (population structure, self-thinning) resulted from coexistence and competition between plant individuals.For the understanding of the root compartment it seems relevant that the model implementation of local scale fine root dynamics is consistent with a self-organised large scale spatial heterogeneity of fine root activity pattern. On the other hand, fine-root dynamics cannot be explained as a result of autonomous dynamics. A reference to above-ground processes is a necessary condition and the overall plant seems to act as an integrator providing boundary conditions for local activity pattern. At the same time fine-root characteristics are of some importance for properties on hierarchically higher levels, e.g. co-existence in a tree population or element cycling in the ecosystem.As a conclusion, modelling of the spatio-temporal dynamics of tree root systems appears as a paradigmatic example of scale and organisation level integrating processes.     

杉木观光木混交林和杉木纯林群落细根生产力、分布及养分归还

研究了福建三明27a生杉机光木混交林和杉木群落细根（d＜2mm）的生产力、分布、和养分归还。结果表明，混交林细根生物量、N、P养分现存量分别为5．381thm^2、48．085kghm^-2和4．174kghm^-2，分别比杉木纯林增加17．4％、27．2％和20．0％，混交林林细根的年净生产力达4．124thm^-2a^-1，比纯林高出16．9％，混交林杉木和观光木细根均在表层土壤富集，而在较深层土壤再会得分布具镶嵌性；与混交林杉林相比，纯林杉木土吉表层细根量较少，最大分布层次下移，混交林中观光木细根的周转速率咪1．16，杉木为0．96和0．95；而林下植被层细根周转速率（1．46－1．52）均同于相应的乔木层，混交林细根的年死亡量、N和P养分年归还量分别达2．119thm^-2、18．559kghm^-21．565kgkhm^-2，分别是纯林的1．21倍、1．23倍和1．14 倍，其中林下植被细根占有较为重要位置，对细根分布与土壤性质的相关分析表明，细根的垂直分布与土壤全N的相关性最强（0．87－0．89）。     

A multi-mutualist simulation: Applying biological market models to diverse mycorrhizal communities

We present a cellular automaton that simulates the interaction between a host tree and multiple potential mycorrhizal symbionts and generates testable hypotheses of how processes at the scale of individual root tips may explain mycorrhizal community composition. Existing theoretical biological market models imply that a single host is able to interact with and select from multiple symbionts to organize an optimal symbiont community. When evaluating the tree–symbiont interaction, two scales must be considered simultaneously: the scale of the entire host plant at which carbon utilization and nutrient demands operate, and the scale of the individual root tip, at which colonization and carbon-nutrient trade occurs. Three strategies that may be employed by the host tree for optimizing carbon use and nutrient acquisition through mycorrhizal symbiont communities are simulated: (1) carbon pool adjustment, in which the plant controls only the total amount of carbon to be distributed uniformly throughout the root system, (2) symbiont selection, wherein the plant opts either for or against the interaction at each fine root tip, and (3) selective carbon allocation, wherein the plant adjusts the amount of carbon allocated to each root tip based on the cost of nutrients. Strategies were tested over various nutrient availabilities (the amount of inorganically and organically bound nutrients). Success was defined on the basis of minimizing carbon expended for nutrient acquisition because this would allow more carbon to be utilized for growth and reproduction. In all cases, the symbiont selection and selective carbon allocation strategies were able to meet the nutritional requirements of the plant, but did not necessarily optimize carbon use. The carbon pool adjustment strategy is the only strategy that does not operate at the individual root tip scale, and the strategy was not successful when inorganic nutrients were scarce since there is no mechanism to exclude suboptimal symbionts. The combination of the symbiont selection strategy and the carbon pool adjustment resulted in optimal carbon use and nutrient acquisition under all environmental conditions but result in monospecific symbiont assemblages. On the other hand, the selective carbon allocation strategy is the only strategy that maintained successful, multi-symbiont communities. The simulations presented here thus imply clear hypotheses about the effect of nutrient availability on symbiont selection and mycorrhizal community richness and composition.     

