干法灰化和微波消解-火焰原子吸收法测定铅锌冶炼厂废旧除尘布袋中重金属

采用干法灰化和微波消解两种样品分解方法处理广东省某铅锌冶炼厂布袋试样,用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定样品中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Ni、Cd 6种重金属元素含量.同时用两种前处理方法对国家一级标准物质进行测定,与标准值比对,验证两种方法的准确度和精密度.结果表明,不同的样品分解方法对各重金属元素的测定结果会产生不同程度的影响.微波消解法相对于干法灰化法的准确度高,试剂利用率高,有利于元素的分析.干法灰化和微波消解两种前处理方法的精密度（RSD,n=11）均小于5%.     

湘南某矿区菜园土中典型重金属的形态分析

分别运用Tessier连续提取法和Leleyter连续提取法研究湘南某矿区菜园土中Pb,Zn,Cu和Cd的形态分布特征.结果表明：菜园土中Pb,Zn,Cu和Cd的总浓度严重超过国家土壤环境质量标准.Pb,Zn,Cu和Cd的主要形态是残渣态,水溶态和交换态所占比例较小.重金属生物可利用性的研究表明,Pb,Zn,Cu和Cd生物可利用的含量较少;在Tessier方法中,除Cu之外,生物不可利用态是主要形态,其次是潜在生物可利用态,而在Leleyter方法中,潜在生物可利用态是主要形态,其次是生物不可利用态.     

铁路和道路沿线土壤重金属含量及来源解析

以日本新潟县新潟市越后线沿线土壤和道路粉尘为研究对象,在铁路和道路沿线共采集土壤和道路粉尘样品42份,分析铁路及道路对沿线环境重金属含量的影响,对城市中土壤重金属污染来源进行探析,为城市重金属污染防控提供理论依据。经消解实验后,使用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪测定Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Sr、Cd、Sn和Pb含量,分析新潟市越后线沿线土壤、道路粉尘重金属含量,以及重金属含量在铁路和城市道路沿线的空间分布特征,并对重金属来源进行判别。结果表明,铁路和公路对土壤中重金属的含量及分布都有影响。越后线土壤样品中Cu、Zn、Sn和Pb均超出日本土壤背景含量值,最大值分别为背景值的26.5、12.4、11.0和52.7倍,且变异系数分别为139%、67.5%、120%和219%,达到了重度变异程度。道路粉尘样品中除Co和Ni外,其他元素在所有采样点的含量都超过了背景值;Cr、Ni、Cu、Sn和Pb含量随着与铁路距离的增加而降低,且最高含量基本出现在距离铁路0~5 m范围内,说明这些元素含量受到铁路运行的影响。Cr、Cu、Zn、As、Sr、Sn和Pb含量随着与道路距离增加而降低,且最高浓度基本出现在道路粉尘中,说明这些元素含量受到城市道路运行的影响。相关分析表明,Cu、Zn、Sn和Pb之间存在显著性正相关,推测其具有共同的污染源。主成分分析表明,Cu、Zn、Sn和Pb在成分1(贡献率42.99%)上正荷载较高,而在成分2(贡献率31.04%)上均为负荷载,在两种成分上的不同荷载表明这4种元素含量同时受到两种因素的影响。系统聚类分析表明,这4种元素在距离为5处被聚为一类,其含量具有明显的相关性。Pb稳定同位素法表明,土壤和粉尘样品中Pb来源为机动车和铁路两种人为源。因此,Cu、Zn、Sn和Pb含量同时受到铁路和城市道路运行的影响。     

