双氯芬酸钠水溶液的辐照降解

利用60Coγ射线辐照双氯芬酸钠水溶液,探讨了不同辐照剂量下初始浓度、自由基促进剂和淬灭剂、水体共存物质等因素对降解的影响,研究其降解途径,并和等离子体放电降解效果进行了对比.结果表明,γ辐照可有效降解双氯芬酸钠,但矿化过程要长于降解过程,当初始浓度为20.5、30.4和50.1 mg·L-1时,反应动力学常数分别为2...     

偶氮类染料刚果红水溶液的辐射降解

利用60Co γ射线、电子束辐照刚果红水溶液,研究其降解行为.考察了刚果红水溶液辐照前后紫外可见光谱的变化、刚果红的降解率及溶液总有机碳(TOC)的去除率.通过不同气氛饱和辐照,对比了各种活性粒子对降解效果的影响.初步研究了初始pH值、H2O2和TiO2的加入对刚果红水溶液降解效果的影响.结果表明,60 γ射线、电子束辐照是一种有效的去除水体中刚果红染料的方法,其降解效果在不同体系中均可以达到100%.高剂量下TOC去除率可以达到85.7%.H2O2和TiO2的加入可以有效提高刚果红的降解效率.     

TiO2对水溶液中4-氯酚电子束辐照降解和矿化的影响

以电子加速器为辐照手段,在4-氯酚水溶液中添加TiO2纳米粒子,通过对溶液辐照前后4-氯酚浓度、GC/MS、总有机碳(TOC)、氯离子浓度、辐照前后的紫外-可见光谱过程和溶液pH值的测定分析,研究4-氯酚水溶液在TiO2纳米粒子存在下的辐照降解和矿化特性.结果表明,TiO2纳米粒子的加入对4-氯酚的辐照降解效果没有明显影响,但改变了4-氯酚的降解途径并可以较大地提高4-氯酚的矿化.     

γ-辐照对水中敌草隆的降解研究

以敌草隆作为研究对象,探讨了γ-辐照对敌草隆的降解效果,以及NO3-,NO2-,H2O2和CO32-对降解效果的影响,在初始浓度为18.5mg·l-1时,1.0kGy的辐照剂量即可达到完全去除;随着辐照剂量的增加,敌草隆水溶液在200nm-400nm处的吸光度均逐渐减小,敌草隆的浓度也逐渐减小.NO3-,NO2-,H2O2和CO32-的加入均抑制了敌草隆的降解.辐照降解敌草隆的过程主要是由·OH自由基引起的,并且可以用一级动力学来描述.     

三硝基甲苯的γ-辐照降解实验研究

基于三硝基甲苯(TNT)溶液采用常规处理方法难以降解,采用60Co-γ射线对三硝基甲苯溶液进行辐照降解,研究了吸收剂量、初始浓度、溶液初始pH值、双氧水(H2O2)等因素对辐照降解效果的影响.实验结果表明,60Co-γ射线辐照能够有效地降解三硝基甲苯.三硝基甲苯溶液初始浓度为5—50 mg.L-1,当接受不超过15 kGy剂量时,三硝基甲苯的降解率可达100%,化学需氧量(COD)去除率可达55%;弱酸性和碱性环境更有利于三硝基甲苯的降解和COD的去除;加入少量H2O2时,三硝基甲苯降解率和COD去除速率均随之增加,但过高的H2O2加入量将会抑制三硝基甲苯的去除,并且加入H2O2的量愈大其抑制作用愈明显.     