滨海沙地木麻黄人工林细根生物量及其动态研究

2005年1月到11月对福建省惠安县赤湖林场不同林龄木麻黄人工林细根的生物量及其动态特征进行了研究.结果表明,24a生木麻黄林细根生物量分别占其地下部分生物量和林分总生物量的53.1%和3.8%;活细根的生物量随林龄的增大而逐渐增加,至30a林龄时达到最大值12.373thm-2,而后逐渐下降,死细根的生物量则呈现一直增大的趋势,木麻黄人工林细根的生物量与林分地上部分的生长具有显著的相关关系;细根生物量具有明显的季节动态,各林龄无论活细根还是死细根都表现为双峰型,3a生和18a生的活细根出现在1月和7月,而12a生出现在3月和7月,对于死细根,12a生和18a生的两个峰值出现在3月和7月,5a生则出现在7月和11月.各林龄木麻黄防护林活、死细根密度垂直分布呈单峰型,最大值出现在表层的0~10cm土层中,后随土层厚度增加逐渐减少,其中5a林龄细根生物量随土层深度增加而减少表现最为明显.在0~10cm土层中的活、死细根生物量分别占全部活细根生物量的51.9%和死细根生物量的53.3%,活细根生物量的84.6%和死细根生物量的82.8%分布在0~30cm的土层中.以后随着林龄的增加,表层土壤中细根生物量的比重降低而深层的比重增加.图3表2参31     

Selection of woody species for wastewater enhancement and restoration of riparian woodlands

Growth and nutrient uptake of seven tree species were evaluated with the goal of selecting the species that can be used for wastewater enhancement by dendro-purification, or green tree filtering, and for restoration of riparian woodlands. Trees were grown in pots with an inert mixture of perlite and vermiculite and irrigated with either nutrient solution or treated wastewater We measured the effects of species and irrigation water on biomass and nutrient content of leaves, stems and roots. For most of the species, treated wastewater had a positive effect on final biomass and above ground: below ground ratio compared to that of nutrient solution. However, growth of Cupressus sempervirens and Populus nigra were inhibited by water sodium concentration. Nerium oleander, Tamarix africana and Vitex agnus-castus were the species with the greatest final biomass. Pistacia terebinthus had the highest nitrogen and phosphorus content in leaves, stems and roots, while N. oleander and V. agnus-castus showed the best potassium accumulation. In general, P. terebinthus, N. oleander, T. africana and V. agnus-castus were the best qualified species for purification of wastewater.     

Untangling positive and negative biotic interactions: views from above and below ground in a forest ecosystem

In ecological communities, the outcome of plant-plant interactions represents the net effect of positive and negative interactions occurring above and below ground. Untangling these complex relationships can provide a better understanding of mechanisms that underlie plant-plant interactions and enhance our ability to predict population, community, and ecosystem effects of biotic interactions. In forested ecosystems, tree seedlings interact with established vegetation, but the mechanisms and outcomes of these interactions are not well understood. To explore such mechanisms, we manipulated above- and belowground interactions among tree seedlings, shrubs, and trees and monitored seedling survival and growth of six species (Pinus banksiana, Betula papyrifera, P. resinosa, Quercus rubra, P. strobus, and Acer rubrum) in mature pine-dominated forest in northern Minnesota, USA. The forest had a moderately open canopy and sandy soils. Understory manipulations were implemented in the forest interior and in large gaps and included removal of shrubs (no interactions), tieback of shrubs (belowground), removal of shrubs with addition of shade (aboveground), and unmanipulated shrubs (both below- and aboveground). We found that shrubs either suppressed or facilitated seedling survival and growth depending on the seedling species, source of interaction (e.g., above- or belowground), and ecological context (e.g., gap or forest interior). In general, shrubs strongly influenced survival and growth in gaps, with more modest effects in the forest interior. In gaps, the presence of shrub roots markedly decreased seedling growth and survival, supporting the idea that belowground competition may be more important in dry, nutrient-poor sites. Shrub shade effects were neutral for three species and facilitative for the other three. Facilitation was more likely for shade-tolerant species. In the forest interior, shrub shade negatively affected seedling survival for the most shade-intolerant species. For several species the net effect of shrubs masked the existence of both positive and negative interactions above and below ground. Our results highlight the complexity of plant-plant interactions, demonstrate that outcomes of these interactions vary with the nature of resource limitation and the ecophysiology of the species involved, and suggest that ecological theory that rests on particular notions of plant-plant interactions (e.g., competition) should consider simultaneous positive and negative interactions occurring above and below ground.     

