川西亚高山针叶林人工恢复过程的土壤性性质变化

研究川西岷江上游高山针叶林区不同年龄阶段的人工云杉林地凋落物及其养分贮量和土壤养分及主要理化性质的变化趋势，结果表明：（1）人工云杉林的凋落物及其氮、磷、钾贮量、以60年代抚育成熟林最高，40年代抚育成熟林大幅度下降，分别下降34．1％及49．8％，70．5％，46．7％；（2）人工云杉林地表土的有机质、全氮、全磷随林龄的增加而降低，据典型土壤剖面资料，40年代比60年代抚育林土壤分别降低72．4％，78．6％，42．2％；（3）相应于土壤有机质的变化，与60年代人工云杉成熟林相比，40年代成熟林土壤的自然含水量、总孔工、保肥力（CEC）和交换性盐某养分等均明显降低，表现出肥力退化的趋势，因此，当人工云杉林达到成熟林后，后采取诸如适当间伐等措施，以改善林地生态条件，避免土壤肥力退化，图4表6参11。     

闽南山区连续年龄序列桉树人工林土壤养分动态

对闽南山区连续年龄序列(2 a、3 a、4 a、5 a、6 a)的尾巨桉(Eucalyptus urophyllaxE.grandis)人工林土壤有机碳及氮、磷、钾含量进行了分析,以评价土壤养分随林分年龄的变化动态.土壤有机碳、全氮、水解氮、全磷、速效磷均表现出随林分年龄增加而增加,到4 a生时达到最大,随后则呈下降趋势,6 a生时下降到最低值.速效钾含量则随林分年龄增加逐步下降,6 a生林分0～20 cm、20～40 cm和40～60 cm这3个土层速效钾含量分别比2 a生下降了53.2%、44.4%和55.2%;土壤全钾含量也表现出一定的下降趋势.所有年龄林分的土壤有机碳、全氮、水解氮、全磷、速效磷和速效钾含量均随土层深度增加而降低,而土壤伞钾则表现出相反的趋势.因此,在桉树人工林经营过程中,应定期增施钾肥,适时施用有机肥及氮、磷肥,以控制地力衰退.图4表2参24     

活性氮增加:一个威胁环境的问题

活性氮增加是当前全球变化的重要现象之一,已经对全球氮素循环产生了严重的影响。人类活动,如燃料燃烧、氮肥生产、固氮植物的培育和畜牧业的集约经营等是引起全球活性氮增加的主要原因。活性氮增加正在引起大气污染、N2O等温室气体增加、森林退化、土壤和淡水酸化、海水富营养化、陆地和水体生态系统物种组成变化和生物多样性减少等诸多环境问题。该文综述了活性氮及其对环境的影响,主要包括:⑴活性氮的来源;⑵活性氮生产的历史与现状;⑶活性氮对大气、水体、森林、土壤等多种生态系统的影响等,并提出了减少活性氮产量和降低其环境危害的一些思路。     

Plants control the seasonal dynamics of microbial N cycling in a beech forest soil by belowground C allocation

