南方酸性土壤B层对SO_4~（2－）的吸附特性及其影响因素

研究了砖红壤、赤红壤、红壤、黄壤等土壤的Ｂ层对ＳＯ的吸附特点，并分析其与有关土壤性质的关系。这些土壤的可浸提态ＳＯ含量在０．１ｇ／ｋｇ至０．５ｇ／ｋｇ间，对外加ＳＯ的吸附潜力仅为０．０５ｇ／ｋｇ至０．１ｇ／ｋｇ．用含２５ｍｇ／Ｌ的ＳＯ的溶液持续通过土壤时，它们对ＳＯ的吸附表现为对数曲线方程。降低处理液的ｐＨ值可大大减少土壤对ＳＯ的吸附量。土壤经草酸铵处理后，几乎丧失ＳＯ吸附能力．统计表明，土壤中可浸提态ＳＯ含量及ＳＯ吸附容量与土壤的＜２μｍ粘粘含量、Ｆｅｄ含量、速效磷含量等有显著的相关关系。     

根瘤菌新类群的全细胞蛋白电泳及16S rDNA全序列分析

应用ＳＤＳ全细胞蛋白电泳技术对根瘤菌３个新类群进行聚类分析，并对３个新类群中心菌株的１６Ｓ ｒＤＮＡ全序列（Ｍｒ≈１．５ｋｂ）进行了测定。将所测序列与ＥＭＢＬ／ＢａｎｋＩＴ／ＤＤＢＪ资料库中根瘤菌及相关菌已知种的１６Ｓ ｒＤＮＡ全序列进行聚类比较，得到系统发育树状图，树状图中，菌株ＳＨ２２６２３和ＳＨ１９３１２与山羊豆根瘤菌、葡萄土壤杆菌、根癌土壤杆菌和悬钩子土壤杆菌在同一个分支上，彼此亲缘关系较     

受木材防腐工业污染的土壤

受木材防腐工业污染的土壤ＰｉｅｒｒｅＳｙｌｖｅｓｔｒｅＳｔ．ＬａｗｒｅｎｃｅＣｅｎｔｒｅ，１０５ＭｃＧｉｌｌＳｔｒｅｅｔ，４ｔｈｆｌｏｏｒ，Ｍｏｎｔｒｅａｌ，Ｑｕｅｂｅｃ，ＣａｎａｄａＨ２Ｙ２Ｅ７加拿大环境部，木材防腐是加拿大森林工业的一个主要部门．...     

南洋楹根瘤菌株分离和应用的研究初报

南洋楹根瘤菌株分离和应用的研究初报潘超美，杨风，李幼菊（广东省土壤研究所，广州５１０６５０）ＰｒｅｌｉｍｉｎａｒｙＳｔｕｄｙｏｎＩｓｏｌａｔｉｏｎａｎｄＡｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆＮｏｄｕｌｅＢａｃｔｅｒｉａＳｔｒａｉｎｓｏｆＡｌｂｉｚｉａＦａｌｃａｔ...     

土壤重金属污染中背景含量与污染叠加含量的区分

以南京铁合金厂土壤Cr污染为例，讨论了土壤重金属污染研究中区分背景含量与污染叠加含量的方法。结果表明，运用Hazen概率格纸作图区分背景含量和污染叠加含量在土壤污染研究中是可行的，所得参数的环境意义是明确的，与实际情况是符合的。     

城市生活垃圾向土壤释放重金属研究

以南京为例，研究了城市生活垃圾对堆放环境土壤中重金属元素含量（总含量、各形态含量）的影响及其量比关系。结果表明，重金属元素在土壤中的含量和形态分布特征受其从垃圾中释放率的影响。自垃圾堆放环境土壤中释放的重金属含量与其有效态部分含量正相关。     

招聘人员消息

中国科学院南京土壤研究所土壤胶体电化学开放研究实验室     

赤红壤不同轮作形式的效益研究

赤红壤不同轮作形式的效益研究吴锦暖，程汝饱（广东省土壤研究所，广州ｓｌｔｈｅ）ＳｔｕｄｙｏｎＢｅｎｅｆｉｔｓｏｆＤｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔＣｒｏｐＲｏｔａｔｉｏｎＰａｔｔｅｒｎｓｉｎＬａｔｏｒｅｄＳｏｉｌＵｔｉｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎ．￥ＷｕＪｉｎｎｕａｎａｎｄＣｈ...     