基于微生物电化学技术的萘普生高盐废水处理

制药废水是环境中萘普生的主要来源之一,因废水中含盐量较高,传统生物法对其中萘普生的去除效果有限,因此研究如何快速去除制药废水中的萘普生污染以及如何获得高盐废水中快速降解萘普生的功能菌群对生态环境具有重要意义.本研究基于长期驯化的混菌,研究微生物电化学技术在0.3%—3.0%不同盐度下对萘普生的去除效果.驯化后的混菌在108 h对8 mg·L~(-1)萘普生的去除率达到75%以上,并且在3.0%的高盐度下经过108 h去除率可达98%.通过高通量测序技术分析发现,发现相比于原始接种源,在门水平上,驯化后的微生物群落中厚壁菌门(Firmuicutes)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidales)相对丰度显著增加;而在属水平,在0.3%—1.0%盐度下,真细菌属(Eubacterium spp.)的丰度显著增加至27.9%—50.5%,Bacteroides和Dysgonomonas等也分别从0.05%、0.03%增加至2.7%—6.8%和10.0%—19.9%;值得注意的是,Castellaniella和Pseudomonas在3.0%的高盐度下显著富集至6.9%和37.3%.本研究表明,Eubacterium、Dysgonomonas、Bacteroides等菌属能够耐受较低的盐度(0.3%—1.0%),且可能在降解转化萘普生体系中发挥作用;Castellaniella和Pseudomonas会在3.0%的高盐环境下富集,可能是两类较好耐盐性且具有较强萘普生降解能力的功能微生物.     

菌株N-1对萘的降解特性研究

从石油污染的土壤中分离到1株能够较好降解萘的菌株N1,它能以萘为唯一碳源生长,初步鉴定为微球菌属(Micrococcussp.),其最适生长条件为35℃,pH8.0.采用HPLC研究了不同转速、氮源和微量元素浓度对N1降解萘的影响,结果表明,转速180rmin-1,氮源NH4NO3(1000mgL-1),微量元素0.1%时为最佳降解条件.最后对不同浓度萘的降解效率进行了比较.图2参8     

新型多金属氧酸盐K_7BiW_(11)O_(39)Sn·11H_2O制备及光催化降解模拟染料废水

本文采用水热合成法首次制备了一种新型多金属氧酸盐,采用扫描电镜(SEM)、扫描电镜-能谱(SEM-EDS)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、X射线衍射(XRD)、热重-差热分析(TG-DSC)、紫外可见吸收光谱(UV-Vis)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR),电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP)等技术对其进行了表征,结果表明,所制备的化合物具有Keggin结构,为非晶体化合物,其分子式为K_7BiW_(11)O_(39)Sn·11H_2O(BiW_(11)Sn).以酸性红299(AR299)为目标降解污染物,研究了自然日光辐照下BiW_(11)Sn均相光催化AR299水溶液脱色降解活性.结果表明,BiW_(11)Sn能有效的光催化AR299脱色降解.AR299溶液的初使pH值、初始浓度、催化剂投加量、光解时间对AR299光催化降解效果均有影响.20 mL,4 mg·L~(-1),初始pH值为5.4的AR299水溶液(溶液中BiW_(11)Sn浓度为0.5 g·L~(-1)),阳光下辐照3 h,其脱色率达到93.1%;其光催化降解反应遵循LangmuirHinshelwood准一级动力学方程;超氧负离子自由基为光催化降解过程中的重要活性物种.     

水化电子e_(aq)~-对乙酰甲胺磷的作用

利用60Co-γ辐射降解有机磷农药乙酰甲胺磷的稀水溶液,以乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制率为指标,研究了不同吸收剂量下水化电子对乙酰甲胺磷稀水溶液辐照前后的毒性变化;并采用高效液相色谱、离子色谱、气-质联用等检测手段对降解产物进行了分析.结合溶液毒性变化和降解率、生成的无机离子浓度、降解产物结构分析等,初步推导了60Co-γ辐射降解过程中水化电子对乙酰甲胺磷的作用机理.     