Soil microbes in temperate forest ecosystems are able to cycle several hundreds of kilograms of N per hectare per year and are therefore of paramount importance for N retention. Belowground C allocation by trees is an important driver of seasonal microbial dynamics and may thus directly affect N transformation processes over the course of the year. Our study aimed at unraveling plant controls on soil N cycling in a temperate beech forest at a high temporal resolution over a time period of two years, by investigating the effects of tree girdling on microbial N turnover. In both years of the experiment, we discovered (1) a summer N mineralization phase (between July and August) and (2) a winter N immobilization phase (November-February). The summer mineralization phase was characterized by a high N mineralization activity, low microbial N uptake, and a subsequent high N availability in the soil. During the autumn/winter N immobilization phase, gross N mineralization rates were low, and microbial N uptake exceeded microbial N mineralization, which led to high levels of N in the microbial biomass and low N availability in the soil. The observed immobilization phase during the winter may play a crucial role for ecosystem functioning, since it could protect dissolved N that is produced by autumn litter degradation from being lost from the ecosystem during the phase when plants are mostly inactive. The difference between microbial biomass N levels in winter and spring equals 38 kg N/ha and may thus account for almost one-third of the annual plant N demand. Tree girdling strongly affected annual N cycling: the winter N immobilization phase disappeared in girdled plots (microbial N uptake and microbial biomass N were significantly reduced, while the amount of available N in the soil solution was enhanced). This was correlated to a reduced fungal abundance in autumn in girdled plots. By releasing recently fixed photosynthates to the soil, plants may thus actively control the annual microbial N cycle. Tree belowground C allocation increases N accumulation in microorganisms during the winter which may ultimately feed back on plant N availability in the following growing season.     

高寒草甸不同植被类型土壤全氮含量变化动态分析

采用凯氏定氮法对高寒草甸不同植被类型土壤全氮进行季节动态测定分析,结果表明:在整个生长季中0～20 cm层土壤全氮质量分数的顺序为:藏嵩草沼泽化草甸(Kobresia-swamp meadow)>露梅灌丛草甸(Dasiphoru fruticosa shrubs)>人工燕麦草地(Avena sativa artficial grassland)>矮嵩草草甸(Kobresia humilis meadow)>矮嵩草退化草地(Kobresia humilis-degraded grassland).原生植被草甸类型下单位面积土壤全氮含量远高于退化草地.藏嵩草沼泽化草甸土壤每平方米的全氮含量最高,达到0.712 kg,金露梅草甸次之,两者之间差异性不显著(p>0.05);其他三种草地类型单位面积土壤全氮含量差异性显著(p<0.05);原生草甸矮嵩草草甸每平方米全氮平均含量为0.406 kg,而退化的矮嵩草草地每平方米全氮平均含量为0.301 kg,可以推算,土地退化导致土壤全氮流失的量为0.105kg,即高寒草地退化导致25.86%氮流失.随着季节的变化,土壤全氮质量分数随生长季均有所增加,最高值都出现在8月份,但各月份之间土壤全氮质量分数变化差异性不显著(p>0.05).原生植被0～10 cm层土壤全氮含量高于10～2O cm层,人工草地与退化草地差异性不显著.     

不同退化程度喀斯特生态系统根际土壤的养分分布特征

以贵州中部喀斯特地区由乔木林、灌木林和灌草丛等不同退化程度生态系统中的优势物种根际土壤为研究对象,测定其C、N、P全量及有效态质量分数,分析各优势物种根际土壤的养分变化。结果表明：3个生态系统中不同优势物种根际各类土壤养分质量分数变化较大,其中,土壤C、N、P养分为乔木林中园果化香根际土壤质量分数最高,白枥根际养分质量分数最低。可溶性有机碳质量分数为乔木林中最低,其平均水平不超过10 mg·kg-1。土壤磷素的供给能力为乔木林的园果化香和刺秋相对较强,其中园果化香中达到1.5%。而且优势树种间根际土壤有效态养分质量分数的差异明显高于全量养分,说明喀斯特地区根际土壤养分差异性主要受植被因素的影响,土壤有效态养分较全量养分对植被群落演替的响应更为灵敏,而且根际土壤养分质量分数和形态的变化与土壤有机碳质量分数有显著的正相关关系,这进一步说明喀斯特地区植被类型的变化对土壤养分的循环利用具有重要的影响作用。     