长湖水库沉积物重金属污染特征及释放机制

为研究长湖水库沉积物重金属污染状况及其对水体环境和生物的潜在影响,2015年6月采集了水库表层(0~10 cm)沉积物,分析了沉积物中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr和Ni重金属的含量及赋存形态,结合潜在生态风险指数、地积累指数评价结果和重金属化学形态特征,选取Cu、Zn、Cd进行了温度、盐度和p H三因子控制下的单因素和正交释放试验。结果表明,水库表层沉积物样品中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr和Ni重金属的平均含量分别为312.99、520.33、204.74、3.17、57.35和27.06mg?kg~(-1),其中,Cd、Cu、Zn和Pb含量显著超过广东省土壤元素背景值,分别是背景值的56.60、18.41、11.00和5.69倍,Cd的富集效应最明显。Cr和Ni为低污染水平,Zn、Pb和Cu为中-重度污染水平,Cd达到极严重污染水平;Cd的污染贡献率极高,沉积物重金属的潜在生态风险达到了极高水平。Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr和Ni的弱酸溶解态所占比例均低于0.10%,但生物有效态含量分别占总量的68.06%、54.61%、45.51%、18.55%、30.05%和29.13%;Zn和Cu的含量达到了中-重度污染水平,较高的生物有效态含量可能对生物产生较大潜在危害。沉积物样品中Cu、Zn、Cd的释放量随着上覆水温度、盐度的升高及p H的降低而增大,Cd的释放受温度和p H的影响较低;3种因子对Cu和Cd释放量的影响显著性表现为盐度温度p H,对Zn释放量的影响显著性表现为盐度pH温度。本研究结果可为长湖水库重金属污染防治提供科学依据。     

秸秆生物炭对矿区污染土壤重金属形态转化的影响

以小麦秸秆制备的生物炭作为修复材料,通过室内培养试验研究不同生物炭施用量(w分别为0、1%、2%和5%)对矿区复合污染土壤Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb赋存形态的影响。结果表明,经过150 d的培养,施用生物炭可明显提高土壤p H值和有机碳含量,比对照分别增加0.96%~2.62%和9.1%~38.6%。土壤中酸提取态Cu、Zn和Cd含量随生物炭施用量的增加而降低,与不施用生物炭相比下降幅度分别为7.0%~16.9%、6.7%~11.8%和5.3%~9.6%,酸提取态Pb含量无明显变化。生物炭可不同程度地减少可还原态Cd和可氧化态Cu、Zn、Pb含量。施用生物炭处理残渣态Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb含量明显提高,与不施用生物炭相比增加幅度分别为10.6%~46.8%、5.9%~15.7%、40.9%~191.9%和1.5%~2.6%。相关性分析表明,土壤p H值、有机碳含量与酸提取态和残渣态重金属含量显著相关。综合而言,生物炭能够促进供试污染土壤Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb由酸提取态、可还原态和可氧化态向残渣态转化。     

煤炭资源型城市街尘重金属富集与时空变化特征:以宿州市为例

为研究煤炭资源型城市街尘中重金属富集与时空变化特征,以宿州市为例,选取23个采样点进行了1 a连续采样。利用X射线荧光光谱分析仪对采集的276个街尘样品进行了Cr、Cu、Zn和Pb等含量检测,并分别用富集因子法和Origin等高线图对重金属富集和时空分布特征进行了研究。结果表明,Cr、Cu、Zn和Pb含量均值分别为112.9、27.5、225.3和45.2 mg·kg~(-1),分别是安徽省土壤背景值的1.7、1.3、3.6和1.7倍,与研究区其他环境介质(土壤和沉积物)的对比分析表明,街尘Cr和Zn含量相对较高。富集因子分析结果表明,Zn为中度富集,Cr、Cu和Pb均为轻度富集。4种重金属季节变化总体不明显,其中Cr含量夏季高于春季;Cu含量表现为春季高于夏、秋季,冬季高于秋季;Zn含量表现为夏季高于秋季;而Pb含量无显著季节差异。空间分布结果分析表明,Cr高值区主要位于新工业区附近及采煤矿区方向,而Cu、Zn和Pb高值区多分布在人为活动较频繁的交通运输区和中心城区。结合数理分析发现,Cr可能主要来自工业活动,而Cu、Zn和Pb可能主要与交通活动有关。冬季燃煤以及区域风向、风速对重金属的空间分布有重要影响。     