Z型MoO3/g-C3N4复合催化剂用于可见光降解萘普生的机制研究

使用一种简单的搅拌焙烧方法成功制备了MoO_3/g-C_3N_4复合材料,通过SEM、TEM、XRD、FTIR、UV-vis和PL等技术对材料进行形貌结构和光学性能的表征.结果表明,MoO_3与g-C_3N_4成功复合,使g-C_3N_4吸收发生红移,扩大了g-C_3N_4的可见光吸收范围,有效地抑制了光生载流子的复合.以非甾体抗炎药萘普生(NPX)为目标污染物,对MoO_3/g-C_3N_4复合材料的光催化性能进行研究,实验表明光催化剂MoO_3/g-C_3N_4对萘普生的去除率是相同条件下纯g-C_3N_4的1.75倍.MoO_3负载量、pH值、催化剂MoO_3/g-C_3N_4的使用量和NPX的初始浓度等因素的研究表明,3%的MoO_3复合量和酸性条件更有利于NPX降解,加大MoO_3/g-C_3N_4的使用量和减少NPX的初始浓度也能加快NPX的降解速率.通过猝灭实验确定了单线态氧和超氧自由基是反应的主要活性物种,ESR测定单线态氧的存在验证了Z型MoO_3/g-C_3N_4降解NPX的机制.     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.     

Effects of Coffee Management on Deforestation Rates and Forest Integrity

Knowledge about how forest margins are utilized can be crucial for a general understanding of changes in forest cover, forest structure, and biodiversity across landscapes. We studied forest‐agriculture transitions in southwestern Ethiopia and hypothesized that the presence of coffee (Coffea arabica)decreases deforestation rates because of coffee's importance to local economies and its widespread occurrence in forests and forest margins. Using satellite images and elevation data, we compared changes in forest cover over 37 years (1973–2010) across elevations in 2 forest‐agriculture mosaic landscapes (1100 km² around Bonga and 3000 km² in Goma‐Gera). In the field in the Bonga area, we determined coffee cover and forest structure in 40 forest margins that differed in time since deforestation. Both the absolute and relative deforestation rates were lower at coffee‐growing elevations compared with at higher elevations (?10/20% vs. ?40/50% comparing relative rates at 1800 m asl and 2300–2500 m asl, respectively). Within the coffee‐growing elevation, the proportion of sites with high coffee cover (>20%) was significantly higher in stable margins (42% of sites that had been in the same location for the entire period) than in recently changed margins (0% of sites where expansion of annual crops had changed the margin). Disturbance level and forest structure did not differ between sites with 30% or 3% coffee. However, a growing body of literature on gradients of coffee management in Ethiopia reports coffee's negative effects on abundances of forest‐specialist species. Even if the presence of coffee slows down the conversion of forest to annual‐crop agriculture, there is a risk that an intensification of coffee management will still threaten forest biodiversity, including the genetic diversity of wild coffee. Conservation policy for Ethiopian forests thus needs to develop strategies that acknowledge that forests without coffee production may have higher deforestation risks than forests with coffee production and that forests with coffee production often have lower biodiversity value. Efectos de la Administración Cafetalera sobre las Tasas de Deforestación y la Integridad de los Bosques     

Globalization of the Cashmere Market and the Decline of Large Mammals in Central Asia

As drivers of terrestrial ecosystems, humans have replaced large carnivores in most areas, and human influence not only exerts striking ecological pressures on biodiversity at local scales but also has indirect effects in distant corners of the world. We suggest that the multibillion dollar cashmere industry creates economic motivations that link western fashion preferences for cashmere to land use in Central Asia. This penchant for stylish clothing, in turn, encourages herders to increase livestock production which affects persistence of over 6 endangered large mammals in these remote, arid ecosystems. We hypothesized that global trade in cashmere has strong negative effects on native large mammals of deserts and grassland where cashmere‐producing goats are raised. We used time series data, ecological snapshots of the biomass of native and domestic ungulates, and ecologically and behaviorally based fieldwork to test our hypothesis. In Mongolia increases in domestic goat production were associated with a 3‐fold increase in local profits for herders coexisting with endangered saiga (Saiga tatarica).That increasing domestic grazing pressure carries fitness consequences was inferred on the basis of an approximately 4‐fold difference in juvenile recruitment among blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur)in trans‐Himalayan India. Across 7 study areas in Mongolia, India, and China's Tibetan Plateau, native ungulate biomass is now <5% that of domestic species. Such trends suggest ecosystem degradation and decreased capacity for the persistence of native species, including at least 8 Asian endemic species: saiga, chiru (Pantholops hodgsoni), Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus), snow leopard(Panthera uncia), khulan(Equus hemionus), kiang (E. kiang), takhi (E. przewalski), and wild yak (Bos mutus). Our results suggest striking yet indirect and unintended actions that link trophic‐level effects to markets induced by the trade for cashmere. Globalización del Mercado de Cachemira y la Declinación de Mamíferos Mayores en Asia Central     