涕灭威在土壤中的降解特性

用实验室模拟培养方法研究了土壤中涕灭威及其代谢物在不同条件下的降解规律，探讨了影响降解的主要因素。结果表明，温度和土壤微生物活性是影响降解的重要因素，温度升高、有机质含量增加均大大加快涕灭威残留物降解。２５℃时，涕灭威在不同类型表层土壤中Ｔ＿（０．５）为３～８ｄ，其残留物总量的Ｔ＿（０．５）为３０～６５ｄ．在温度低、徽生物活性小的深层土壤中涕灭威Ｔ＿（０．５）为３４～１２０ｄ，残留物总量的Ｔ＿（０．５）为１５９～６８６ｄ，其中亚矾较难降解。     

吉林西部草地生态系统不同退化演替阶段土壤有机碳变化研究

草地盐碱化是吉林西部典型的生态环境问题。针对吉林西部具有＂羊草群落（Leymus chinense）→羊草-虎尾草群落（Carex duiuscula）→羊草-碱茅群落（Puccinellia distans）→碱蓬群落（Suaeda glauca）＂直至退化为盐碱地的逆向演替规律,本文选取大安市姜家甸草场为典型区进行野外样地调查,收集不同演替阶段植物样品30份,土壤剖面样品100份,表土样品40份,监测群落生态特征、土壤理化性质,计算土壤有机碳储量。分析结果表明：随着退化演替的进行,羊草-虎尾草群落的多样性指数、植被生物量、土壤有机质最高,土壤含水率及全N指数逐渐降低,土壤的pH值及土壤容重升高,土壤有机碳含量在0～100cm各土层呈现出先升高再降低的趋势,其中0～40cm内变化显著,50～100cm内相差不大,1m土壤有机碳密度从羊草群落的75.37t·hm-2升高到羊草-虎尾草群落的76.11t·hm-2,至盐碱地减少到52.21t·hm-2,约减少30%。研究结果对吉林省合理放牧、草地固碳量的增加和土壤碳储量的提高都有指导意义。     

Sinks for nitrogen inputs in terrestrial ecosystems: a meta-analysis of 15N tracer field studies

Effects of anthropogenic nitrogen (N) deposition and the ability of terrestrial ecosystems to store carbon (C) depend in part on the amount of N retained in the system and its partitioning among plant and soil pools. We conducted a meta-analysis of studies at 48 sites across four continents that used enriched 15N isotope tracers in order to synthesize information about total ecosystem N retention (i.e., total ecosystem 15N recovery in plant and soil pools) across natural systems and N partitioning among ecosystem pools. The greatest recoveries of ecosystem 15N tracer occurred in shrublands (mean, 89.5%) and wetlands (84.8%) followed by forests (74.9%) and grasslands (51.8%). In the short term (< 1 week after 15N tracer application), total ecosystem 15N recovery was negatively correlated with fine-root and soil 15N natural abundance, and organic soil C and N concentration but was positively correlated with mean annual temperature and mineral soil C:N. In the longer term (3-18 months after 15N tracer application), total ecosystem 15N retention was negatively correlated with foliar natural-abundance 15N but was positively correlated with mineral soil C and N concentration and C:N, showing that plant and soil natural-abundance 15N and soil C:N are good indicators of total ecosystem N retention. Foliar N concentration was not significantly related to ecosystem 15N tracer recovery, suggesting that plant N status is not a good predictor of total ecosystem N retention. Because the largest ecosystem sinks for 15N tracer were below ground in forests, shrublands, and grasslands, we conclude that growth enhancement and potential for increased C storage in aboveground biomass from atmospheric N deposition is likely to be modest in these ecosystems. Total ecosystem 15N recovery decreased with N fertilization, with an apparent threshold fertilization rate of 46 kg N x ha(-1) x yr(-1) above which most ecosystems showed net losses of applied 15N tracer in response to N fertilizer addition.     