钝化剂对好氧高温堆肥处理猪粪重金属含量及形态的影响

采用连续提取法研究猪粪好氧堆肥处理中钝化剂对重金属含量及形态的影响.结果表明:堆肥处理后,猪粪中重金属Zn、Cu、Pb、Cr和As普遍升高,重金属Hg明显降低;堆肥处理能促进猪粪中重金属Zn、Cu、Pb、Cr、As和Hg的形态向活性低的方向转化,降低重金属的生物有效性.在3种重金属钝化剂处理中,沸石处理对降低猪粪中重金属Zn的生物有效性效果最好;海泡石处理对降低猪粪中重金属Cu和Cr的生物有效性效果最好;膨润土处理对降低猪粪中重金属Pb和Hg的生物有效性效果最好.因此沸石、海泡石和膨润土处理有利于降低猪粪施用中的重金属污染风险.     

内蒙古土壤重金属的空间异质性及污染特征

内蒙古矿产资源丰富,随着工业化程度的提高,内蒙古地区重金属污染问题日益严重。为全面了解内蒙古地区土壤重金属的空间特性以及不同条件下的响应,并为土壤治理维护提供理论依据,利用内蒙古16个样点的土壤剖面样品,通过微波消解的前处理方法,采用电感耦合等离子光谱发生仪以及电感耦合等离子体质谱仪测定所有土壤样品中的Ni、Mn、Cr、Cu、Zn、As和Pb重金属的浓度。在此基础之上分析7种重金属含量的变异性特征、水平和垂直分布格局、各重金属元素以及自然条件之间的相关性,并以内蒙古土壤环境背景值为参照标准,采用单因子污染指数法和综合污染指数法对内蒙古土壤中重金属污染特征进行评价。结果表明,土壤样品中Ni、Mn、Cr、Cu、Zn、As和Pb重金属的平均含量水平分别为31.52、188.76、35.62、27.72、33.65、45.35、35.62 mg·kg-1;所有重金属类型变异性均较高,意味着影响土壤重金属含量的自然和人为因素的区域分异极为强烈;西部地区Ni、Mn、Cr、Zn含量较高,而东部地区Cu、Pb较高;不同重金属类型的剖面分布大体表现为两种不同格局,显示出明显的纵向迁移能力差异;各样点土壤中Ni和Cr、Ni和Zn、Mn和Cu、Cr和Zn、Cu和Pb具有显著的共生特征,Zn、As、Pb对自然条件变化表现出明显的反应;表层土壤7种重金属污染依次为:AsPbCuNiCrZnMn;3种草原类型的综合污染指数均属于严重污染,荒漠草原Ni、Cr、Zn污染较高,草甸草原对Cu、Pb有富集作用,典型草原As较高。     

312国道沿线土壤、灰尘重金属污染现状及影响因素

通过采集312国道沿线表层土壤及服务区灰尘样品,研究了312国道沿线表层土壤、灰尘重金属污染现状,并探讨了影响因素.研究发现312国道沿线表土中Pb、Zn、Cu污染较严重,Ni、Mn、Cr污染较轻.良田、宝天公路采样点Pb、Zn污染程度最高,为强污染-极强污染,柳园Pb、Zn污染次之为中强度污染,其余采样点均为无污染至中度污染.服务区窗台灰中Pb、Zn、Cu等重金属污染严重,三门峡、平顶山、北龙口、良田等地点Zn元素的Igeo值10.Ni污染较轻,Igeo值均2.312国道沿线表土中Pb、Zn、Cu、Mn重金属污染和窗台灰中Pb、Cr重金属污染均与停车场地面灰中重金属污染相关性较高,推测主要受汽车尾气和轮胎摩擦碎屑污染,其余各元素如Ni等还受到其它污染源影响.重金属污染受汽车活动影响较大。     