The lichen-rich coastal heath vegetation on the isle of Anholt, Denmark — conservation and management

The high conservational value of the lichen-rich vegetation and landscape of the marine foreland Ørkenen on the isle of Anholt is treated from a Danish as well as a European perspective. The sensitivity of the lichen-rich vegetation to physical disturbance is emphasized. The impact of invasive species such asPinus mugo as well as the effect of atmospheric deposition of nutrients on the heaths at Anholt is described. Considerations related to the development of a management plan for Ørkenen are presented.     

Behavior and ecology of Old World Luperini beetles of the genusAulacophora (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Summary The attraction of Old World leaf beetles in the genusAulacophora to kairomones and parakairomones which are effective lures for New WorldDiabrotica andAcalymma were investigated. Beetles captured on sticky traps baited with single and multicomponent lures were no different from the control traps for two species ofAulacophora. Yellow colored traps and squash blossoms are attractive toAulacophora beetles which detect sub-microgram quantities of cucurbitacins on silica gel. Leaf feeding behavior and flight activity data are correlated with varietal preference of threeAulacophora species. The common response byDiabrotica andAulacophora to cucurbitacins reinforces the two groups' coevolutionary association with the Cucurbitaceae. The apparent lack of a common response toCucurbita blossom volatiles suggests recent evolutionary pathways are substantially different for these two groups of beetles.     

Importance of greater interdisciplinarity and geographic scope when tackling the driving forces behind biological invasions

Invasive non-native species are important drivers of ecosystem change, yet the driving forces of biological invasions themselves are poorly understood. Such information is essential to ensure policies focus on the most relevant drivers, and that future scenarios capture the full range of potential outcomes for invasive non-native species. I carried out a bibliometric analysis of articles published from 2000 to 2020 that address either invasive non-native species or biodiversity and ecosystem services and that also mention 1 or more drivers of ecosystem change. I examined 5 indirect drivers (demographic, economic, governance, sociocultural, and technological) and 6 direct drivers (climate change, invasive non-native species, land-use or sea-use change, natural hazards, pollution, and resource extraction). Using the Web of Science core collection of citation indexes, I undertook searches of article titles and keywords and retrieved 27,462 articles addressing invasive non-native species and 110,087 articles dealing with biodiversity or ecosystem services. Most research to date on biological invasions as well as on biodiversity and ecosystem services has focused on anthropogenic direct drivers of ecosystem change rather than indirect drivers. Yet currently, less than 18% of articles addressing biological invasions examined drivers of ecosystem change, a similar level to that found over 20 years ago for biodiversity or ecosystem services. Knowledge of the drivers of biological invasions is limited, emphasizes tractable drivers over those that require an interdisciplinary approach, and is biased toward developed economies. Drivers generally deemed important for biological invasions, such as governance and resource extraction, accounted for less than 2% of research effort. The absence of a systematic understanding of the forces that drive invasive non-native species and how they interact means that attempts to mitigate or forecast biological invasions are likely to fail. To address biological invasions requires a much better orientation of national and international research on drivers in relation to both their actual importance as well as their policy relevance.