一株放线菌对铜绿微囊藻的溶藻活性

从庐山土样中分离得到一株放线菌JXJ 0071,研究了该菌的孢子、菌丝体和代谢产物对铜绿微囊藻(Micro-cystis aeruginosa)的溶藻活性以及溶藻活性成分的稳定性,并对其分类地位进行鉴定。结果表明,放线菌JXJ 0071的孢子和菌丝体均能使铜绿微囊藻细胞密度显著降低。该菌代谢产物对铜绿微囊藻具有很强的溶藻活性,在藻密度为1.0×107 mL-1的藻液中加入体积分数φ为2%的该菌发酵上清液3,d后溶藻效率达98%。溶藻活性成分主要来自水溶性胞外产物,其对高温、pH和紫外线处理均具有较好的稳定性。以60℃以下的温度处理发酵液2h,溶藻活性成分的溶藻效率基本不变,保持在95%以上;pH 7.0～9.0条件下,其溶藻效率仍很高,在93.8%以上;经波长为254 nm的紫外线照射2 h,其溶藻效率仍达85.7%。基于16S rRNA基因序列的系统发育分析表明,该菌株属链霉菌属,与Streptomyces rectiviolaceus的序列相似性达99%,但JXJ0071与S.rectiviolaceus的部分生理生化特性有所不同,需要进一步的实验数据确定其种一级分类学单元。     

溶藻微生物菌群的富集及其溶藻因素

为探索行之有效的抑制藻类水华暴发的途径,采集重庆地区蓝藻爆发水域的环境水样,与铜绿微囊藻多次重复共培养富集出具有溶藻能力的高效溶藻液,显示出强而稳定的溶藻能力.通过离心、膜过滤、温度及抗生素因素分析溶藻活性物的主要特性.结果显示:离心处理该高效溶藻液,3 000 r/min离心5 min便可沉淀溶藻活性物,7 000 r/min离心5 min后上清液便失去溶藻能力;膜过滤处理该高效溶藻液,溶藻活性物不能通过2μm的滤膜;温度处理该高效溶藻液,45℃水浴处理10 min即可使其溶藻活性显著降低,48℃水浴处理10 min便可使其完全失去溶藻能力;抗生素处理该高效溶藻液,加入放线菌酮对其溶藻能力没有影响,加入氯霉素对其溶藻能力稍有影响,加入四环素则丧失溶藻能力,抗生素处理结果说明溶藻活性物不是真菌,革兰氏阳性菌的缺失对溶藻活性的影响要大于革兰氏阴性菌;LB培养基分离的单菌落都没有显示出显著的溶藻活性.本研究表明多轮富集的高效溶藻液具有显著稳定的溶藻效果,溶藻液经离心、膜过滤、高温及添加抗生素的结果均显示溶藻因素是细菌,单菌落培养结果说明其溶藻活性依赖于多种细菌组成的微生物菌群共同作用.     

一株溶藻细菌的分离鉴定及溶藻效果

从太湖分离到一株溶藻细菌CA,该菌对铜绿微囊藻具有强烈的溶藻效果.通过形态学、生理生化特征及16SrDNA序列比对,鉴定该菌株属于水单胞菌属(Aquimonas sp.).将CA菌悬液与铜绿微囊藻共培养,10 d内铜绿微囊藻细胞降解率为100%,叶绿素a降解率为83.9%,且溶藻效果与菌悬液浓度呈正相关,与藻浓度呈负相关.CA菌体本身没有溶藻效果,但其无菌滤液可以溶藻,因此CA是通过释放物质来间接溶藻.在CA菌体的菌藻共培养液中添加少量的牛肉膏、葡萄糖或尿素,菌体显示出溶藻效果.本研究为菌株CA控制铜绿微囊藻水华提供了一种潜在的应用前景.     

