极端干旱对荒漠草原群落物种多样性和地上生物量碳氮的影响

极端干旱及其对植物群落物种多样性的影响是气候变化及其影响评估的重要内容之一,而有关干旱荒漠草原区气候变化与植物群落多样性及其功能关系的研究鲜见报道。为明晰极端干旱对荒漠草原物种多样性和地上生物量的影响,利用野外极端干旱处理试验平台,研究了荒漠草原沙生针茅群落物种多样性和地上生物量及其碳、氮密度对极端干旱的响应特征。结果表明,极端干旱改变了荒漠草原沙生针茅(Stipa glareosa)群落的物种组成,进而使物种多样性发生变化。在8月份,生长季5-8月截雨66%和6-7月干旱60 d两种极端干旱处理都降低了群落的Shannon-Wiener指数和物种丰富度指数。两种极端干旱处理使地上现存生物量较对照降低了50%以上(P0.05)。生长季5-8月截雨66%干旱处理使凋落物生物量较对照降低了61%(P0.05),同时使凋落物生物量的碳氮密度显著低于对照。两种极端干旱处理使地上现存生物量的碳氮密度显著低于对照。因此,极端干旱不仅改变了荒漠草原群落的物种组成,而且改变了地上生物量,影响了植被碳氮密度,从而减弱荒漠草原植物群落地上部分的碳氮汇功能。     

关键基因过表达提高酿酒酵母抑制剂耐受性及乙醇发酵性能

木质纤维素预处理过程中会产生多种抑制物,抑制酿酒酵母细胞生长及乙醇发酵性能,为挖掘耐性基因、构建新的菌株,进一步提高酿酒酵母对这些抑制物的胁迫耐受性,研究在硫酸锌添加条件下转录组学分析过程中筛选到的可能关键基因ADE17、SSZ1、SET5、PPR1、OGG1和YKL222C过表达对酿酒酵母环境胁迫耐受性的影响.结果显示,不同基因过表达对酿酒酵母在多种抑制物胁迫条件下生长性能的影响不同,其中ADE17过表达对菌株在乙酸、糠醛、苯酚、丙酸和氯化钠胁迫条件下的生长提升最显著,而OGG1和SSZ1过表达对菌株生长的影响相对较弱.进一步对菌株进行驯化,在混合抑制物条件下驯化得到的BADE17-2和BADE17-4菌株延滞期比对照菌株BADE17缩短23 h.上述研究表明,硫酸锌添加从多方面影响了酿酒酵母耐受性,且关键基因过表达对不同环境胁迫条件具有多样性的影响,并且通过基因过表达和驯化方式结合可进一步提高酿酒酵母环境胁迫耐受性,提高纤维素乙醇发酵效率.     

四川攀西干热河谷区根瘤菌的多样性研究

采用数值分类、BOXAIR-PCR和16S rDNA PCR-RFLP方法,对分离自四川攀西干热河谷区11种豆科植物上的43株根瘤菌的表型和遗传多样性进行了研究.数值分类结果表明,攀西地区根瘤菌具有极大的表型性状多样性,在80%相似性水平上绝大多数供试菌株单独成群,能耐60℃(10min处理)的高温,在低温(10℃)或者低pH(4.0)条件下生长很差.与数值分类结果相比较,BOXAIR-PCR的分群结果更分散,说明供试菌株在遗传性状上也具有多样性.在数值分群基础上,选取15个代表菌株进行16S rDNA PCR-RFLP分析.结果表明,供试的15株代表菌株遗传差异明显,仅CCBAU61224与Rhizobium leguminosarum USDA2370T,CCBAU61303与Agrobacterium tumerfacienseIAM13129T具有相同的遗传图谱类型.数值分类和16S rDNA PCR-RFLP分析具有较好的一致性,BOXAIR-PCR适合于对根瘤菌种内菌株间的遗传多样性研究.图4表2参21     

海洋苯酚降解菌Candida sp.P5的分离鉴定及其降解特性

从海洋沉积物中分离、筛选到一株能以苯酚作为唯一碳源和能源的酵母菌P5．根据菌落特征、菌体形态、生理生化特性和18SrDNA序列分析，确定菌株P5为假丝酵母菌属（Candicla　sp．）．该菌株最适宜生长和降解苯酚的条件为：温度25℃，pH6．0～7．0，摇床转速100r／min，需氧；菌株P5能在较高浓度的苯酚条件下生长，在72h内可以降解95％以上的苯酚．对苯酚代谢途径和相关酶的研究发现，菌株P5主要在邻苯二酚1，2-双加氧酶作用下通过邻位途径进行苯酚代谢．图7表2参24     

