十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)-氢氧化钠耦合污泥脱水技术研究

研究了十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)-氢氧化钠(NaOH)耦合预处理对污泥特性的影响,分析了不同预处理条件下污泥溶解性化学需氧量(SCOD)、挥发性悬浮物(VSS)、总悬浮物(TSS)和有机酸溶出率随时间的变化规律,并进一步探讨了其对污泥脱水性能的影响.结果表明,SDBS-NaOH耦合作用时能有效地加速VSS和TSS的溶解,提高污泥水解相SCOD的浓度,当SDBS和NaOH的投加量分别为0.02g·g-1污泥(污泥干基,下同)和0.1g·g-1污泥时,VSS溶解效率高达64.0%,此时TSS含量最低,仅为23.2mg·l-1;另外,当SDBS和NaOH添加量分别为0.02和0.25g·g-1时,污泥的脱水性能良好,脱水后污泥的含水率可降到72%左右,而未预处理的污泥其含水率高达84%。     

臭氧污泥减量过程中混合液各参数的变化

实验用污泥的初始浓度(MLSS)分别限定为4g/L、7g/L和11g/L,用以探讨不同浓度下臭氧氧化过程中COD、N和P浓度的变化。结果表明:臭氧氧化过程中,MLSS和MLVSS基本呈线性下降;臭氧对污泥细胞的溶解可以引起混合液中COD、N和P浓度的升高,升高速率受污泥浓度和臭氧浓度影响较大;TKN和硝态氮是N的主要存在形式,TKN和TN随时间均呈先增加后趋缓的变化规律;臭氧对氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮有较强的氧化能力,二者浓度均呈先增大后减小的规律;而硝酸盐氮呈一直增加趋势;臭氧对COD的氧化也很明显,表现为COD的增加速率随氧化时间的增加而不断降低;总磷的浓度基本呈线性增加,单位质量污泥的总磷释放量差异不大;臭氧对MLSS的彻底减量会引起臭氧溶胞利用率的降低,因此应该合理控制臭氧化反应的时间。     

微生物絮凝剂的污泥脱水性能研究

采用酱油曲霉发酵制备的微生物絮凝剂对广州市猎德污水处理厂浓缩污泥的脱水性能进行研究,实验结果表明,酱油曲霉分泌的微生物絮凝剂对浓缩污泥有较好的脱水效果,调理后的污泥比阻可降至8.9×1011m·kg-1,显著地改善了污泥的脱水性能,与对照样相比,脱水率提高了7%,含水率降低了6%,当絮凝剂的投加量为污泥体积的5%、干重质量浓度为5.8mg·l-1时,污泥的脱水效果最佳,污泥脱水率从75.6%提高到82.6%,污泥含水率从82.4%降到76.4%.微生物絮凝剂和聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)复合使用有助于改善污泥的脱水性能,当10mL116mg·l-1微生物絮凝剂和6mL 1g·l-1PAM复合使用时,污泥的脱水率为82.9%,脱水后污泥的含水率为76.1%.     

好氧颗粒污泥胞外聚合物的产生及其分布

考察了不同操作条件和基质条件对好氧颗粒污泥中胞外聚合物(EPS)产生的影响及其在污泥和体系上清液中的分布.结果表明:随体系操作条件和基质条件的变化,好氧颗粒污泥内部和上清液中的EPS含量呈规律性变化.相对而言,好氧颗粒污泥中EPS含量的变化幅度较小,过多的EPS则释放到上清液中.大量EPS的释放只发生在颗粒污泥解体时,而酸性条件和不适当的C/N比不利于好氧颗粒污泥的形成及形态保持.体系溶解氧为4.5 mg·l-1,pH为中性,污泥负荷小于等于0.37kgCOD·kg-1MLSS·d-1,碳氮比为20∶ 1时,好氧颗粒污泥中EPS的含量约占污泥总质量的9%-12%,与厌氧颗粒污泥(0.6%-20%)相近,但远低于絮状活性污泥(80%),此时,EPS在上清液中的含量最低或接近最低,为14-26 mg·l-1.     

生物淋滤直接浸出废旧电池中有毒重金属的实验研究

考察了生物淋滤对5种电池中重金属的溶出效果,比较了化学浸提和生物淋滤对三种电池中重金属的溶出效率,研究了起始pH值对生物淋滤溶出电池中重金属的影响模式.结果表明,生物淋滤对5种电池中6种离子的平均浸出浓度超过350mg·l-1,锌锰电池(华太)锰浸出浓度、锌锰电池(南孚)锌浸出浓度和镍氢电池的镍浸出浓度分别达524mg·l-1,600mg·l-1和750mg·l-1;而化学浸提对3种电池中5种金属的溶出浓度均不超过10mg·l-1.起始pH值对生物淋滤电池的离子浸出效率影响巨大.起始pH值愈低,离子浸出浓度愈高.在起始pH值为2.0的生物淋滤体系中,镍镉电池的镍镉浸出平均浓度为350mg·l-1,而起始pH值为4.0和5.5的淋滤体系中,在整个反应时间内镍镉几乎未能检出.     