溶藻细菌DC-L14的分离、鉴定与溶藻特性

从滇池蓝藻水华集聚区分离获得一株溶藻细菌DC-L14,经16S rDNA序列分析鉴定为Lysinibacillus fusiformis;小白鼠毒性试验初步显示该菌株未产生小白鼠中毒毒素;该菌能使铜锈微囊藻905聚集成团,沉于瓶底,最终黄化;该菌作用4 d,使惠氏微囊藻107、绿色微囊藻102、水华束丝藻和水华鱼腥藻的叶绿素a下降率最高为70.1%.最低为65.5%,平均为67.2%;当细菌处于稳定生长期时溶藻效果最强,共培养4 d能使铜锈微囊藻905的叶绿素a含量下降82.1%;离心沉降后检测,发现菌体本身无溶藻效果,而无菌上清液与原菌液溶藻效果相同,高温处理后的菌液溶藻能力增强,推测该细菌是通过分泌溶藻物质溶藻,该物质可能为非蛋白质类,高温可能有利于溶藻物质的释放.图4表1参25     

漂白废水白腐菌脱色的条件

碳源、氮源、Mn^2 浓度及pH值对F7菌漂白废水脱色有较大的影响，最佳培养基组成为：ρ（葡萄糖）10g/L，ρ（NH4Cl）0．13g/L，ρ（Mn^2 )20mg/L，随葡萄糖和NH4Cl添国量的增加，菌体生物量增加，但高浓度的NH4Cl对F7菌脱色有抑制作用，F7菌适宜生长pH值为4－5，适宜脱色pHwfhgo 3-6,最适脱色pH值为5．0另外，经脱色处理的漂白废水的毒性明显下降。     

酵母菌Y48对活性黑KN-B的脱色研究

从土壤中分离获得了一株对偶氮染料具有明显脱色效果的酵母菌Pseudozyma rugulosa Y48,其对初始浓度为100 mg·L-1的活性黑KN-B的最大脱色率可达99%.采用酵母菌Y48对偶氮染料脱色的优化控制条件是:接种量应不低于3%(体积分数);最适pH值在6-_9之间;氮源(NH4)2SO4的浓度不低于0...     

冬虫夏草内生菌NS2-B1发酵培养基筛选

以核苷类物质为目标产物筛选冬虫夏草内生真菌NS2-B1生产具有和冬虫夏草相似活性成分的培养基.通过单因素实验,分别从5种碳源(蔗糖、果糖、葡萄糖、麦芽糖、淀粉)和5种氮源(尿素、硝酸铵、牛肉膏、酵母膏、蛋白胨)中各筛选出2种最佳碳源和氮源;然后通过4因素3水平正交实验L_9(3~4),以代谢产物总核苷(尿苷、鸟苷、腺苷和虫草素)为指标筛选最佳的碳、氮源组合.结果显示:NS2-B1液体发酵培养基组合为麦芽糖2%、淀粉1.5%、酵母膏1.5%、蛋白胨1%,附加KH_2PO_4 0.8 g/L和MgSO_4.7H_2O 0.8 g/L;利用该培养基在25℃、210 r/min条件下震荡培养,5 d后菌丝体发酵液中总核苷的产量达到(92.62±4.19)μg/m L.综上,从天然冬虫夏草中分离的内生真菌NS2-B1具有替代冬虫夏草生产核苷类物质的潜力.     

一株溶藻细菌对铜绿微囊藻的溶藻机理初探

为确定溶藻细菌S7（Chryseobaterium）对铜绿微囊藻的溶藻方式,分别采用高温灭菌（121~123℃）、离心（10 000 r.min-1）、0.22μm滤膜过滤等方式对S7菌液进行处理,检测其对铜绿微囊藻的去除效果。并通过对溶藻过程中叶绿素a和丙二醛（MDA）含量的测定,藻细胞显微结构的观察和细胞成分的红外光谱分析,初步探讨菌株S7对铜绿微囊藻的作用机理。结果表明,S7是通过释放胞外活性物质间接溶藻,该物质具有很强的热稳定性,不属于蛋白质类物质。该活性物质对铜绿微囊藻的叶绿素a有明显的去除效果,并可导致藻细胞膜脂过氧化产物MDA积累量的显著提高和藻细胞解体。藻细胞红外光谱分析表明,经过溶藻物质作用的藻细胞,其蛋白质结构遭到破坏。通过试验结果,推测出菌株S7的溶藻机理：溶藻物质先损伤铜绿微囊藻的细胞壁和粘质胶被,然后通过改变膜的选择透过性进入藻细胞内部,分解叶绿素a,破坏蛋白质,造成藻体正常生理功能的丧失,最终导致藻细胞破裂。     

