三峡水库香溪河库湾氮磷分布状况及沉积物污染评价

为了解三峡大坝蓄水完成之后香溪河库湾水体及沉积物中氮、磷的分布状况以及沉积物污染水平,2013年4月对三峡水库香溪河库湾进行调查采样,测定表层水及沉积物中氮磷含量和形态组成。结果表明,香溪河库湾表层水总磷(TP)含量范围为0.20~0.51 mg·L~(-1),总氮(TN)含量范围为0.54~2.25 mg·L~(-1),TP主要由磷酸盐(PO_4~(3-))组成,TN主要由硝酸盐(NO_3~-)以及氨氮(NH_4~+)组成,TP在空间上呈现从河口向库尾逐渐升高的分布格局,TN分布从河口向库尾逐渐降低。香溪河库湾沉积物中TP含量变化范围为642~1 189 mg·kg~(-1),TN含量变化范围为867~1 718 mg·kg~(-1),沉积物TP含量分布呈现上游高下游低,沉积物TN分布趋势呈现中间高,两头低。沉积物中TP主要由无机磷(IP)组成,有机磷(OP)所占比例较小,其中IP由钙磷(Ca-P)、铁铝磷(Fe/Al-P)组成,三者含量:Ca-POPFe/Al-P,且沉积物TP含量空间变化受到三者影响(P0.05)。采用单一因子标准指数法对香溪河库湾沉积物中TN、TP污染水平进行评价,结果表明,表层沉积物中TN、TP最低级别污染指数平均值为2.0和1.6,表层沉积物中TN、TP污染指数均超过最低污染水平,且TP的严重级别污染指数达到0.5以上。三峡水库三期蓄水完成以后,香溪河库湾表层水体中氮磷含量较初期蓄水有所升高,各样点沉积物中氮磷含量表现出相同的趋势,沉积物中不稳定磷释放对水体富营养化具有影响,香溪河库湾的表层沉积物已经受到一定的污染,磷污染水平较高。     

白洋淀沉积物中磷的存在形态及垂直变化规律研究

湖泊沉积物中磷的含量及其形态分布是影响湖泊营养化进程的极为重要因素,对研究湖泊营养化等环境问题具有重要意义。采用化学连续提取分析法,对白洋淀环淀中村水域不同地点的沉积物中磷的形态及其在垂直方向上的变化进行了研究。结果表明,研究区域内,环淀中村水域表层沉积物总磷（TP）质量分数在544.424～608.197mg·kg-1之间,无机磷（IP）是沉积物中磷的主要形态,有机磷（OP）质量分数较小,约占10%～27%,无机磷中钙磷（Ca-P）占的比例相对较大,在质量分数上约占75.8%～94.1%。从各形态磷质量分数的变化范围来看,Ca-P〉OP〉Fe/Al-P;人类活动对湖泊沉积物中磷的形态及其水平和垂向变化影响很大。     

Aluminum fractionation in acidic soils and river sediments in the Upper Mero basin (Galicia,NW Spain)

This study aims to determine aluminum fractions in the fine earth of acidic soils under different land uses (forest, pasture and cultivation) and in the river bed sediments of the headwater of the Mero River in order to identify and quantify Al-bearing phases to assess Al mobility and potential bioavailability (environmental availability) in the monitoring area. Sequential extraction is used to evaluate the Al partitioning into six fractions operationally defined: soluble/exchangeable/specifically adsorbed, bound to manganese oxides, associated with amorphous compounds, aluminum bound to oxidizable organic matter, associated with crystalline iron oxides, and residual fraction (aluminum within the crystal lattices of minerals). The mean concentration of total aluminum (24.01 g kg^?1) was similar for the three considered uses. The mean percentage of the aluminum fractions, both in soils and sediments, showed the following order: residual fraction ? amorphous compounds ≈ crystalline iron oxides > water-soluble/exchangeable/specifically adsorbed > bound to oxidizable organic matter ≈ Mn oxides. However, in the soils, the amorphous compounds and water-soluble/exchangeable/specifically adsorbed fraction showed considerable differences between some types of uses, the percentage of aluminum linked to amorphous compounds being higher in forest soils (16% of total Al) compared to other uses (mean about 8% of total Al). The highest values of water-soluble/exchangeable/specifically adsorbed Al were also found in forest soils (mean 8.6% of the total Al versus about 4% of pasture and cultivation), which is consistent with the lower pH and higher organic matter content in forest soils. Nevertheless, the potentially bioavailable fraction (sum of the first three fractions) is low, suggesting very low geoavailability of this element in both soils and sediments; hence, the possibility to affect the crops and water quality is minimal.     