基于碳源回用目标的剩余污泥水解酸化产物调控研究

剩余污泥水解酸化产生的挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)等有机物可作为补充碳源回用于低C/N比城市污水脱氮除磷系统中。然而,在污泥水解酸化过程中由于甲烷菌等微生物的作用而难以实现水解酸化产物的有效积累。同时,含有高浓度氮磷的污泥水解酸化液直接回用将进一步增加污水处理的氮磷负荷。本研究基于碳源回用目标,在热碱预处理的基础上,采用添加二溴乙烷磺酸钠(BES,2-Bromoethanesulfonic acid sodium)和Ca O2的方式对城市污水厂剩余污泥水解酸化过程的主要产物即溶解性有机物(SCOD)、VFAs及氮磷的溶出进行优化调控,旨在得到含有高浓度有机物、低浓度氮磷的污泥水解酸化液以回用于低C/N比城市污水脱氮除磷系统,提高出水水质,为剩余污泥的资源化利用提供理论依据。结果表明,污泥经Na OH预处理后,添加BES可有效提高水解酸化过程SCOD、VFAs的积累,其最高质量浓度分别达到6 169.8 mg·L~(-1)及1 335.0 mg·L~(-1),较对照组分别提高66.7%、192.5%,其中,VFAs中乙酸的质量分数达到66.0%。添加CaO_2的实验组酸化液中,NH4_+~-N和PO_4~3--P的溶出量显著降低,分别降至200.7 mg·L~(-1)、9.6 mg·L~(-1),较对照组分别减少了59.6%、65.7%。同时添加BES和CaO_2的组合体系在实现污泥水解酸化过程SCOD、VFAs累积的同时有效降低了氨氮和正磷酸盐的溶出,所获取的剩余污泥水解酸化产物可作为低C/N比城市污水脱氮除磷提标升级的优质碳源,实现了剩余污泥的资源化回用。     

间歇反应器内污泥衍生吸附剂去除水溶液中镉、镍离子

利用城市污水厂的污泥化学活化法热解产生的吸附剂 ,在间歇反应器内对水溶液中Cd2 和Ni2 离子进行吸附性能的研究 .考察了溶液的pH值、接触时间、吸附剂的投加量及吸附质初始浓度对吸附效果的影响 ,结果表明 ,Cd2 ,Ni2 离子吸附达到平衡时的接触时间为 60min,pH值为 5 5— 6 0 ,溶液的初始浓度为 40mg·l- 1 和 30mg·l- 1 ,吸附剂的投加量不少于 1 0g·l- 1 和 2 0g·l- 1 .     

超声预处理对剩余污泥微生物燃料电池性能的影响

为了实现剩余污泥资源化,本实验采用了超声波破壁的预处理方式,构建了以剩余污泥破壁处理混合液为阳极液和以KMn O4溶液为阴极液的序批式双室微生物燃料电池(Microbial Fuel Cells,MFC).将MFC的输出功率密度和COD去除速率作为电池性能的考察指标,研究了超声预处理和投加污泥量对MFC性能的影响.结果表明,随着对投加污泥预处理比(超声预处理污泥量占投加污泥量的比例)和投加污泥浓度的上升,MFC的输出功率密度和COD去除速率也随之上升,在100%污泥预处理比下输出功率密度峰值为296 m W·m-2(Rext=1000Ω);平均COD去除速率为90 mg·L-1·d-1.在投加污泥浓度为8000 mg·L-1时,输出功率密度峰值为476 m W·m-2(Rext=1000Ω);平均COD去除速率为100 mg·L-1·d-1.由实验结果分析,采用超声波破壁预处理高浓度的剩余污泥作为燃料搭建MFC,可提高微生物燃料电池的产电性能和COD去除速率.     

ABR反应器的启动及颗粒污泥特征的研究

在20-30℃条件下,对ABR反应器进行了169d 5个阶段的启动实验,进水COD容积负荷达到4.38kgCOD·m-3·d-1,出水COD,挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)和pH值达到要求;形成了大量的性能良好的颗粒污泥,其尺度介于2-3.8mm之间,沉降速度大于20m·h-1,MLVSS/MLSS值均大于65%;但各格室厌氧污泥的污泥指数(SVI)差异较大.显微分析表明,不同格室内呈现出种群配合良好的厌氧微生物分布,第一格室存在大量的优势发酵细菌,并有代谢乙酸的丝状甲烷细菌,然后颗粒污泥中的微生物逐渐向以产甲烷细菌优势菌群过渡,并存在许多浮游的原生和后生动物.另外,各格室中的颗粒污泥形状各异,表面凸凹不平,存在气孔,且颗粒污泥愈靠近核心,微生物数量愈少,细菌分泌物和无机质愈多.     