红壤溶磷菌的筛选及溶磷能力的比较

对不同利用方式下红壤的溶磷菌进行筛选,得到7株优势菌株,观察并测定了各初选菌株的菌落特征、生长速度及溶磷能力。结果表明,7株溶磷菌株的HD/CD值(溶磷圈直径HD与菌落直径CD的比值)范围在1.47~3.45之间,有效溶磷量在11.27~136.27 mg.L-1之间,均具有较强溶磷作用。其中,CY06菌株在固体培养条件下的HD/CD值和液体培养条件下的有效溶磷量均显著高于其他菌株,且该菌株对磷酸铝的有效溶磷量显著高于其他难溶磷酸盐,有望成为开发红壤高效微生物磷肥的优良微生物资源。     

模拟干旱胁迫对岷江干旱河谷—山地森林交错带4种乡土植物抗氧化酶系统的影响

为解干旱河谷—山地森林交错带植物在干旱胁迫条件下的抗性生理特征,以交错带4种典型植物狗尾草(Setaria viridis)、岷江柏(Cupressus chengiana)、高山柳(Salix paraqplesia)和沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides)为研究对象,测定干旱胁迫条件下植物叶片抗氧化酶活性以及游离脯氨酸(Pro)、丙二醛(MDA)和色素含量的变化.干旱胁迫显著降低了4种植物叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量,增加了叶片Pro和MDA含量,增加了细胞膜透性,提高了过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,表明交错带植物在干旱胁迫条件下具有较强的抗旱能力.相对于岷江柏和高山柳,狗尾草和沙棘在相应水分条件下表现出较高的叶绿素a/b、Pro含量及POD、SOD和CAT活性,抗旱能力较高;而高山柳叶片上述各指标相对较低,抗旱性相对较差.研究结果为了解交错带不同生活型物种在干旱条件下的适应提供了理论依据.图2表2参26     

光合细菌乳酸代谢机制的初步研究

分离获得4株能利用乳酸作为唯一碳源分别进行好氧生长和厌氧生长的光合细菌菌株，对其无细胞抽提液进行透析和乳酸转化为丙酮酸能力的测定．结果表明，这4株光合细菌在好氧和厌氧条件下对乳酸的代谢机制是不同的．对筛选获得的高乳酸转化能力的S1菌株的进一步研究表明，黑暗好氧条件下，S1菌株的乳酸代谢能力与生长呈正相关关系；而光照厌氧条件下，乳酸代谢酶的合成滞后于生长．图5表1参10     

一株无色杆菌属菌株对孔雀绿的脱色降解

从孔雀绿污染土壤中分离筛选出1株对孔雀绿染料有强脱色能力的菌株MGT3,根据其形态学特征和生理生化鉴定以及16S rDNA序列分析,初步鉴定为无色杆菌属(Achromobacter sp.)的菌株.在振荡培养条件下对该菌株的脱色反应条件进行了研究,结果表明,MGT3菌株的最适脱色pH为7,最适脱色温度为30℃,孔雀绿初始浓度小于50 mgL-1时有最佳脱色率,在最适脱色条件下脱色8 h,孔雀绿脱色率可达到90%以上,利用薄层层析法、紫外-可见分光光度计法、高效液相色谱法对孔雀绿脱色代谢产物进行了分析,结果表明,孔雀绿在脱色过程中被降解,生成了其他代谢产物.图8表1参26     

根修剪对冬小麦根系效率、水分利用及产量的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了根修剪对冬小麦根系效率、水分利用及产量形成的影响.结果表明,在不同水分条件下,根修剪均减少了小麦的根量及根呼吸速率,但对根冠比没有显著影响.在湿润和中度干旱条件下,根修剪提高了小麦花期的光合速率和根系效率;在严重干旱胁迫条件下,根修剪小麦的光合速率显著下降,但根系效率与对照相比没有显著差异.在湿润条件下,小剪根处理对籽粒产量并没有显著的影响,而大剪根处理小麦的籽粒产量显著下降;在中度干旱胁迫条件下,小剪根处理小麦的产量(25.18 g pot-1)显著高于对照(22.31 g par-1),但大剪根处理小麦的产量(18.34 g pot-1)显著下降;在严重干旱条件下,两个剪根处理小麦的产量均显著下降.在湿润和中度干旱胁迫条件下,小剪根处理籽粒产量水平的水分利用效率(分别为1.57 g kg-1和1.85 g kg-1)显著大于相应的对照处理(分别为1.46 g kg-1和1.55 g kg-1),但大剪根处理水分利用效率和对照相比没有显著差异;在严重干旱条件下,各剪根处理的水分利用效率和对照相比没有显著差异.可见,在湿润和中度干旱条件下进行的适当根修剪根对作物生产是有利的.图1表3参15     