城市滨海湿地表层沉积物磷形态与相关关系分析

以九龙江口滨海湿地为例,采用连续提取法对沉积物中的磷进行连续提取和测定,探究城市滨海湿地表层沉积物中磷的生物可利用性,同时分析沉积物磷形态以及与环境参数的相关关系。结果表明：总磷（TP）含量为（456.34±13.13）mg·kg-1,生物可利用性磷（Bio-P）占TP59.46%;NaOH-P、HCl-P是TP的主要组成形态;NaOH-P是Bio-P的主要组成形态。相关性研究表明,沉积物中TP含量的增加主要来自NaOH-P,其次是HCl-P。NH4Cl-P、BD-P、NaOH-P、HCl-P之间未呈显著相关,其来源具有差异性。NaOH-P与pH显著负相关,与Fe、Al未呈显著相关;OP与有机质含量亦无显著相关。研究成果将为海域生态环境保护和城市滨海湿地环境恢复提供基础数据。     

Phosphorus fractionation in surface water and sediments of industrially polluted freshwater reservoir,India

Industrial pollutions are responsible for alterations in biogeochemical cycling of phosphorus (P) in freshwater systems. The objectives of the present study were to quantify the major P forms and assess the relationship between P fractions in water and surface sediments of Govind Ballabh Pant Sagar (GBPS) reservoir, India. Surface water samples (n?=?48) and surface sediment samples (n?=?48) were collected from six regions of GBPS reservoir in December 2014. The results showed that total particulate phosphorus (TPP) and total dissolved phosphorus (TDP) account for 45%–58% and 42%–55% of total phosphorus (TP) in the surface water. The authigenic-P was found to be more than 84% of the total P in surface sediments. The TPP showed a positive statistical relationship with sedimentary P fractions (authigenic-P, exch-P, and organic-P) indicated the impact of industrial pollution load on inorganic and organic P fractions in water and sediments of GBPS reservoir. The discriminant fraction analysis (DFA) revealed that the exch-P, Fe(III)-bound-P, detrital-P, organic-P, and TPP were sensitive indicators of P dynamics in the industrially polluted GBPS reservoir.     

黄河上中游表层沉积物磷的赋存形态特征

利用淡水沉积物中磷形态的标准测试程序（SMT）,研究了黄河上中游10个沉积物样品中磷的赋存形态变化规律和分布特征,并分析了沉积物中磷的来源和释放潜力。研究结果表明,黄河上中游沉积物中总磷（OP）的含量为82.0～113.5mg·kg-1,无机磷（IP）的含量范围在45.3～76.6mg·kg-1,有机磷（OP）的含量范围在27.6～56.6mg·kg-1。其中主要以无机磷的形式存在,而无机磷中以钙结合态磷为主。线性回归分析结果表明,NaOH-P的含量与活性态Fe、Al含量总和有一定的线性关系。黄河沉积物向上覆水体释放磷的潜力不大。     

有机肥施用对珠三角菜地土壤磷污染风险的初步研究

通过田间小区试验研究有机肥施用量对菜心产量、土壤磷形态的影响,分析土壤磷形态之间的相关性,评估菜地红壤磷污染风险。结果表明,有机肥施用并未提高菜心的产量和生物量,而超过一定使用量之后,反而降低菜心产量和生物量;土壤无机磷形态以Fe-P和Al-P为主,占土壤无机磷质量分数的90%以上。有机肥施用提高土壤各形态无机磷的质量分数,且有机肥用量越高,土壤Fe-P、Al-P、Ca-P和O-P质量分数越高。有机肥过量施用显著提高土壤速效磷和水溶性磷质量分数;分别对Olsen-P和CaCl2-P与各形态磷进行逐步回归分析,只有Olsen-P和CaCl2-P与Ca-P具有线性关系（p〈0.05）,方程为Y1=36.95＋0.622 1X,Y2=-0.102 5＋0.048 6X。表明施用有机肥下,Ca-P是菜地土壤有效磷的最直接来源,可以作为红壤磷污染风险评价指标。     