硫化物在厌氧污泥中的分布和对产甲烷活性的抑制作用

在不同的pH值和温度下,对硫化物在厌氧污泥中的分布特征及对污泥产甲烷活性的抑制作用进行了研究.结果表明,硫化物浓度低于120mgS·l-1时,抑制作用主要由系统的pH值升高引起的,大于120mgS·l-1时,主要由液相中高浓度的硫化物引起;当硫化物浓度达160mgS·l-1时,H2S逸出量达到最大,污泥对硫化物的吸附也趋于饱和.pH值升高增加了污泥对硫化物的吸附,H2S逸出量降低;温度升高有利于吸附的硫化物向液相转移,并使H2S逸出量迅速增大.     

A hybrid membrane process for simultaneous thickening and digestion of waste activated sludge

A hybrid membrane process for simultaneous sludge thickening and digestion (MSTD) was studied. During one cycle (15 d) of operation under a hydraulic retention time of 1 d, the concentration of mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) continuously increased from about 4 g·L⁻¹ to 34 g·L⁻¹, and the mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS) increased from about 3 g·L⁻¹ to over 22 g·L⁻¹. About 42% of the MLVSS and 39% of the MLSS reduction were achieved. The thickening and digestion effects in the MSTD were further analyzed based on a mass balance analysis. Test results showed that biopolymers and cations of biomass were gradually released to the bulk solution during the process. It was also found that the capillary suction time, colloidal chemical oxygen demand, soluble microbial products, viscosity, and MLSS had significant positive correlations with the membrane fouling rate, whereas extracellular polymeric substances, polysaccharides, and proteins extracted from biomass had negative impacts on membrane fouling.     

污水处理中的污泥减量新技术

污水好氧处理会产生大量污泥，剩余污泥的处理成本高昂，减少污泥产量势在必行。文章介绍了代谢解偶联、增加维持能量消耗、隐性生长、微型动物捕食、高溶解氧工艺和膜生物反应器等污泥减量技术，比较了各种技术的优缺点，指出了不同技术结合将成为污泥减量技术的发展方向。     

活性污泥动力学模型的建立及在完全混合式污泥系统中的应用

首先建立了微生物衰减系数和污泥浓度、底物浓度的函数关系式,带入Lawrence-McCarty第一方程式得到了Logistic方程形式的微生物生长方程式.在分析污泥泥龄和污泥停留时间关系基础上,引入Monod方程建立了活性污泥动力学模型,推导证明了Lawrence-McCarty方程式是模型静态条件下的表达形式.用建立的活性污泥动力学模型对完全混合式污泥系统进行了模拟,并分析了水力停留时间Hydraulic retention time(HRT)和污泥停留时间Sludge retention time(SRT)对完全混合式污泥系统的影响,表明模型能很好地对活性污泥系统的动态过程进行模拟.根据模型编程画出了污泥系统相关变量关于HRT和SRT变化的三维曲面图,通过编程将复杂模型看作一定输入输出的函数,使得模型更易于应用和推广.     

寒冷地区城市污水处理厂污泥膨胀及其控制

结合大庆乘风庄污水厂运行 5年来两次污泥膨胀的实例 ,对活性污泥系统发生污泥膨胀的主要原因进行了分析 ,提出在寒冷地区活性污泥系统中 ,除低氧、低负荷外 ,低温也是造成膨胀的原因之一。对此提出采用减小曝气池污泥浓度或单池连续运行以提高负荷和鼓风机进风口空气加热提高曝气池水温的方法 ,可使膨胀得到有效控制。     

膜生物反应器无剩余污泥排放的研究

本文介绍了以膜生物反应器为基础的剩余污泥产量最少或无剩余污泥产生的最新的污水处理理论和技术。从技术微生物基本生命活动的物质转化概念和细胞产生和平衡的理论,提出了确定维持微生物基本生命活动的物质转化系数的方法,从理论与实验上计实了膜生物反应器无剩余污泥排放的可能性。     

