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1.
全Pd三效催化剂研究涂层材料的研究   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
制备了作为Pd三效催化剂涂层材料组成的活性Al2O3/金属氧化物添加剂试样,用BET法、XRD法及H2-TPR法对这些涂层原材料体系进行表征。结果表明:金属氧化物添加剂提高了活性Al2O3的热稳定性;添加ZrO2改善了CeO2的热稳定性;与含Ca的试样不同,含La试样没有贮氧能力。用含有Al2O3-CeO2/ZrO2和Al2O3-La2O3/BaO的涂层材料制备的Pd催化剂有好的CO,HC和NOx同时净化的三效性能和低的起燃活性。加入0.003%(V/V)SO2降低了催化剂活性,含La2O3/BaO涂层材料的Pd催化剂上NOx反应易被SO2中毒。  相似文献   

2.
通过浸渍法向商业V2O5(WO3)/TiO2催化剂中掺杂了不同浓度的Ni或Zr元素,并对催化剂进行了K中毒前后的活性测试以及EDS、BET、XRD、FT-IR、H2-TPR、XPS表征测试.结果表明,掺杂Ni或Zr后催化剂抗K中毒能力显著增强,EDS和XRD结果显示Ni和Zr能进入催化剂体系,催化剂载体TiO2保持原有锐钛矿晶型,其他元素则以高度分散或无定形状态存在.NH3吸附FT-IR实验证明掺杂Ni后催化剂表面形成了新的Lewis酸位,而Zr的加入使原有Bronsted酸位得以增强,这是两种元素的掺杂均能提高催化剂抗K中毒能力的原因.H2-TPR和XPS实验证实掺杂后催化剂氧化还原能力得到了增强,弥补了比表面积减少的不利因素.  相似文献   

3.
单钯型汽车尾气净化催化剂研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
应用流动体系微型反应和怠速实验装置对Pd/Ni/La-Ce-Al汽车尾气净化催化剂的CO、C3H8、NO转化活性进行了评价、研究了镍含量和La-Ce-Al涂层对催化剂活性的影响、对催化剂进行了TPR、CO-TPD、O2-TPD、C3H8-TPD表征.结果表明:镍对Pd/La-Ce-Al催化剂具有良好的助催化作用;在实验条件下,镍含量为15%时催化剂小试评价具有最好的CO、C3H8氧化活性和NO还原活性;La-Ce-Al涂层比例对催化剂转化活性影响很大;Pd/Ni/La-Ce-Al催化剂具有非常高的CO、HC三效氧化活性,但其NO三效还原活性有待改善.  相似文献   

4.
V2O5/AC催化剂对氨还原NO的研究   总被引:16,自引:0,他引:16  
考察了V2O5/AC催化剂对NH3选择催化还原NO的影响,结果表明,以浓硝酸预氧化处理的活性焦为载体对催化剂活性有很大提高,这是由于浓硝酸预氧化后,活性焦表面产生了较多的含氧官能团可能吸附更多的NH3,并且提高了活性组分V2O5的含量,反应气氛中加入SO2后,二都活性都增加,但差异消失,这是由于SO2存在时,反应生成的SO4^2-离子的酸性强于浓硝酸预氧化产生的含氧官能团的酸性,催化剂在使用前经过煅烧和氧化对催化剂活性有很大改善。SO2存在时,V2O5含量为1wt%的催化剂活性提高。  相似文献   

5.
LnSrCoO4对CO和C3H8的氧化性能   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
杨小毛  罗来涛  钟华 《环境化学》2004,23(6):655-658
采用聚乙二醇凝胶法制备LnSrCoO4(Ln=La,Sm)复合氧化物,考察了其对CO和C3H8的氧化反应活性,并运用XRD,BET,TEM和TPD等方法对其进行了表征.结果表明:该类复合氧化物具有四方K2NiF。结构,对CO和C3H8的氧化反应具有不同的催化活性,而LaSrCo04催化活性更好.  相似文献   