The addition of FeOOH binds phosphate in organic matter-rich sediments

Due to climate change and anthropogenic nutrients’ runoff into freshwater or shallow lakes, eutrophication caused by phosphorus (P) can be seen in the frequent occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms and excessive growth of macrophytes. Subsequently, decomposition of cyanobacterial bloom biomass (CBB) and macrophytes leads to massive autochthonous organic matter (OM) and creates hypoxia in bodies of water. In this study, we investigated the effects of OM and iron on phosphorus release from lake sediments under anaerobic conditions. As with CBB, the addition of cellulose also enhanced P release from sediments during microcosm experiments, while total phosphorus (TP) concentration in the overlying water displayed an inverse relationship to cellulose amendment, with high TP concentration (0.41?±?0.07?mg?L^?1) observed in the treatment of less cellulose amendment (1?g of cellulose). In addition, P release from OM-rich sediments was effectively inhibited when amorphous FeOOH was added to the microcosms. P release was inhibited by 66–92% when the weight ratio between total Fe and total P in sediments varied from 18 to 60. Thus, iron treatment was useful to inhibit P release from OM-rich sediments, and could alleviate eutrophication problems.     

Speciation of heavy metals in sediments from the Scheldt estuary,Belgium

A simple three-step sequential extraction procedure was applied to study the speciation of heavy metals in sediment from Scheldt estuary, and their relationship to sediment grain size and organic matter content. The sedimentary metal content was fractionated into carbonate and exchangeable, metals bound to organic matter and residual fractions. Sedimentary total metal content was also determined using an industrial microwave (ETHOS 900) HF/HNO₃ extraction method. The extracts were analysed for metals using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. The bioavailable fraction (exchangeable and metals bound to organic matter) comprised less than the other forms. Residue metals were the dominant form of metals in almost all studied sites. The average total metal content for the studied sites decreased in the order Fe>Cr>Cu>Co>Zn>Pb>Cd. Based on average values for the studied sites, the highest bioavailable metals in sediments were Cd (38%) from Westkapelle, Zn (17%) from Yerseke, Co (12%) from Domburg, Cr (9%) from Vlissingen, Fe and Pb each (2%) from Yerseke, and Cu (1%) from Domburg. Metal recovery was good, with<10% difference between the total metal recovered through the extractant steps and the total metal determined using HF/HNO₃ extract.     

Geochemical speciation of trace metals in sediments of the northern Nile Delta Lake by sequential extraction technique

ABSTRACT

The present study was performed to investigate surface sediment samples from Lake Edku of the Nile Delta Lagoons, Egypt. The Lake is important for fishing in the region. The importance of research is to understand the mobility and bioavailability of each studied metal. The study was carried out on 10 sampling sites during 2017. The sediments were subjected to the technique of sequential extraction to examine the chemical forms of some trace metals (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb and Ni). Five stage extractions were done as the following order: soluble and exchangeable, carbonate, iron and manganese oxides, organic matter fraction and residual fraction. Attained results from the five fractions showed variations in the concentrations of metal contents of different sites under study. The overall metal concentrations (%) in the initial four extractable fractions (exchangeable, carbonate, oxides and organic matter fractions) were assessed to configure the mobility of each studied metal. The risk assessment code (RAC) represents the summation of exchangeable and carbonate fractions, it was between low and medium risk for aquatic environment. The range percentage of RAC for the metals was in the following order: 1.8–13, 4–23.5, 15–26, 5.7–19.5, 9–25 and 4.8–18.2 for Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb and Ni, respectively. Approximately 30% of the total copper was associated to the organic fraction, which may represent a high mobility of copper in these sediments. The highest mobility of metals in the sediments could be confirmed by its bioavailability factor (BF), which was within the ranges of 0.32–0.61, 0.36–0.59, 0.64–0.83, 0.36–0.72, 0.37–0.62 and 0.52–0.78 for Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb and Ni, respectively. The BF exhibited the following order: Zn > Ni > Cu > Pb ≈ Mn?>?Fe. The high levels of BF for the studied metals may represent the potentiality for toxic metals to be easily released into the aquatic environment.     