不同培养条件对罗非鱼肠道乳酸菌分离的影响

为了解罗非鱼肠道乳酸菌群多样性和优势菌种,促进乳酸菌在罗非鱼养殖中的应用,采用MRS、M17、TPY、Elliker四种培养基,分别在有氧、厌氧以及30℃、37℃和45℃温度条件下分离罗非鱼肠道乳酸菌,分析不同培养基、培养温度、有氧和厌氧条件对罗非鱼肠道乳酸菌分离的影响;并对分离到的菌株进行分子鉴定和16S r RNA序列分析,构建系统发育树,比较不同分离条件下分离肠道乳酸菌的遗传多样性.结果表明,不同培养基对罗非鱼肠道乳酸菌的分离效果有一定的差异,其中MRS培养基的分离效果最好,且遗传多样性最高;37℃较30℃对乳酸菌的分离更加有利,45℃未分离到乳酸菌;有氧条件下共分离出8种33株乳酸菌,主要为杆菌;厌氧条件下得到10种24株乳酸菌,主要为球菌.共分离到植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)29株,可能是罗非鱼肠道优势乳酸菌种.本研究可为开发水产养殖肠道乳酸菌提供依据,并推广到其他种类的鱼肠道乳酸菌的分离和鉴定.     

干旱胁迫对青海杨不同种群的影响

通过对青海杨的两个分别来自极端干旱和湿润地区的种群进行不同水分处理,研究其在生物量的积累与分配、气体交换、脱落酸积累以及水分利用效率上的种群差异.结果表明:①不同种群在各种生长和形态指标上均表现出了显著性差异,例如株高(Ht)、基径(Bd)、总生物量(Tb)、总叶面积(La)和细根比(Ft).②不同种群在各种生理指标上也表现出了显著性差异,例如净光合速率(A)、蒸腾速率(E)、气孔导度(g)、水分利用效率(WUEi)和脱落酸(ABA)积累.③与来自湿润地区的种群相比,来自干旱地区的种群表现出了较小的生长和形态指标值以及较大的生理指标值.这些对水分可利用性的形态和生理适应性表明,不同种群在其幼苗早期生长和建立方面采用了不同的生存策略,来自湿润地区的杨树种群采用耗水策略从而抗旱性低,而来自干旱地区的杨树采用节水策略从而抗旱性高.这些对干旱的不同反应可以为不同气候地区选择相应的生态型提供一定的参考标准.表4参26     

Evaluation of drought tolerance of new grapevine rootstock hybrids

The drought tolerance is a very important property of grapevine rootstocks. For that reason the breeding and selection of new rootstock varieties is focused also on the evaluation of their drought tolerance. In this experiment, altogether 20 new hybrids and 4 existing rootstock varieties were compared and evaluated. The experimental scheme involved 3 variants of water supply. Evaluated were the following properties: growth intensity of annual shoots, CCI (chlorophyll content index) and visual characteristics of plants. The most resistant were hybrids from the pedigree groups C (Binova x B?rner), D /Binova x/(Binova x Teleki 5C/) x B?rner/, and F (Teleki5 Cx B?rner). The following hybrids were classified as drought-tolerant: 17-1-6 (C); 17-1-9 (C); 17-6-2 (C); 17-6-9 (C); 17-8-2 (D) and 9-20-1 (F). Based on obtained experimental results and also on correlations existing between individual traits it can be concluded that practically all traits under study may be used when evaluating the resistance of plants to drought. The obtained results indicated that the B?rner rootstock (and thus also the species Vitis cinerea) can be used as a suitable genetic resource for the purpose of the breeding grapevine rootstocks for tolerance to drought.     

Association studies for agro-physiological and quality traits of triticale x bread wheat derivatives in relation to drought and cold stress

Correlation coefficient analysis conducted on 22 triticale x bread wheat derivatives along with six checks to select true- breeding derivative(s) for future hybridization programme with tolerance to drought and cold stress conditions as well as better quality traits revealed significant correlation of grain yield with spikelets per spike, biological yield, harvest index, leaf area index. Interestingly, the grain yield and drought susceptibility index showed no association. However, with cold tolerance it showed significant positive correlation indicating the desirability of certain plant traits under cold stress. The grain yield exhibited no association with quality traits which might assist in the predictability of high yielding varieties with high protein, total sugars, reducing sugars and non-reducing sugars. Path coefficient analysis revealed that biological yield had the highest positive direct effect on grain yield followed by harvest index, specific leaf weight, stomatal number, 1000 grain weight, stomatal size, spikelets per spike and days to heading. Therefore, indirect selection for these plant traits in order should be exercised in selecting drought tolerant genotypes. Two genotypes (RL-124-2P2 and RL 111P2) were found to be drought and cold tolerant with high grain yield, spikes per plant, spikelets per spike and leaf area index.     