南京市土壤重金属污染调查评价

在南京地区总共采集土样36个，以《土壤环境质量标准》GB15168-1995二级标准为评价标准，对南京市土壤重金属Pb、Zn、Cr、HB、Cu的污染状况作了初步评价。研究发现南京近郊重金属污染以汞和锌为主，江宁县附近为污染重区。污染原因有：工矿企业废物的排放；各类肥料和农药的施用；生活垃圾的农用。在评价的3种主要土地利用类型中污染比较严重的是受人为影响比较大的菜地和水田，说明人为影响是土壤重金属污染的主要原因。     

第十一届农业与环境国际学术研讨会在南京召开

正由中国土壤学会氮素工作组、中国科学院南京土壤研究所、江苏省土壤学会主办,土壤与农业可持续发展国家重点实验室、中国科学院土壤环境与污染修复重点实验室、土壤养分管理国家工程实验室、江苏常熟农田生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站等协办的"第十一届农业与环境国际研讨会"(11th International Symposium on Agriculture and the Environment,Agro Environ 2018)于2018年10月14—18日在南京召开。来自中国、美国、英国、澳大利亚、新西兰、西班牙、奥地利、巴西、捷     

岩溶山区不同土地利用方式下土壤质量指标响应

探讨了岩溶山区不同土地利用方式与土壤质量指标之间的响应关系.对重庆市北碚岩溶山区土壤肥力指标进行主因子分析的结果表明,原有22个土壤质量指标可归为4 类,分别以有机质,有效含水量,通气孔隙度,细菌、真菌数量百分比为代表,这4类因子基本反映了土壤质量随土地利用变化的综合变化状况.通径分析表明,不同土地利用方式下土壤持水性能主要与有机质、＞0.25 mm水稳性团聚体有关,二者的效应均大于黏粒.在土地利用方式变化过程中,土壤质量变化体现在有机质含量、土壤供持水能力、土壤结构状况和土壤微生物特性的变化上.     

微生物研究在土壤质量评估中的应用

为了防止土壤退化,实现资源的持续利用,必须对土壤质量进行评估.传统的理化指标已难满足需要,寻找能够全面反映土壤质量动态变化和判别胁迫环境或人为干扰下土壤质量变化的灵敏指标,已成为土壤生态学的研究热点.土壤微生物是土壤生态系统的重要组分,在生物地球化学循环过程中有重要的作用,对土壤环境变化和胁迫的反应十分灵敏.但由于土壤微生物种类繁多且难以培养,限制了其在土壤质量评价中的应用.近年来围绕土壤微生物总量、活性和组成的测定发展出了很多新的技术,如微生物生物量测定、土壤酶活件测定、土壤诱导呼吸强度测定、Biolog微量分析、纯培养、磷脂脂肪酸谱图分析和分子生物学技术等,极大地促进了微生物指标在土壤质量评价中的应用.本文就这3个方面的土壤微生物研究技术及其在土壤质量评价中的应用进行评述.表1参70.     

Higher nitrates, P and lower pH in soils under medicinal plants versus crop plants

This report shows a higher soil quality under medicinal plants versus food-crop plants. Long-term continuous cultivation of food crops induces changes of soil properties that can lead to fertility loss and, in turn, decline of food productivity. Effect of cropping on soil changes has been studied mainly for food crops and vegetables worldwide, whereas soil changes in herbal fields are scarcely known. Therefore, we compared here soil nutrients and soil chemical properties of herbal fields, cultivated with Chinese medicinal plants, and food-crop fields. Fields are located at the famous traditional planting base of Chinese medicinal plants in Anguo, China. The results showed that in herbal fields, soil nitrate, available P, soil organic matter (SOM), and electrical conductivity decreased with soil depth, whereas soil pH and soil water content increased with depth. In herbal fields, soil nitrate, available P contents, and soil electrical conductivity were higher than those of food-crop fields at various soil layers. SOM and soil water content were similar in herbal and food-crop fields. Soil pH of herbal fields at 0–20 cm was lower than those of food-crop fields. Findings show overall that soil nutrient accumulation and changes under medicinal plants are higher than food-crop fields.     