除草定在土壤中的降解和移动特性研究

除草定是一种新型嘧啶类除草剂,其在环境中的归趋备受关注。采用室内模拟试验方法,研究了除草定在不同土壤中的降解性、吸附性和移动特性。结果表明,除草定在江西红壤、太湖水稻土和东北黑土中的降解半衰期分别为693.1、173.3、138.6 d,该药在土壤中降解较慢,影响其在土壤中降解速率的主要因素为土壤有机质。除草定在江西红壤、太湖水稻土与东北黑土中的吸附较好地符合Freundlich方程,Kd值分别为0.34、1.86和2.94;3种土壤对除草定的吸附过程为自发的物理吸附。薄层层析试验显示,当溶剂展开至11.5 cm处,除草定在江西红壤、太湖水稻土和东北黑土中最远移至8~10 cm处。影响除草定在土壤中吸附性和移动性的主要因素为土壤有机质含量。除草定存在对地下水污染的潜在风险性,使用除草定应该引起足够重视。     

戊唑醇在环境中的降解迁移和生物富集性研究

戊唑醇属于内吸性三唑类杀菌农药,在国内广泛用于田间病虫防治,故其在环境中的归趋备受关注。采用室内模拟试验方法,研究了戊唑醇在水-沉积物中的降解特性、土壤中的吸附性和在斑马鱼中的生物富集性。结果表明:好氧条件下,戊唑醇在河流与湖泊水-沉积物系统中农药总量的降解半衰期分别为533.2、433.2 d;厌氧条件下,河流与湖泊水-沉积物系统中降解半衰期分别为364.8、1 732.9 d;沉积物系统降解半衰期较长,降解速率主要受水中戊唑醇的降解速率影响。戊唑醇在江西红壤、太湖水稻土、常熟乌杉土、东北黑土中的吸附性符合Freundlich方程,Kd值分别为7.4、11.8、11.2和15;吸附性大小次序为东北黑土太湖水稻土常熟乌杉土江西红壤;以有机碳含量表示的土壤吸附常数KOC在698.9~1 635.5之间;影响戊唑醇土壤吸附性的主要因素为土壤有机质含量和p H。戊唑醇在斑马鱼中的生物富集系数BCF8 d为21.52~25.30,具有中等富集性。戊唑醇在水体环境中具有较强稳定性,不易被土壤吸附,且具有一定的生物富集性,可能会对水体和水体生物造成一定的污染。     

No evidence for effect of soil compaction on the degradation and impact of isoproturon

Soil is damaged by several threats and, among them, chemical contamination by pesticides and compaction. However, the effect of compaction on the fate of pesticides in soil, and the impact of pesticides on soil biological functioning are unknown. Therefore, we studied the effect of soil compaction on the degradation of the herbicide isoproturon, and the impact of this herbicide on an enzyme activity (β-glucosidase) involved in the C soil cycle. Undisturbed soil samples were prepared at different bulk densities, treated with isoproturon then incubated at 18°C in darkness for 63 days. The results showed that soil compaction did not modify significantly the degradation of isoproturon, neither the formation rates nor the nature of its metabolites. Moreover, compaction did not modify the impact of isoproturon on β-glucosidase activity. To our knowledge, these are the first results concerning the interactions between soil compaction and the degradation and impact of a pesticide.     

农业生态与土地退化的土壤微形态研究

简要地介绍了土壤微形态研究方法及其在农业生态与土地退化研究中的应用,并回顾了近20a的国际土壤微形态研究的内容与进展.在过去的20a中,土壤微形态学在概念、现象的解释、分析技术'以及应用上都取得了前所未有的进展.特别在样品脱水方法、荧光分析、图象处理及定量分析技术上得到很大的发展.植物根系与土壤微结构的关系,土壤改良对结构的影响等方面研究取得一定的成就.利用土壤微形态研究农业生态系统中的根系与根际的生态过程,作物对水分和养分的吸收过程,人为活动对土壤退化,熟化的微形态指标,以及利用微形态指标评价人为因素在现代土壤过程中的作用等,是土壤微形态研究的最新动态.     