Patterns in soil fertility and root herbivory interact to influence fine-root dynamics

Fine-scale soil nutrient enrichment typically stimulates root growth, but it may also increase root herbivory, resulting in trade-offs for plant species and potentially influencing carbon cycling patterns. We used root ingrowth cores to investigate the effects of microsite fertility and root herbivory on root biomass in an aggrading upland forest in the coastal plain of South Carolina, USA. Treatments were randomly assigned to cores from a factorial combination of fertilizer and insecticide. Soil, soil fauna, and roots were removed from the cores at the end of the experiment (8-9 mo), and roots were separated at harvest into three diameter classes. Each diameter class responded differently to fertilizer and insecticide treatments. The finest roots (< 1.0 mm diameter), which comprised well over half of all root biomass, were the only ones to respond significantly to both treatments, increasing when fertilizer and when insecticide were added (each P < 0.0001), with maximum biomass found where the treatments were combined (interaction term significant, P < 0.001). These results suggest that root-feeding insects have a strong influence on root standing crop with stronger herbivore impacts on finer roots and within more fertile microsites. Thus, increased vulnerability to root herbivory is a potentially significant cost of root foraging in nutrient-rich patches.     

Nutrient utilization by Casuarina equisetifolia plantation of different ages in the tropical coastal area of South China北大核心CSCD

Casuarina equisetifolia plantation plays a key role in protecting coastal areas from hazardous climate. However, the plantations in the tropical coastal area of south China have degraded severely in recent years. This research aimed to investigate the nutrient status of the plantation ecosystem along a chronological sequence. The results showed that different parts of the Casuarina equisetifolia had very similar level of Carbon (C), 448-462 g kg-1 in the branch and trunk, 416-430 g kg-1 in the leaf and shed leaf, 320-391 g kg-1 in the fine root. Carbon content did not vary with the plantation age. High fine root biomass did not definitely lead to high soil carbon stock. Casuarina equisetifolia had Nitrogen (N) content of 9.9-11.9 g kg-1, with the highest N found in the leaf and fine root. The Phosphorus (P) content was in the order of leaf > fine root > trunk. The plantation in fast growth period of age 6 had the lowest N and P. The soil of 3-year plantation had the highest P content among the 4 age classes, which also resulted in the highest soil C and N content in plantation of 3 years among all. However, the C and N stock of the sandy soil was extremely low compared to normal soil of the region. Soil N was weakly correlated with leaf N, but soil P not correlated with leaf P. Except for the obvious dynamics of C/N and C/P ratios in the leaf, which showed a peak in 6-year plantations, the C/N and C/P ratios of different organs did not change with the plantation age. Casuarina equisetifolia retranslocated nutrients from aging leaf at a rate of 18-30% for N and 43-58% for P. The nutrient resorption efficiency was not correlated with nutrient level in either soil or plant. In summary, Casuarina equisetifolia has low level of nutrient status. The plantation growth is limited by N and P in young period, but by P in relatively older period.     

A two-dimensional simulation model of phosphorus uptake including crop growth and P-response

Modelling nutrient uptake by crops implies considering and integrating the processes controlling the soil nutrient supply, the uptake by the root system and relationships between the crop growth response and the amount of nutrient absorbed. We developed a model that integrates both dynamics of maize growth and phosphorus (P) uptake. The crop part of the model was derived from Monteith's model. A complete regulation of P-uptake by the roots according to crop P-demand and soil P-supply was assumed. The soil P-supply to the roots was calculated using a diffusion equation and assuming that roots behave as zero-sinks. The actual P-uptake and crop growth were calculated at each time step by comparing phosphate and carbohydrate supply–demand ratios. Model calculations for P-uptake and crop growth were compared to field measurements on a long term P-fertilization trial. Three P-fertilization regimes (no P-fertilization, 42.8 kg P ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ and 94.3 kg P ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) have led to a range of P-supply. Our model correctly simulated both the crop development and growth for all P-treatments. P-uptake was correctly predicted for the two non-limiting P-treatments. Nevertheless, for the limiting P-treatment, P-uptake was correctly predicted during the early period of growth but it was underestimated at the last sampling date (61 day after sowing). Several arguments for under-prediction were considered. However, most of them cannot explain the observed magnitude in discrepancy. The most likely reason might be the fact that biomass allocation between shoot and root must be modelled more precisely. Despite this mismatch, the model appears to provide realistic simulations of the soil–plant dynamic of P in field conditions.