松科植物对干旱胁迫的反应

水分亏缺是制约树木生长的重要环境因子，植物通过形态、生理以及分子水平来适应水分亏缺．渗透调节使植物在低水势下维持正常生理活动，是植物忍耐水分亏缺的重要生理机制．干旱胁迫下，植物形态结构变化有利于水分吸收和传导，从而提高水分利用效率；同时，生物量向根部的分配增加，叶面积/边材面积比发生变化，这种生物量分配转移提高了根和茎向叶片输水能力，从而防止气穴现象；干旱胁迫容易引起光能过剩，过剩的光能会对光合器官产生潜在的危害．依赖于叶黄素循环的热耗散是光保护的主要途径；同时酶促及非酶促系统也是防止光合器官破坏的重要途径；脱落酸作为一种激素逆境信号，活化了与抗旱诱导有关的基因．本文从形态变化、渗透调节、气穴现象、光合作用、水分利用效率、脱落酸以及分子机理等方面阐述了松科植物对干旱胁迫的响应，并对耐旱指标的筛选进行了讨论，干旱胁迫下，各耐旱机理相互制约，需要联合各个方面的因素来考虑整个植物对干旱的反应．参99。     

西南地区干旱规律与节水农业发展问题

除西藏以外的中国西南地区人口、耕地和农林牧渔总产值分别占全国的19.2%、19.1%和14.9%,是我国十分重要且潜力巨大的农产品生产基地。干旱是制约本区农业发展的重要因素。文章分析了西南地区的干旱特征,揭示出该区季节性干旱严重、区域性干旱突出、干旱类型多、连旱频率大的干旱规律,提出对农业生产危害最严重的干旱类型是春旱、夏旱和伏旱。从自然和经济开发的角度,分析了该区干旱的主要成因是降雨分布不均、水资源可利用率低、水土流失严重和水利工程滞后。在此基础上,提出了提高降雨利用率、提高水资源开发程度及大力发展生物节水技术的对策,特别是农业结构调整、抗旱作物选用、节水农耕农艺技术和发展经济植物篱(埂)等生物节水技术。     

兰坪铅锌尾矿区豆科植物根瘤菌的多样性及抗性研究

对兰坪铅锌尾矿区自然发生的植物进行调查,共发现18种植物,分属于10科。对野豇豆（Vigna vexiauata（Linn.）Bench.）、长波叶山蚂蝗（Desmodium sequax Wall.）、三叶草（Trifolium pratense Linn.）、白刺花（Sophora davii（franch.）Skeels）、密花序黄芪（Astragalus forrestii Simpson.）、美丽胡枝子（Lespedeza Formosa（Vog.）Koehne.）6种8株豆科植物根瘤进行根瘤菌的分离纯化,共得到419株细菌,经镜检初步确定有94株为根瘤菌。对其中31株根瘤菌的淀粉水解、糖发酵等12项生理生化指标进行测定,并以平均连锁法进行聚类分析。结果表明,兰坪铅锌尾矿区31株根瘤菌在50%的相似水平上可分为6个类群,其表型特性存在明显差异,同一种植物中可能存在不同代谢类型的根瘤菌,同一种代谢类型的根瘤菌也可与不同植物共生。抗逆性测定结果表明,菌株（4G.7、5.4.3、7.4.3）对温度、（4A.12、4G.7、4G.10、5.4.3）对pH、（3.7.9、5.4.3）对盐、（3.7.19、4A.12、6.1.2、6.1.13）对抗生素有较强耐受性或抗性,大多数菌株能在较宽的温度、盐度和pH范围内生长。     

Drought stress induced changes in lipid peroxidation and antioxidant system in genus Avena