滇池沉积物有机磷形态分级特征

考察沉积物磷对湖泊富营养化贡献时,大量研究涉足无机磷,对有机磷的研究十分薄弱.针对滇池的33个沉积物样品,采用有机磷分级提取方法,将沉积物有机磷分为活性磷、中等活性磷、非活性磷等三种具有不同稳定性的有机磷.结果表明:排除滇池西北部外源污染严重的样品后,沉积物有机磷与总磷有自北向南逐渐降低的变化趋势,有机质与总磷、活性有机磷、中等活性有机磷以及非活性有机磷都表现出了显著相关关系.沉积物活性有机磷和中等活性有机磷与NaHCO3提取无机磷均显著相关,说明二者具有潜在的生物有效性.     

Geochemical distribution,bioavailability and potential toxicity of some trace metals in a complex micro-tidal estuary,Southwest India

The spatial and temporal variations of some trace metals in the surface sediments of Cochin Estuary were analyzed along with their geochemical associations to identify the possible sources, bioavailability and the health risks posed by them. The dominance of kaolinite and suggested that clay minerals distribution is influenced by sediment sorting. Total metal analysis revealed enrichment for Cd, Pb and Zn due to anthropogenic activities. The speciation analysis established that notwithstanding the large availability, carbonate as well as organic and sulfides bound fractions showed negligible associations with most of the metals. Hydrous Fe–Mn oxides appeared to play a major role in controlling the fate and transport of these metals in the sediments of Cochin Estuary. Lower contribution of the residual fractions for Cd (21%–26%), Pb (<60%) and Zn (24%–42%) indicated an obvious increase of other geochemical fractions. Risk assessment analysis revealed that regardless of total concentration, none of the analyzed metals were at safe levels in the estuary as appreciable percentages were found to be associated with mobile geochemical forms. The speciation study conspicuously established that the metals originating from non-geogenic sources are largely associated with the labile fractions and hence are more detrimental to the aquatic biota.     

黄河中下游表层沉积物磷的赋存形态特征

利用淡水沉积物中磷形态的标准测试程序（SMT）,研究了黄河中下游10个沉积物样品中磷的赋存形态变化规律和分布特征,并分析了沉积物中磷的来源和释放潜力。研究结果表明,黄河中下游沉积物中总磷（TP）的含量为85.0~128.2 mg.kg-1,无机磷（IP）的含量范围在52.4~80.0 mg.kg-1,有机磷（OP）的含量范围在28.4~48.2 mg.kg-1。其中主要以无机磷的形式存在,而无机磷中以钙结合态磷为主。线性回归分析结果表明,NaOH-P的含量与活性态Fe、Al含量总和有一定的线性关系。黄河沉积物向上覆水体释放磷的潜力不大。     

Chemical fractionation of metals in core sediments of Orogodo River,southern Nigeria

Sequential chemical extraction of metals (Cu, Ni, Mn, Fe, Pb, Cr, and Zn) from core sediments of the Orogodo River was carried out with a view of providing information on the phase distribution of these metals with respect to depths and seasons. The results indicate that copper was speciated into organic matter/sulfide, Fe–Mn oxides, and residual forms at 0–5?cm depth while at deeper sections copper was predominantly in the residual form. Nickel was speciated mainly into Fe–Mn oxides and residual forms. The average of lead in various particulate phases of the sediment are 0–100% for residual; 0–8% for carbonate; 0–16.2% for exchangeable; 0–10% for organic matter/sulfide form and 22–56% for Fe–Mn oxides bound metals. Manganese was speciated into exchangeable (10–36%) and Fe–Mn oxides bound (10–48%) at the surface layers of 0–20?cm depths and predominantly in the residual form in deeper sections implying partitioning into trioctahydral clay and/or well-defined crystalline oxides. Iron was predominantly in the Fe–Mn oxides and residual fractions, less than 8% in the organic fraction, and 24.4–37.3% in the exchangeable and carbonates fractions at the surface. The percentage contributions of iron in the exchangeable and carbonate fractions decreased to 3.2% at 55–60?cm depth. The amount of chromium in the exchangeable fraction ranged from 0% to 7% for exchangeable; 0–26.5% for organic matter/sulfide bound; 3.8–17.9% for Fe–Mn oxides; and 46.8–100% for residual fraction. The mobility factors of the metals indicated that these metals were relatively mobile at top sections as compared with deeper sections. The overall picture of metal mobility and availability indicates potential contamination risk by Fe, Zn, Mn, and Pb in the Orogodo River sediment system.     