单甲脒在土壤中的降解及持久性研究

本文对四种不同类型土壤中单甲脒及其盐酸盐在厌氧与好氧条件下的降解动态及其残留进行了研究。结果表明单甲脒及其盐酸盐均属不稳定的化合物，单甲脒在土壤中的半衰期为４．６－９．１ｄ，其盐酸盐的半衰期为２．０－６．２ｄ。结果还表明单甲脒盐酸盐在厌氧条件下较在好氧条件下降解缓慢；在厌氧条件时，土壤的ｐＨ值对其降解影响较大。在相同条件下，单甲脒比它的盐酸盐酸盐降解慢，其降解速率与土壤ｐＨ值无关。     

配施的有机无机肥料氮在红壤性水稻土中的残留特征

（１５）Ｎ追踪结果显示，熟化上（Ａ）和低肥力土（Ｃ）有机、无机肥料配施的氮的残留特征均为随配施有机成分和土壤肥力水平的变化而变化．肥力制约残留水平，肥料氮总平衡影响残留率一利用率一损失率的关系；配施有机肥是造成氮残留差异的基本因素，相关分析表明，总残留主体为有机肥氮，残留率随有机肥Ｃ／Ｎ和木质素含量的增减而增减；影响无机肥氮残留的相关因素较复杂．有机氮残留量占总残留量的百分数与无视氮残留量占总残留量的百分数之比，在Ａ，Ｃ两种土壤中约为２．肥力对氮残留作用的实质是，肥料氮在低肥力土中具固持优势，而在熟化土中具矿化利用优势．肥力因素对无机氮残留的影响更显著．根据配施组合中有机成分Ｃ／Ｎ－木质素含量与氮残留／平衡特征的关系．将不同配施组合划分为三大类型。     

咪唑烟酸在土壤中的残留分布与消解动态

以亚热带坡地毛竹林地为试验背景,结合室内控制条件下的降解试验,研究咪唑烟酸在土壤中的分布与归趋,以指导咪唑烟酸在类似地区的安全使用。结果表明,实验室条件下,咪唑烟酸在土壤中的微生物降解较缓慢,降解半衰期为77 d,可能是因为纯毛竹林地土壤中可降解咪唑烟酸的微生物较少或活性较低所致。田间条件下,咪唑烟酸残留主要分布在0～20 cm深度土层。当施用前期咪唑烟酸浓度较高时,随降水作用咪唑烟酸淋溶现象明显,径流损失也较严重;施用后期土壤中咪唑烟酸浓度较低时,其消解受降水影响较小,主要表现为微生物降解作用。咪唑烟酸在土壤中具有一定的移动性和稳定性,在降水量较大的山区使用时,应注意其对下游水源和环境生物的影响。     

异菌脲在土壤中的降解和移动性研究

为明确异菌脲在土壤中的迁移和归趋特征,采用室内模拟方法研究异菌脲在4种不同类型土壤中的降解和移动性以及不同因素对异菌脲降解的影响。结果表明,异菌脲在不同类型土壤中的降解顺序为东北黑土青海草甸土南京黄棕壤江西红壤,降解半衰期分别为7.2、8.6、12.7和16.9 d,异菌脲在4种土壤中均属于易降解农药。土壤湿度越大,异菌脲降解越快,渍水条件下降解速率加快,说明厌氧微生物对异菌脲降解起重要作用。微生物和有机质对异菌脲在土壤降解过程中有一定的促进作用,在微生物、有机质存在的条件下异菌脲降解速率分别提高1.8倍、3.7倍。薄层层析试验表明,异菌脲在南京黄棕壤、东北黑土、江西红壤和青海草甸土的比移值(R_f)分别为0.19、0.17、0.29和0.17,异菌脲在4种土壤中均属于不易移动,土柱淋溶试验结果表明,异菌脲在4种土壤中均属于难淋溶,不易通过淋溶作用造成地下水污染。     