Changes in microbial community characteristics and soil organic matter with nitrogen additions in two tropical forests

Microbial communities and their associated enzyme activities affect the amount and chemical quality of carbon (C) in soils. Increasing nitrogen (N) deposition, particularly in N-rich tropical forests, is likely to change the composition and behavior of microbial communities and feed back on ecosystem structure and function. This study presents a novel assessment of mechanistic links between microbial responses to N deposition and shifts in soil organic matter (SOM) quality and quantity. We used phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis and microbial enzyme assays in soils to assess microbial community responses to long-term N additions in two distinct tropical rain forests. We used soil density fractionation and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to measure related changes in SOM pool sizes and chemical quality. Microbial biomass increased in response to N fertilization in both tropical forests and corresponded to declines in pools of low-density SOM. The chemical quality of this soil C pool reflected ecosystem-specific changes in microbial community composition. In the lower-elevation forest, there was an increase in gram-negative bacteria PLFA biomass, and there were significant losses of labile C chemical groups (O-alkyls). In contrast, the upper-elevation tropical forest had an increase in fungal PLFAs with N additions and declines in C groups associated with increased soil C storage (alkyls). The dynamics of microbial enzymatic activities with N addition provided a functional link between changes in microbial community structure and SOM chemistry. Ecosystem-specific changes in microbial community composition are likely to have far-reaching effects on soil carbon storage and cycling. This study indicates that microbial communities in N-rich tropical forests can be sensitive to added N, but we can expect significant variability in how ecosystem structure and function respond to N deposition among tropical forest types.     

高位池养虾对土壤微生物脂肪酸和土壤酶活及其表征的土壤质量的影响

为评价高位池养虾对土壤质量的影响,通过脂肪酸分析和土壤酶活测定比较海南岛白马井镇高位池土壤与原始土壤微生物群落结构与活性的变化.结果显示,高位池土壤的pH值和盐分含量显著升高,有机质和总N显著下降(P<0.05).脂肪酸分析表明,高位池土壤中细菌、真菌、放线菌和微生物总量都显著下降(P<0.05),尤其真菌急剧下降(P<0.05),放线菌未检测到.土壤脱氢酶、脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性在高位池土壤中也显著下降(P<0.05).总之,微生物群落结构显著变化,微生物生物量和活性在高位池土壤中都显著下降,表明长期的高位池养虾导致了土壤质量的下降.     

Monitoring land use/land cover change impacts on soils in data scarce environments: a case of south-central Ethiopia

To monitor land-use/land-cover (LULC) change and assess its impact on the soil property, the availability of benchmark data is indispensable, which is hardly available in the intensively cultivated regions of developing countries. Our study attempts to solve this problem by generating a benchmark soil data through the development of modified spatial analogue (MSA) method in the context of the Upper Dijo River catchment, south-central Ethiopia. The magnitude and patterns of LULC changes were extracted from air photos and satellite imageries, along with the acquisition of soil samples from the reference and target sites through ground survey. Analysis of digital image processing shows significant LULC changes in a period that spanned three decades. The impact of LULC change on soil quality was assessed by comparing the soil physico-chemical properties sampled from the reference and target sites. The result shows a decline in total nitrogen, organic matter, available potassium and pH levels in soils collected from target sites, which conforms to results reported by studies conducted in data-rich environment. With careful validation, MSA could be useful for monitoring soil property changes in data-scarce environment and generate soil-related parameters for agro-ecological models.     

Soil Quality: A Review of the Science and Experiences in the USA

An increasing human population is placing greater demand on soil resources, and as a result degradation is taking place in many regions of the world. This is critical because soils perform a number of essential processes including supporting food and fiber production, influencing air quality through interaction with the atmosphere, and serving as a medium for storage and purification of water. The soil quality concept was introduced to complement soil science research by making our understanding of soils more complete and helping guide the use and allocation of labor, energy, fiscal, and other inputs as agriculture intensifies and expands to meet increasing world demands. Soil quality thus provides a unifying concept for educating professionals, producers, and the public about the important processes that soils perform. It also provides an assessment tool for evaluating current management practices and comparing alternative management practices. Soil attributes comprising a minimum data set have been identified, and both laboratory and field methods have been developed for measuring them. A soil quality index is being developed to normalize measured soil quality indicator data and generate a numeric value that can be used to compare various management practices or to assess management-induced changes over time. Using previously published data, we evaluated the soil quality index as a tool to assess a wide range of management practices in the Northern Great Plains. The index ranked the treatments: grazed fertilized tame pasture > moderately grazed > ungrazed> heavily grazed > annual cropping with no-tillage > conventionally tilled crop-fallow which agrees with the way they were subjectively ranked in the publications. The soil quality index shows potential for use as a management assessment tool.     