Spatial distribution of phosphorus forms in sediments with different distances to the estuary of the Dianchi Lake,China

Effects of human activity on the distribution of phosphorus (P) forms were investigated for the sediments and porewaters in Daqinghe Estuary of Dianchi Lake, China. The concentrations of total P (TP), inorganic-P (I-P),and organic-P (Org-P), and the ratio of iron-bound P (Fe-P)/calcium-bound P (Ca-P) in the sediments decreased with the increasing distance from the sampling site to the estuary. This is probably due to the flocculant materials, e.g., ferric and aluminous salts, usually being added in the wastewater treatment processes. The concentration of ammonia in the sediment porewaters significantly decreased with the increasing distance from the sampling site to the estuary. Both concentrations of total nitrogen and nitrogen in the sediment porewaters decreased to some content with the increasing distance from the sampling site to the estuary. However, the concentrations of nitrate, dissolved total P (DTP), and TP did not have strong relationship with the distances from the sampling sites to the estuary. Pollution load and water quantity also had an important influence on the concentrations of P in sediments and its interstitial water in estuary sedimentary area.     

外加碳源及沉水植物对沉积物各形态磷的影响

以原沉积物（处理1）和添加0.4%葡萄糖（碳源,处理2）的沉积物作为底质培养狐尾藻,采用室内模拟实验,研究了外加碳源及沉水植物对沉积物有机和无机磷形态的影响。结果表明：随着培养时间的延续,狐尾藻的生长促进了沉积物中磷的释放,其衰退增加了沉积物中磷的沉积;沉水植物对磷的不同赋存形态的影响并不相同,其中对无机磷形态中的Fe/Al-P和有机形态磷中的活性有机磷有显著的影响（p〈0.05）,而对其它形态磷的影响没有表现出统计差异;无论有无种植沉水植物,外加碳源可促进了沉积物Fe/Al-P和有机磷释放,增加了Ca-P固定;外加碳源显著提高了有机磷中活性有机磷的质量分数（p〈0.05）,降低了稳定性有机磷的质量分数,而种植沉水植物可显著降低活性有机磷质量分数。说明碳源和沉水植物对沉积物中磷形态分布有重要影响。     

Fractionation of trace metals (Mn,Zn, Cu,Pb) in Red Sea sediments,Gulf of Aden,Yemen

A sequential extraction technique was applied to estimate the chemical association of Mn, Zn, Cu and Pb in five chemical phases (exchangeable, carbonate, Fe–Mn oxides, organic matter and residual) in sediments of the Gulf of Aden, Yemen. The results indicated that a higher level of Mn was associated with the residual fraction (natural sources) than the non-residual fraction (anthropogenic sources). Zn fractionations revealed that it was associated more with Fe–Mn oxides and organic fractions than exchangeable and carbonate fractions. Most of the Cu was present in the residual form (60–72%) except for in the main port area (zone III), where it was associated with the organic phase (77% of the total Cu content, the organic matter content was 5%). Similarly, most Pb was bound in the residual fraction (56–71%) except the main port area where ～ 62% of the total Pb was bound in non-residual fractions. It was also found that the Pb concentration in the exchangeable fraction was very high compared with other metals. The risk assessment code for the metals showed a low risk for Zn and Cu, but low to medium risk for Mn. Fractionation of Pb showed medium risk at most of the regions except at the eastern area, which revealed a high risk for the aquatic environment.     