6.
曹利  曹爽  黄学敏  杨全 《环境化学》2011,30(9):1539-1545
用柠檬酸溶胶-凝胶法制备了La0.8M0.2CoO3(M=Sr、Ce、Ba、Ca)4种钙钛矿型复合氧化物催化剂.甲苯催化燃烧活性测试表明,4种催化剂均具有很好的催化活性,转化率达到90%时反应温度都在340℃以下,比LaCoO3下降20℃—70℃,催化性能依次为:La0.8Sr0.2CoO3〉La0.8Ce0.2CoO...  相似文献   

7.
蒋晓原  周仁贤 《环境化学》1997,16(5):418-422
氧化铈(CeO_2)作为贮氧和氧离子的传导物质常在高温下有催化特性,而CuO是普通的氧化物催化剂 本文以CeO_2结合活泼的CuO/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂为研究对象,利用色谱-微反流动法,以及XRD,TPR和TPD-MS等技术,研究了CuO/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂及添加CeO_2对CO和n-C_5H_(14)深度氧化的性能,探讨了催化剂的还原特性及表面氧的脱附与恢复行为 结果表明,CeO_2的存在改善了CuO在γ-Al_2O_3上的分散状态,促进了催化剂上氧物种的脱附与恢复,加速了氧化还原循环,从而提高了催化剂对CO和n-C_6H_(14)的深度氧化活性.  相似文献   

8.
汽车尾气净化非贵金属催化剂SO2中毒机理研究   总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9  
用TPD,IR,XPS等方法研究了汽车尾气净化的复合氧化物催化剂SO_2中毒机理。结果表明,催化剂SO_2中毒失(?),首先是SO_2在催化剂活性中心上进行化学吸附,然后部分SO_2与活性组分生成相应的亚硫酸盐和硫盐酸,从而使催化剂失活。SO_2的化学吸附及部分生成相应的亚硫酸盐,与生成硫酸盐相比,对催化剂失活的影响,前者更为明显。  相似文献   

9.
应用溶胶-凝胶技术对蜂窝陶瓷载体进行涂层,以CO氧化反应模型,考察了浸渍次数,分散剂及La,Ce,Zr,Y,Co等组分对催化剂活性的影响,同时考察了La2O3对催化剂耐热性能的影响,实验表明:两次浸渍的催化剂活性较高,浸渍原液中加入分散剂提高了催化剂对CO的氧化活性,使最低完全转化温度降低了13℃左右,在La,Ce,Zr,Y,Co等组分中,Ce是最有效的活性助剂,当CeO2含量占Al2O3涂层的18%时,催化剂的活性最好,而La和Zr的加入对催化剂活性无明显作用,Y和Co的加入则降低了催化剂的活性,在700℃下7h的热老化实验表明:La2O3的加入对催化剂热稳定性无明显影响,但是,1050℃温度下24h热老化后的活性评价表明:La2O3的加入对催化剂热稳定性作用显著,与未加La2O3的催化剂相比,最低完全转化温度降低了15℃左右。  相似文献   

10.
一、引言 随着汽车工业的发展,汽车排气带来的环境污染问题日益突出。用于汽车排气净化催化剂的铂系金属,成本昂贵,资源缺乏,应找寻新的替代催化剂。自从1971年Libby提出稀土钙钛矿型催化剂可望用于汽车排气净化以来,各国先后开展研究,并且研究范围扩展到各种稀土复合氧化物,其氧化活性很高,但存在着严重的SO_2中毒问题。 本文对该类催化剂的SO_2中毒及再生进行了考察。通过比较,找到了抗SO_2中毒较好的催化剂,并发现了行之有效的对抗毒不足进行补偿的低温再生法。对该抗毒较好的催化剂改变反应条件,考察SO_2中毒情况,说明只要选择适当条件,该催化剂具有很大实际应用价值。  相似文献   