三江源区不同建植年代人工草地群落演替与土壤养分变化

研究了了三源区不同建植期人工修复草地在不同演替阶段毒杂草[主要是甘肃马先蒿(Pedicularis kansuensis)]的入侵规律、数量特征,植物群落物种组成、生物苗和草地质最以及土壤养分、微生物活性的变化规律.结果表明,不同建植期人工修复草地植物群落的种类组成、植物功能群组成和群落数量特征存在显著差异.随着演替时间的推移,人工草地群落盖度、高度、物种数、生物最和多样性指数均表现出"V"字型变化规律,杂类草--甘肃马先蒿的数量特征变化尤为明显,在4 a的人工草地群落中开始局部入侵,在5～6 a的人工草地群落中大面积入侵,其入侵速度、入侵面积达到高峰期.土壤的含水量、容重、土壤中有机质、氮素和磷素在演替过程(7 a、9 a草地)中逐渐降低,到一定时期又逐步增加;随着演替的进行,不同建植期人工草地的土壤微牛物生物量碳和酶活性均呈"V"字型,变化.对于退化生态系统的恢复首先是植被恢复,其次是土壤肥力的恢复.土壤有机质等养分的积累、微生物活性的改善不仅能使土壤-植物复合系统的功能得以恢复,同时也能促进物种多样性的形成,有利于人工草地群落稳定性的提高.在试验区尽管植被恢复演替进行得比较缓慢,但从土壤发展的角度看,仍属进展演替.所以,在退化高寒草甸的恢复过程中,若降低和有效控制外界的干扰(如围栏封育),可为退化草地恢复提供繁殖体与土壤环境,实现人工草地逐步向恢复(正向)演替进行.图3表6参34     

岩溶山区不同土地利用方式对土壤活性有机碳动态的影响

对贵州茂兰自然保护区内三种典型土地利用方式(林地、草地和耕地)下土壤活性有机碳组分(土壤溶解有机碳和土壤微生物量碳)的月变化及其对环境因子的响应进行了研究,结果表明在不同的土地利用方式下上覆植被类型不同,其凋落物数量、质量及分解行为不同,有机质的输入量及质量也不相同,从而形成不同的土壤溶解有机碳含量差异,土壤有机碳的大小也存在较大差别。研究结果显示:从全年平均值来看,林地土壤溶解有机碳分别比草地和耕地高25%、48%;从3月到8月,三者均随气温的上升呈增加的趋势,林地和耕地在8月均达到最大值,而草地则在10月达到最大值;林地和草地土壤微生物量碳分别高于耕地81%和45%,林地和草地在10月达到最大值。不同的土地利用方式导致土壤活性有机碳的差异较大,这说明岩溶生态系统中土地利用方式对土壤碳库的大小有较大影响。不同土地利用方式下土壤活性有机碳对环境因子的响应也各不相同,这表明土壤活性碳受众多因素的制约而呈现出一种动态平衡关系,进一步的机理仍需要进行深入研究。     

Soil quality: a review of the science and experiences in the USA

An increasing human population is placing greater demand on soil resources, and as a result degradation is taking place in many regions of the world. This is critical because soils perform a number of essential processes including supporting food and fiber production, influencing air quality through interaction with the atmosphere, and serving as a medium for storage and purification of water. The soil quality concept was introduced to complement soil science research by making our understanding of soils more complete and helping guide the use and allocation of labor, energy, fiscal, and other inputs as agriculture intensifies and expands to meet increasing world demands. Soil quality thus provides a unifying concept for educating professionals, producers, and the public about the important processes that soils perform. It also provides an assessment tool for evaluating current management practices and comparing alternative management practices. Soil attributes comprising a minimum data set have been identified, and both laboratory and field methods have been developed for measuring them. A soil quality index is being developed to normalize measured soil quality indicator data and generate a numeric value that can be used to compare various management practices or to assess management-induced changes over time. Using previously published data, we evaluated the soil quality index as a tool to assess a wide range of management practices in the Northern Great Plains. The index ranked the treatments: grazed fertilized tame pasture > moderately grazed > ungrazed > heavily grazed > annual cropping with no-tillage > conventionally tilled crop-fallow which agrees with the way they were subjectively ranked in the publications. The soil quality index shows potential for use as a management assessment tool.