崇明岛公路两侧蔬菜地土壤和蔬菜重金属污染研究

为了研究崇明岛公路两侧土壤和蔬菜重金属污染状况,采集陈海、北沿公路两侧蔬菜地土壤、蔬菜和路面灰尘样品,测定重金属Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn含量.结果表明,以上海市土壤环境背景值上限值为评价标准,所有土壤样品Pb、Cd、Cu和Zn的超标率分别为10.1%、25.4%、6.5%和8.7%;以HJ 332-2006 食用农产品产地环境质量评价标准中蔬菜地土壤环境质量评价指标限值(pH值6.5～7.5)为标准,Cd超标率在21.0%,仅有不到3%样品Pb含量超标,而没有样品Cu、Zn含量超标.以国家食品卫生标准中规定的重金属限量为标准,路侧蔬菜样品Pb含量超标率为43.2%,Cd为18.6%,Zn和Cu则小于5%.由此可见,崇明岛主要公路两侧土壤污染以Cd为主,而蔬菜污染则以Pb为主.在长期运营的前提下,低交通量公路两侧50 m范围内耕作层土壤和两侧作物会发生一定程度的重金属污染,路面灰尘是路侧土壤和蔬菜的潜在污染源.     

A comparative evaluation of wet digestion and dry ashing methods for the determination of some major and minor nutrients in composted manure

The analytical results of 53 manure samples determined by wet digestion and dry ashing procedures were compared in order to evaluate their relative suitability for recovering different nutrient elements in manure and manure compost. Wet digestion recovered greater amounts of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) in more samples than dry ashing. Nutrient contents in the samples were highly variable, with coefficients of variation (CV) ranging from 38% for magnesium (Mg) to 161% for copper (Cu) analyzed by the wet digestion procedure, and from 47% to 138% for Mg and Cu analyzed by the dry ashing procedure. The mean values of P, K, Ca, Mn, and Zn averaged for the 53 samples were significantly higher using wet digestion than dry ashing procedure, but both procedures recovered comparable amounts of iorn (Fe), Mg, and Cu. Correlations analysis between both procedures for each element showed reasonable to fair agreements for Ca (R ²?=?0.93), K (R ²?=?0.93), P (R ²?=?0.90), Mg (R ²?=?0.84), Fe (R ²?=?0.87), Mn (R ²?=?0.73), and Cu (R ²?=?0.66), but poor agreement for Zn (R ²?=?0.44). The low agreement between procedures for Zn suggests that wet digestion, which gave a higher recovery, should be a preferred procedure for analyzing Zn in manures.     

Rieselfelder

Soils of the large sewage farm area south of Berlin are contaminated with heavy metals such as Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn. Based on earlier studies the total amount and the bioavailable proportions of heavy metals in soil samples were analysed. In some samples very high levels of total heavy metal concentrations were detected. For Pb, Cd, Cu and Hg the maximum values were 1360, 29.7, 817 and 40.8 mg/kg soil dry matter, respectively. The biovailable fractions of heavy metals which were found primarily in the acetate and EDTA fractions and to a lesser degree in the water extract account for about 50 % (Pb, Ni), 70 % (Cd) or 90% (Zn) of their total amount and may therefore pose a considerable environmental risk.     

Sources and risk assessment of metal contamination in soils at the international airport of Shanghai,China

Concentrations of Cd, Pb, Zn, Cr, Cu, and Ni in soils at the Pudong International Airport (PIA) of Shanghai, China, were determined to assess the sources and potential ecological risks. Compared to the soil background values of Shanghai, 31 soil samples out of 33 were highly contaminated with Cd, and 76% were moderately contaminated by Cr, Ni, Pb, and Zn. Principal component analysis and clustering analysis indicated that Pb and Cd mainly originated from anthropogenic sources, while Zn, Cr, Ni, and Cu were mainly from natural sources. Relatively high concentrations of Cd and Pb were observed at sampling points near the landing or take-off sites or a close-by highway. Both air and highway traffic affected the quality of the soils at PIA.     