可循环利用污泥专用处置场建设的探讨

着重论述了国内外城市污水处理厂污泥的各种处置方法及处置现状，提出污泥土地利用是目前国内外污泥处理中的主体和重点发展的方式。根据上海市具体市情和污泥处置状况，提出在上海市建没污泥专用处置场，以解决污泥大量处置和最终用于土地利用的思路。比较详细地探讨了国外污泥专用处置场运行的现状，指出污泥专用处置场比污泥有效利用场能更大量地处置污泥且可循环反复处置，它占地面积小，在土地紧缺的上海更具利用优势。在此基础上，提出了适合上海市情的污泥专用处置场工艺流程设计、综合运行框架和具体的技术要求，以保证污泥能安全有效地处置利用，经过分析，指出在上海兴建污泥专用处置场处置污泥能获得较好的经济效益和环境效益。     

Transport of Sewage Sludge From the 106-Mile Site - Results From an October Survey

Approximately 8 million tons of sewage sludge were disposed of annually at the 106-Mile Deepwater Municipal Sludge Dump Site (106-Mile Site) between 1987 and 1990. Beginning in 1988 and continuing to the present, the focus of monitoring at the 106-Mile Site moved towards improved understanding of the fate of the sludge. A survey conducted in October 1989 was designed to (1) detect the presence of any sludge particles that settle rapidly following disposal, (2) determine if sludge could be detected in the surface waters at locations away from the immediate disposal site, and (3) determine if water quality was degraded, by assessing whether the Environmental Protection Agency's marine water quality criteria were being exceeded.

The survey showed that the sludge does have a rapidly settling component composed of organic floc. mineral grains, and other heavy, gritlike particles, all of which are relatively large. These particles may settle at rates of between 8 and 180 m h^-1 and may reach the sea floor within 1 to 13 days following disposal. Even though a rapidly settling component is present in the sludge, a significant fraction of the sludge was detectable in the form of intact sludge plumes in the upper 35 m of the water column at least 15 km from the Site. in addition, unique tracers of sludge such as xylem tracheids and Clostridium perfringens plus elevated total suspended solids and trace metals concentrations, were found at locations up to 40 km from the Site. the presence of these tracers correspond with in situ transmissometry data suggesting that a fraction of the sludge was remaining in the near-surface waters above the seasonal pycnocline. Concentrations of metals were below EPA chronic marine water quality criteria, which indicates that the water quality downstream of the Site was not impaired. the detection of sludge downstream of the 106-Mile Site is consistent with the southwestward movement of the surface water mass during the survey, as recorded by satellite-tracked surface drifters and current vectors derived from a current meter moored at 100-m depth immediately west of the Site. Near-surface transport was generally towards the southwest at a speed of approximately 22 cm s^-1*.     

Transport of Sewage Sludge From the 106-Mile Site - Results From an October Survey

Abstract

Approximately 8 million tons of sewage sludge were disposed of annually at the 106-Mile Deepwater Municipal Sludge Dump Site (106-Mile Site) between 1987 and 1990. Beginning in 1988 and continuing to the present, the focus of monitoring at the 106-Mile Site moved towards improved understanding of the fate of the sludge. A survey conducted in October 1989 was designed to (1) detect the presence of any sludge particles that settle rapidly following disposal, (2) determine if sludge could be detected in the surface waters at locations away from the immediate disposal site, and (3) determine if water quality was degraded, by assessing whether the Environmental Protection Agency's marine water quality criteria were being exceeded.

The survey showed that the sludge does have a rapidly settling component composed of organic floc. mineral grains, and other heavy, gritlike particles, all of which are relatively large. These particles may settle at rates of between 8 and 180 m h^?1 and may reach the sea floor within 1 to 13 days following disposal. Even though a rapidly settling component is present in the sludge, a significant fraction of the sludge was detectable in the form of intact sludge plumes in the upper 35 m of the water column at least 15 km from the Site. in addition, unique tracers of sludge such as xylem tracheids and Clostridium perfringens plus elevated total suspended solids and trace metals concentrations, were found at locations up to 40 km from the Site. the presence of these tracers correspond with in situ transmissometry data suggesting that a fraction of the sludge was remaining in the near-surface waters above the seasonal pycnocline. Concentrations of metals were below EPA chronic marine water quality criteria, which indicates that the water quality downstream of the Site was not impaired. the detection of sludge downstream of the 106-Mile Site is consistent with the southwestward movement of the surface water mass during the survey, as recorded by satellite-tracked surface drifters and current vectors derived from a current meter moored at 100-m depth immediately west of the Site. Near-surface transport was generally towards the southwest at a speed of approximately 22 cm s^?1?.     

超高速活性污泥法的试验研究

吸附活性污泥法是一种高效率的污水处理方法，曝气池停留时间约４０ｍｉｎ、ＣＯＤ、ＢＯＤ５和ＳＳ的去除率可达到６０－７０％。本文以试验结果为基础，探讨了停留时间，污泥浓度，污泥回流比和污浓度对处理效果的影响，也探讨了该方法对氮，磷的去除效果。