松嫩草甸不同退化程度生境土壤磷素动态研究

对松嫩草甸不同退化程度生境的几种代表植物群落土壤磷素状况的研究表明,各群落相同土层的全磷含量没有显著的差异,说明土壤磷库具有较强的弹性,土壤退化落后于地上植物群落的退化.各群落土壤全磷的季节变化相似,均经历迅速累积,达到峰值后下降,之后又有一个缓慢积累的过程.羊草、寸草苔和碱茅群落全磷含量随土层的加深而减少,虎尾草群落土壤全磷聚集于10~20cm土层.随退化程度的加重,土壤速效磷含量增加,虎尾草群落土壤速效磷占全磷的比重最高(2.8%),表明退化生境植物群落对速效磷素的利用并不充分.各群落土壤微生物量磷含量均高于速效磷含量,其季节动态均为单峰曲线,峰值出现在8月.虎尾草群落土壤微生物量磷在10~20cm的土层最多,其他群落土壤微生物量磷在0~10cm土层的含量最多.灰色分析的结果表明,土壤速效磷的形成主要受到土壤养分,尤其是碳、氮养分的影响;而土壤温度、水分状况、酸碱状况和盐化程度等因素对土壤微生物量磷的影响较强.图2表3参26     

多效唑在土壤中降解、吸附和淋溶作用

本文研究了植物生长调节剂多效唑(MET)在土壤中的环境引为,MET在土壤中降解较缓慢并随土壤环境条件而异,淹水厌氧条件比旱地好氧条件降解更缓慢,灭菌土壤中未见明显降解,微生物培养试验表明,MET对真菌有明显抑止作用,以MET为唯一营养源的培养基上能生长出几种放线菌,在三种供试土壤中,MET在高有机质含量的黑土中吸附常数远大于黄棕壤和潮土;MET的淋溶则在砂粒含量较高和有机质含量较低的潮土中最快,黑土最慢,黄棕壤居间.     

Nitrogen dynamics in an Australian semiarid grassland soil

We conducted a four-week laboratory incubation of soil from a Themeda triandra Forsskal grassland to clarify mechanisms of nitrogen (N) cycling processes in relation to carbon (C) and N availability in a hot, semiarid environment. Variation in soil C and N availability was achieved by collecting soil from either under tussocks or the bare soil between tussocks, and by amending soil with Themeda litter. We measured N cycling by monitoring: dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), ammonium (NH4+), and nitrate (NO3-) contents, gross rates of N mineralization and microbial re-mineralization, NH4+ and NO3- immobilization, and autotrophic and heterotrophic nitrification. We monitored C availability by measuring cumulative soil respiration and dissolved organic C (DOC). Litter-amended soil had cumulative respiration that was eightfold greater than non-amended soil (2000 compared with 250 microg C/g soil) and almost twice the DOC content (54 compared with 28 microg C/g soil). However, litter-amended soils had only half as much DON accumulation as non-amended soils (9 compared with 17 microg N/g soil) and lower gross N rates (1-4 compared with 13-26 microg N x [g soil](-1) x d(-1)) and NO3- accumulation (0.5 compared with 22 microg N/g soil). Unamended soil from under tussocks had almost twice the soil respiration as soil from between tussocks (300 compared with 175 microg C/g soil), and greater DOC content (33 compared with 24 microg C/g soil). However, unamended soil from under tussocks had lower gross N rates (3-20 compared with 17-31 microg N x [g soil](-1) d(-1)) and NO3- accumulation (18 compared with 25 microg N/g soil) relative to soil from between tussocks. We conclude that N cycling in this grassland is mediated by both C and N limitations that arise from the patchiness of tussocks and seasonal variability in Themeda litterfall. Heterotrophic nitrification rate explained >50% of total nitrification, but this percentage was not affected by proximity to tussocks or litter amendment. A conceptual model that considers DON as central to N cycling processes provided a useful initial framework to explain results of our study. However, to fully explain N cycling in this semiarid grassland soil, the production of NO3- from organic N sources must be included in this model.