溶藻细菌HSY-03对赤潮异弯藻抗氧化系统的影响

为研究溶藻细菌HSY-03(Bacillus sp.)对赤潮异弯藻的溶藻机制,采用不同浓度HSY-03无菌上清液处理赤潮异弯藻藻细胞,测定藻细胞光合色素含量、叶绿素荧光效率、细胞内部活性氧(ROS)水平和抗氧化系统活性变化.结果表明,HSY-03无菌上清液作用24 h之后,赤潮异弯藻叶绿素a含量、类胡萝卜素含量和最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm值)均快速下降,表明藻细胞光合作用受到抑制;处理2 h后ROS含量即上升,至6 h后逐渐下降;处理12 h膜脂化过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量上升,至48 h达到峰值,表明藻细胞内部氧化损伤严重;藻细胞内抗氧化系统响应被激发,抗氧化酶系统超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性不同程度上升,以清除细胞内部ROS.非酶促抗氧化系统谷胱甘肽(GSH)和抗坏血酸(AsA)含量上升,二者协同作用清除ROS.这表明,HSY-03上清液可能通过影响光合作用和作用于藻体的膜结构,引起细胞氧化损伤,最终导致藻细胞死亡.研究结果表明,HSY-03可以作为一种长期环境友好型生物因子有效防治赤潮异弯藻.     

两株嗜热异养氨氧化细菌的鉴定及其氨氧化特性

为寻找适用于堆肥的嗜热异养氨氧化细菌,采用稀释涂布平板法和格里斯试剂显色法筛选嗜热异养氨氧化细菌,利用含NH4+培养基研究其最佳生长温度、pH条件以及其氨氧化特点和NO2-、NO3-的生成速率,并通过16S rDNA测序及Blast比对确定其种属.结果显示,从大理洱源热泉中分离了两株嗜热异养氨氧化细菌菌株NC8和NJ26;这两株菌的最适生长温度为55℃,最适生长pH为8.0;在最适生长条件下,NC8和NJ26菌株对NH4+的最大单位体积减少率分别为1 033.3mg/L和1 183.67 mg/L;对NO2-和NO3-最大单位体积产生率分别为23.79 mg/L、272.30 mg/L和33.81 mg/L、366.70 mg/L;种属鉴定表明,NC8和NJ26分别为Bacillus属的不同种.本研究表明,NC8和NJ26为异养型氨氧化细菌,能将NH4+氧化成NO2-和NO3-,以NO3-为主要积累产物,因此有望应用于堆肥过程中以减少氨气排放,同时提高堆肥中氮素的含量.     

溶藻放线菌对铜绿微囊藻和小球藻竞争生长的影响

从土壤中分离获得l株对铜绿微囊藻有明显抑制作用的橄榄网状链霉菌SG-001（Streptomyces olivoreticuli SG-001）,研究其对铜绿微囊藻（Microcystis aeruginosa）和小球藻（Chlorefla pyrenoidosa）竞争生长的影响。结果表明：SG-001菌株的活性物质主要存在于无菌滤液中,能够强烈抑制铜绿微囊藻的生长,但对小球藻的生长具有明显的促进作用。当混藻中两种藻细胞初始接种浓度均为4.0×106 mL-1时,在BG11纯培养条件下,添加SG-001无菌滤液有利于小球藻生长,但对铜绿微囊藻抑制作用不明显;而SG-001无菌滤液对天然加富水样中的铜绿微囊藻具有明显抑制作用,在同时接种有铜绿微囊藻和小球藻的混合藻液中,添加SG-001无菌滤液能够明显提高小球藻的生长竞争能力,且水体中氨氮和可溶性总磷的去除率可分别达到85%和93.33%,而铜绿微囊藻在第8天时生长基本被小球藻抑制。     

溶藻菌对受污染水源水除藻及脱氮特性研究

针对我国水源地藻类污染日趋严重等问题,利用前期分离获得的溶藻菌Streptomyces sp.HJC-D1研究固定化微生物技术强化污染水源水除藻以及脱氮性能。结果表明,对照组和试验组的水体叶绿素a平均去除率分别为（71.66±5.35）%和（80.94±4.36）%,NH4＋—N的平均去除率为（77.76±2.83）%和（72.36±3.18）%,而高锰酸盐指数（CODMn）平均去除率为（24.99±1.52）%和（18.74±1.38）%;不同曝气条件的影响研究发现,曝气/停曝时间比2：4、曝气量60 L.h-1工况下,系统CODMn和NH4＋—N去除率均有所提高,相比对照组NO3-—N积累更为明显;水力停留时间（HRT）变化对系统NH4＋—N、CODMn等的去除影响不大,但缩短HRT时叶绿素a去除率有所降低;分析反应器内填料表面微生物相发现,试验组填料表面有溶藻菌富集,推测对照组除藻主要通过填料对藻类的吸附去除,而试验组则是藻类吸附在填料表面后通过溶藻微生物实现藻类去除。     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.     