Levels of heavy metals (Zn,Cu, Cd,and Pb) in mudskippers (Periophthalmodon schlosseri) and sediments collected from intertidal areas at Morib and Remis,Peninsular Malaysia

The concentrations of Zn, Cu, Cd, and Pb were determined in different tissues of mudskipper fishes Periophthalmodon schlosseri caught at two selected locations (Morib and Remis) of the intertidal mudflat area of Selangor state, West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia and in surface sediment samples. Metal concentrations in the mudskipper tissue and in the sediment samples tended to vary significantly (p < 0.05) between the two locations. Higher metal concentrations (except for Zn) were mostly found in the tissues of mudskippers from Remis. For sediment samples, significantly (p < 0.05) higher metal concentrations of all metals were also found at Remis. Generally, metal distribution between different tissues of mudskipper varied with scales being highly accumulative of Zn, Cd, and Pb, while for Cu, the highest mean concentrations were found in the liver. The lowest mean concentrations of Zn, Cu, and Cd were found in the muscles except for Pb, which was lowest in the liver. This study suggests that mudskippers can be potential biomonitoring organisms for heavy metal bioavailability and contamination of intertidal coastal mudflats. The concentrations of Cd and Pb were slightly above the acceptable limits of Malaysian and European food safety guidelines.     

Impact of mining activities on soils in a semi-arid environment: Sierra Almagrera district, SE Spain

Field and laboratory-column studies were undertaken in order to investigate soil contamination derived from past mining activity in the Sierra Almagrera (SA) district in southeast Spain. The tailings, soil and sediment samples that were collected showed high concentrations of Ag, As, Ba, Cu, Pb, Sb and Zn when analyzed. The mean concentrations of these elements in the tailings were 29.8, 285.4, 54000, 57.7, 2687.5, 179.0 and 2269.0 ppm, respectively. In the soil samples these decreased to 14.3, 96.9, 24700, 37.5, 1859.1, 168.5 and 815.7 ppm, respectively. Geochemical analyses demonstrated high levels of As, Pb and Zn which were above the intervention values set forth in the Andalusian Regulations for Contaminated Soils for As (>50 ppm), Pb (>500 ppm) and Zn (>2000 ppm). Column experiments and mineralogical studies suggest that the dissolution of sulfates and other secondary phases, accumulated in soils and waste-sites during the dry season, acts to control the mobility of metals. The elution curves obtained from column experiments showed a mobilization of Ba, Cu, Pb and Zn, while a low mobility was seen for Ag, As and Sb.     

Impact of mining activities on soils in a semi-arid environment: Sierra Almagrera district, SE Spain

Field and laboratory-column studies were undertaken in order to investigate soil contamination derived from past mining activity in the Sierra Almagrera (SA) district in southeast Spain. The tailings, soil and sediment samples that were collected showed high concentrations of Ag, As, Ba, Cu, Pb, Sb and Zn when analyzed. The mean concentrations of these elements in the tailings were 29.8, 285.4, 54000, 57.7, 2687.5, 179.0 and 2269.0 ppm, respectively. In the soil samples these decreased to 14.3, 96.9, 24700, 37.5, 1859.1, 168.5 and 815.7 ppm, respectively. Geochemical analyses demonstrated high levels of As, Pb and Zn which were above the intervention values set forth in the Andalusian Regulations for Contaminated Soils for As (>50 ppm), Pb (>500 ppm) and Zn (>2000 ppm). Column experiments and mineralogical studies suggest that the dissolution of sulfates and other secondary phases, accumulated in soils and waste-sites during the dry season, acts to control the mobility of metals. The elution curves obtained from column experiments showed a mobilization of Ba, Cu, Pb and Zn, while a low mobility was seen for Ag, As and Sb.     