11.
Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación  相似文献   

12.
Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.  相似文献   

13.
A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.  相似文献   

14.
Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.  相似文献   

15.
Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.  相似文献   

16.
Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.  相似文献   

17.
An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.  相似文献   

18.
Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.  相似文献   

19.
Effects of Coffee Management on Deforestation Rates and Forest Integrity   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Knowledge about how forest margins are utilized can be crucial for a general understanding of changes in forest cover, forest structure, and biodiversity across landscapes. We studied forest‐agriculture transitions in southwestern Ethiopia and hypothesized that the presence of coffee (Coffea arabica)decreases deforestation rates because of coffee's importance to local economies and its widespread occurrence in forests and forest margins. Using satellite images and elevation data, we compared changes in forest cover over 37 years (1973–2010) across elevations in 2 forest‐agriculture mosaic landscapes (1100 km2 around Bonga and 3000 km2 in Goma‐Gera). In the field in the Bonga area, we determined coffee cover and forest structure in 40 forest margins that differed in time since deforestation. Both the absolute and relative deforestation rates were lower at coffee‐growing elevations compared with at higher elevations (?10/20% vs. ?40/50% comparing relative rates at 1800 m asl and 2300–2500 m asl, respectively). Within the coffee‐growing elevation, the proportion of sites with high coffee cover (>20%) was significantly higher in stable margins (42% of sites that had been in the same location for the entire period) than in recently changed margins (0% of sites where expansion of annual crops had changed the margin). Disturbance level and forest structure did not differ between sites with 30% or 3% coffee. However, a growing body of literature on gradients of coffee management in Ethiopia reports coffee's negative effects on abundances of forest‐specialist species. Even if the presence of coffee slows down the conversion of forest to annual‐crop agriculture, there is a risk that an intensification of coffee management will still threaten forest biodiversity, including the genetic diversity of wild coffee. Conservation policy for Ethiopian forests thus needs to develop strategies that acknowledge that forests without coffee production may have higher deforestation risks than forests with coffee production and that forests with coffee production often have lower biodiversity value. Efectos de la Administración Cafetalera sobre las Tasas de Deforestación y la Integridad de los Bosques  相似文献   

20.
As drivers of terrestrial ecosystems, humans have replaced large carnivores in most areas, and human influence not only exerts striking ecological pressures on biodiversity at local scales but also has indirect effects in distant corners of the world. We suggest that the multibillion dollar cashmere industry creates economic motivations that link western fashion preferences for cashmere to land use in Central Asia. This penchant for stylish clothing, in turn, encourages herders to increase livestock production which affects persistence of over 6 endangered large mammals in these remote, arid ecosystems. We hypothesized that global trade in cashmere has strong negative effects on native large mammals of deserts and grassland where cashmere‐producing goats are raised. We used time series data, ecological snapshots of the biomass of native and domestic ungulates, and ecologically and behaviorally based fieldwork to test our hypothesis. In Mongolia increases in domestic goat production were associated with a 3‐fold increase in local profits for herders coexisting with endangered saiga (Saiga tatarica).That increasing domestic grazing pressure carries fitness consequences was inferred on the basis of an approximately 4‐fold difference in juvenile recruitment among blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur)in trans‐Himalayan India. Across 7 study areas in Mongolia, India, and China's Tibetan Plateau, native ungulate biomass is now <5% that of domestic species. Such trends suggest ecosystem degradation and decreased capacity for the persistence of native species, including at least 8 Asian endemic species: saiga, chiru (Pantholops hodgsoni), Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus), snow leopard(Panthera uncia), khulan(Equus hemionus), kiang (E. kiang), takhi (E. przewalski), and wild yak (Bos mutus). Our results suggest striking yet indirect and unintended actions that link trophic‐level effects to markets induced by the trade for cashmere. Globalización del Mercado de Cachemira y la Declinación de Mamíferos Mayores en Asia Central  相似文献   

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