Effects of Coffee Management on Deforestation Rates and Forest Integrity

Knowledge about how forest margins are utilized can be crucial for a general understanding of changes in forest cover, forest structure, and biodiversity across landscapes. We studied forest‐agriculture transitions in southwestern Ethiopia and hypothesized that the presence of coffee (Coffea arabica)decreases deforestation rates because of coffee's importance to local economies and its widespread occurrence in forests and forest margins. Using satellite images and elevation data, we compared changes in forest cover over 37 years (1973–2010) across elevations in 2 forest‐agriculture mosaic landscapes (1100 km² around Bonga and 3000 km² in Goma‐Gera). In the field in the Bonga area, we determined coffee cover and forest structure in 40 forest margins that differed in time since deforestation. Both the absolute and relative deforestation rates were lower at coffee‐growing elevations compared with at higher elevations (?10/20% vs. ?40/50% comparing relative rates at 1800 m asl and 2300–2500 m asl, respectively). Within the coffee‐growing elevation, the proportion of sites with high coffee cover (>20%) was significantly higher in stable margins (42% of sites that had been in the same location for the entire period) than in recently changed margins (0% of sites where expansion of annual crops had changed the margin). Disturbance level and forest structure did not differ between sites with 30% or 3% coffee. However, a growing body of literature on gradients of coffee management in Ethiopia reports coffee's negative effects on abundances of forest‐specialist species. Even if the presence of coffee slows down the conversion of forest to annual‐crop agriculture, there is a risk that an intensification of coffee management will still threaten forest biodiversity, including the genetic diversity of wild coffee. Conservation policy for Ethiopian forests thus needs to develop strategies that acknowledge that forests without coffee production may have higher deforestation risks than forests with coffee production and that forests with coffee production often have lower biodiversity value. Efectos de la Administración Cafetalera sobre las Tasas de Deforestación y la Integridad de los Bosques     

Globalization of the Cashmere Market and the Decline of Large Mammals in Central Asia

As drivers of terrestrial ecosystems, humans have replaced large carnivores in most areas, and human influence not only exerts striking ecological pressures on biodiversity at local scales but also has indirect effects in distant corners of the world. We suggest that the multibillion dollar cashmere industry creates economic motivations that link western fashion preferences for cashmere to land use in Central Asia. This penchant for stylish clothing, in turn, encourages herders to increase livestock production which affects persistence of over 6 endangered large mammals in these remote, arid ecosystems. We hypothesized that global trade in cashmere has strong negative effects on native large mammals of deserts and grassland where cashmere‐producing goats are raised. We used time series data, ecological snapshots of the biomass of native and domestic ungulates, and ecologically and behaviorally based fieldwork to test our hypothesis. In Mongolia increases in domestic goat production were associated with a 3‐fold increase in local profits for herders coexisting with endangered saiga (Saiga tatarica).That increasing domestic grazing pressure carries fitness consequences was inferred on the basis of an approximately 4‐fold difference in juvenile recruitment among blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur)in trans‐Himalayan India. Across 7 study areas in Mongolia, India, and China's Tibetan Plateau, native ungulate biomass is now <5% that of domestic species. Such trends suggest ecosystem degradation and decreased capacity for the persistence of native species, including at least 8 Asian endemic species: saiga, chiru (Pantholops hodgsoni), Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus), snow leopard(Panthera uncia), khulan(Equus hemionus), kiang (E. kiang), takhi (E. przewalski), and wild yak (Bos mutus). Our results suggest striking yet indirect and unintended actions that link trophic‐level effects to markets induced by the trade for cashmere. Globalización del Mercado de Cachemira y la Declinación de Mamíferos Mayores en Asia Central