Scalp hair metal analysis in the assessment of the occupational exposure of arc welders

Eleven metals (Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni and Pb) were estimated in hair samples of metal arc welders and a control group with the same socioeconomic background. Nitric acid–perchloric acid wet digestion procedure was adopted for the estimation of endogenous metal contents by ICP-AE technique. The study exhibited the following increasing order of the metal concentrations: Cd??1, dry weight, respectively. On average, the levels of Mn, Ni, Pb and Fe were found to be 1.5–2.4 times higher in the hair of welders compared with controls. Besides age and exposure which were strongly correlated, Cu–Mg, Mn–Mg, Ca–Co and Cd–Zn also showed significantly positive correlations. The identification of metal sources, done by cluster and principal component analyses, revealed four factors: age and exposure; Cu, Mg, Mn and Fe; Ca and Co; Cd, Zn, Ni and Pb. High levels of Fe were found to have a depleting impact on Co levels. The arc welders were feared to accumulate heavy metals in their bodies due to long-term endogenous exposure.     

Determination of metal accumulation in deposited street dusts in Amman, Jordan

Street dust samples (120 in total) were collected under stable weather conditions during the hot, dry season (August and September) of 2004 from six different localities (industrial, heavy traffic, medium traffic, light traffic, low traffic and rural) in greater Amman, the capital of Jordan. The concentrations of Fe, Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn and Ni in the dusts were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The high concentrations of Pb, Fe and Zn in the street dust samples were related to both anthropogenic (industrial sources combined with traffic sources) and natural sources. Surprisingly, the concentrations of Cd in the dusts were low. Correlation coefficient analysis and principle component analysis identified three main sources of these elements and the corresponding distributions. The elements Pb, Zn, Cd, Fe, Cu and Ni were mainly derived from industrial sources, with Pb and Zn additionally derived from traffic sources. The street dusts were found to have highly elevated levels of Zn, particularly along the main trunk roads, indicating that the Zn in the street dusts may be derived from traffic sources, especially vehicle tyres. The concentrations of metals in the different street dust samples were found to vary depending on the density of traffic.     

凡口铅锌矿湿地系统沉积物中重金属的分布

研究了用于处理凡口铅锌矿选矿废水的宽叶香蒲(Typha latifolia)人工湿地系统沉积物中重金属Pb、Zn、Cu和Cd的分布。沉积物略呈碱性,在各层沉积物中,DTPA-Zn质量分数高于DTPA-Pb质量分数。冬季(11~12月)湿地系统中3个处理池进水口的沉积物结合水中的Pb、Zn、Cu和Cd质量分数与春季(1~3月)的相比较,有显著的差异。湿地处理系统中Pb、Zn、Cu和Cd主要沉积在表层土壤中;但3个处理池入水口和出水口不同深度的沉积物pH值没有显著差异(p<0.05),表明pH值与重金属含量并不存在相关性。     

Assessment of potentially toxic elements in Swiss chard and sediments of Akaki River,Ethiopia

For the determination of 15 potentially toxic elements (V, Cr, Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Ag, Cd, Sn, Hg, and Pb) in plant and sediment samples of the Akaki River, Ethiopia, inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry, and a RA-915+ mercury analyzer were applied. Sediment and plant samples were mineralized using a closed-vessel microwave-assisted digestion system. The elemental concentrations varied considerably in plant and sediment samples. The minimum concentration was observed for known toxic elements (As, Hg, and Cd) while the highest concentration was observed for the elements of relatively low toxicity Zn, Mn, and Fe. The concentration of Cr, Fe, Pb, Zn, and As in Swiss chard surpassed the maximum permissible levels at specific sites. At some of the sites, the sediment quality guidelines are surpassed for Cu, Zn, and Pb.