Effects of different sediment fractions on sorption of galaxolide

Sorption isotherms of galaxolide (HHCB) of different fractions from two sediments with different mineral and organic carbon contents were determined to compare HHCB sorption behavior and contribution to the total sorption. The HHCB sorption isotherms that used the batch equilibration method were studied on different sediments of different fractions. The sorption isotherms of 600°C heating fractions were detailed using the linear model, while the other fractions were nonlinear and fitted well with the Freundlich model. The dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removed, NaOH extracted, and 375°C heating fractions showed more nonlinear sorption than the original sediments, which suggested more heterogeneous sorption sites in these fractions. Compared to the original sediments, the 375°C heating fractions had higher carbonnormalized distribution coefficient (K _oc) values, indicating a higher sorption affinity for HHCB. Among the different sediment fractions, the contribution of the 600°C heating fractions to the overall sorption were the lowest (< 20%), while the 375°C heating fractions were the highest (up to 85%).     

中国三个不同富营养化湖泊沉积物中Cu、Zn赋存特征及其与营养盐的相关性分析

对太湖、南四湖、白洋淀三个不同富营养化湖泊沉积物进行采样,采用Tessier连续提取法,测定了3个湖泊表层沉积物中Cu、Zn两种重金属的赋存形态,并初步探讨了重金属各形态与沉积物及上覆水中营养盐的相关关系。结果表明,沉积物中重金属总量以白洋淀最高,太湖最低,但重金属污染程度为太湖＆gt;南四湖＆gt;白洋淀,太湖Cu污染指数为1.34~1.6,白洋淀Cu污染指数仅为0.79~1.17。沉积物中重金属赋存形态Cu主要以残渣态和有机质结合态为主（二者之和占73%以上）, Zn则以残渣态和Fe-Mn氧化态占优（二者之和比例达83%以上）,含量最少的均为可交换态。不同湖泊沉积物重金属赋存形态差异较大,太湖残渣态重金属占总量的比例最小（Cu为43%~56%,Zn为49%~63%）,南四湖残渣态占的比例最大（Cu为59%~82%、Zn为64%~77%）;可交换态比重在太湖中最高（Cu占3.2%~5.6%,Zn为1.3%~1.5%）,在南四湖中最低（Cu为1.1%~2.9%,Zn未检出）。从“非稳定态”重金属（除残渣态外的四种形态之和）所占比例看,相较其它两个湖泊,太湖沉积物中重金属污染人为输入的活性态占较大比重,具有较高的二次释放风险。相关性分析得出,重金属Cu的可交换态与上覆水中总氮及总磷之间存在着极显著的正相关关系,碳酸盐结合态Cu与沉积物中营养盐呈现出显著的负相关性,说明水体的富营养化程度加剧可能会增强沉积物中Cu向水体释放的风险。     

Distribution and speciation of Zn and Pb in coastal sediments of Dumai Sumatera,Indonesia

Concentrations of Zn and Pb in surface sediments collected from 23 sampling stations of Dumai coastal waters have been geochemically [easily, freely or leachable and exchangeable (EFLE), acid reducible, oxidizable organic and resistant] analyzed in addition to their total concentrations [expressed in µg g^?1 dry weight (d.w.)]. Results showed that mean concentrations of total Zn and Pb were highest in Ferry Port (88.2 and 61.2 µg g^?1 d.w., respectively), while the lowest was in Batu Panjang (32.6 and 15.7 µg g^?1 d.w., respectively). Metal concentrations in 87% and 74% of the sampling stations for Zn and Pb were dominated by the resistant fraction. However, nonresistant fractions were found to be higher than resistant fractions at Cargo Port, Sungai Dumai, and Penyembal for Zn; and in Pelintung, Guntung, Mundam, Ferry Port, Fishing Port, and Purnama for Pb, indicating that anthropogenic inputs of Pb occurred in more stations when compared to Zn. Site I (eastern Dumai) was dominated by the nonresistant fraction for Pb (61%) suggesting dominant anthropogenic inputs of this metal. This might be attributed to the combination of large population, discharges of untreated domestic and industrial wastes, shipping activities and city run-off.