Seven species of genus Avena viz., Avena sativa, Avena strigosa, Avena brevis, Avena vaviloviana, Avena abyssinica, Avena marocana and Avena sterilis were used to study the impact of drought stress on lipid peroxidation and other antioxidant enzymes. Maximum increase in the catalase activity was recorded in A. vaviloviana (129.97%) followed by A. sativa (122.82%) and A. brevis (83.38%) at vegetative stage; however at flowering stage the maximum increase was reported in A. sativa (25.62%) followed by A. sterilis (20.46%) and A. brevis (18.53%). At vegetative stage drought, maximum increase in peroxidase activity was recorded in A. sativa (122.82%) followed by A. brevis (83.38%) and A. sterilis (49.78%). Flowering stage drought, showed maximum increase in A. Sativa (27.09%) followed by A. marocana (23.50%) and A. sterilis (20.46%). A. sativa and A. sterilis showed stress tolerance at both the stages by accumulating higher percentage of peroxidase followed by A. brevis at vegetative and A. marocana at flowering stage. Level of lipid peroxidation in terms of Malondialdehyde (MDA) content was increased in the leaves when plants were subjected to moisture stress. The rate of increase in lipid peroxidation occurs irrespective of stage however; maximum increase was recorded in A. strigosa at both the stages. Avena species which showed high level of MDA content, indicates more lipid peroxidation and more membrane permeability and are comparatively more susceptible for water stress than those which produce less Malondialdehyde (MDA) content at higher magnitude of water stress such species have better capability for moisture stress tolerance.     

Modeling post-fledging survival of Lark Buntings in response to ecological and biological factors

We evaluated the influences of several ecological, biological, and methodological factors on post-fledging survival of a shortgrass prairie bird, the Lark Bunting (Calamospiza melanocorys). We estimated daily post-fledging survival (n = 206, 82 broods) using radiotelemetry and color bands to track fledglings. Daily survival probabilities were best explained by drought intensity, time in season (quadratic trend), ages < or = 3 d post-fledging, and rank given drought intensity. Drought intensity had a strong negative effect on survival. Rank was an important predictor of fledgling survival only during the severe drought of 2002 when the smallest fledglings had lower survival. Recently fledged young (ages < or = 3 d post-fledging) undergoing the transition from nest to surrounding habitat experienced markedly lower survival, demonstrating the vulnerable nature of this time period. Survival was greater in mid and late season than early season, corresponding to our assumptions of food availability. Neither mark type nor sex of attending parent influenced survival. The model-averaged product of the 22-d survival calculated using mean rank and median value of time in season was 0.360 +/- 0.08 in 2001 and 0.276 +/- 0.08 in 2002. Survival estimates that account for age, condition of young, ecological conditions, and other factors are important for parameterization of realistic population models. Biologists using population growth models to elucidate mechanisms of population declines should attempt to estimate species-specific of post-fledging survival rather than use generalized estimates.     

Isolation and identification of fungi tolerant to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and coal tar from different habitats in Lithuania

A group of 36 fungal strains, belonging to the Lithuanian mycobiota, was collected and isolated from different locations, habitats, and matrices, including creosote-treated wood in storage yards for crosstie wastes. The eight most perspective strains selected according to preliminary assessment of tolerance to coal tar were subsequently identified combining taxonomical evaluation and molecular techniques. The tolerance of the eight identified fungal species (five basidiomycetes and three ascomycetes) to the presence of various concentrations of coal tar, and for the four most perspective fungal strains (Pleurotus sp., Schizophyllum sp., Irpex lacteus, Bjerkandera adusta) to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was evaluated. The ligninolytic enzymatic activity assay of the isolated strains resulted in a good correspondence between the tolerance to pollutants and the capability to produce ligninolytic enzymes indicating that this group of white-rot fungi is perspective for further investigation and eventual usage for mycoremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons polluted substrates.     

紫色土硅酸盐细菌的表型特征及溶磷解钾能力

对40株分离自四川、重庆等地的代表笥紫色土中的硅酸盐细菌和1株参照菌株进行了52个表型性状的数值分析，探讨了硅酸盐细菌液体振荡培养后pH值、菌数变化与溶磷、解钾量之间的关系，结果表明：紫色土硅酸盐细菌绝大部分属于胶胨样芽孢杆菌（Bacillus mucilaginosus），但在个体和群体生长特征、碳氮源利用、硝酸盐还原能力、耐Ⅰ菌株在86％相似水平分为2个亚群，不同的硅酸盐细菌菌株的溶磷、解钾特性差异较大，具有溶磷解钾双重特性的菌株约占供试菌株（含参考菌株）的22％，只具溶磷特性的约占29％,其溶磷效果较显著（有效磷增加最高达40.64%），而解钾效果不明显（有效钾增加最多的只有7.9%）。供试紫色土硅酸盐细菌的溶磷、解钾特性与菌株生长过程中产酸有关，其溶磷、解钾量与培养液中pH值的降低呈正相关，图5表3参20。