化学农药与环境激素

环境激素是指有可能干扰人与脊椎动物内分泌的外因性化学物质。在已知的６７ 种（或类）环境激素有机物中,化学农药（包括除草剂、杀虫剂、杀菌剂）及其代谢产物共占４４ 种,几近三分之二。在已进行环境调查的４７ 种环境激素中,已检出的有２４ 种,占二分之一。列举了环境激素对人类和动物生育、生理功能的影响,并指出研制开发“安全化学农药”的思路是不可取的。     

化学农药与环境激素

环境激素是指有可能干扰人与脊椎动物内分泌的外因性化学物质。在已知的６７种环境激素有机物中,化学农药及其代谢产物共占４４种,几近三分之二。在已进行环境调查的４７种环境激素中,已检出的有２４种,占二分之一。列举了环境激素对人类和动物生育,生理功能的影响,并指出研制开发“安全化学农药”的思路是不可取的。     

双酚A废水的污染状况及处理技术

介绍了环境激素———双酚A(BPA)的来源、污染状况。BPA具有环境激素效应,能够诱导人类女性乳腺癌细胞MCF-7及男性前列腺癌细胞株PC-3增殖;使哺乳动物生殖异常;并使雄性鱼体内的血浆卵黄素VTG显著提高,抑制鱼类受精卵的发育。双酚A来源广泛,在地面水与饮用水中均有检出。目前,BPA处理虽已研究过多种方法,但尚无经济有效的技术,有待继续研究开发。对混凝沉淀法处理BPA废水进行了研究。实验证明,采用FeCl3作为混凝剂处理BPA是有效的,虽去除率不高,但在废水处理工艺中对去除环境激素发挥一定作用。     

长江中下游环境激素效应的污染特征及生态风险

生活污水和养殖废水排放导致受纳水环境中激素类物质的污染,对水生生物产生不利影响。分别利用嵌入雌激素受体和雄激素受体的基因重组酵母菌测定了长江中下游流域不同时期水体和沉积物中4种环境激素效应,即雌激素效应、抗雌激素效应、雄激素效应和抗雄激素效应。结果表明,雌激素效应污染最为普遍,在地表水和沉积物中检出率均超过50%,水体和沉积物的最高浓度分别为2.05 ng·L~(-1)雌二醇当量(EEQ)和0.43 ng EEQ·g~(-1)。其他3种激素效应在水体和沉积物介质中的检出率均低于雌激素效应,按总体检出率来看:抗雄激素效应雄激素效应抗雌激素效应,3种激素效应在水体中最大检出浓度分别为144μg·L~(-1)氟他胺当量(FEQ)、37.9 ng·L~(-1)二氢睾酮当量(DEQ)和103μg·L~(-1)他莫西芬当量(TEQ),在沉积物中分别为53.6μg FEQ·g~(-1)、12.0 ng DEQ·g-1和51.5μg TEQ·g~(-1)。环境激素效应的浓度分布在水体中均呈现季节性的差异,雌激素效应的区域性高值位于武汉段、鄱阳湖口和芜湖-南京段,其他3种激素效应没有明显的高污染区域。环境激素效应与当地人口数量、有机质、氨氮等呈现一定相关性,表明环境激素效应与人类活动排放密切相关。雌激素效应仅在鄱阳湖口点位具有高风险,其他区域为中等风险,雄激素效应无高风险区域。研究结果有助于认识长江中下游区域的环境激素效应污染态势,为相关污染控制提供基础数据。     

稀土的hormesis效应及其农用对农业生态环境的潜在影响

毒物刺激效应(hormesis)是指毒物对生物生理过程产生的刺激效应。从稀土元素对生物的刺激效应及其疑似“环境激素”的问题出发，探讨农业应用稀土对农业生态环境的潜在影响。     

黄浦江表层水体中邻苯二甲酸酯的分布特征及风险评价

邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)是广泛存在的环境污染物之一. 1977年美国国家环保局将6种PAEs列为优先控制的有毒污染物, 1997年世界野生动物基金会(WWF)将8种PAEs列为环境激素类物质.     

稀土的hormesis效应及其农用对农业生态环境的潜在影响

毒物刺激效应(hormesis)是指毒物对生物生理过程产生的刺激效应。从稀土元素对生物的刺激效应及其疑似"环境激素"的问题出发,探讨农业应用稀土对农业生态环境的潜在影响。     

内分泌干扰类农药生物检测技术的研究进展

内分泌干扰类农药会严重影响人类和其他动物的健康,而生物检测技术是内分泌干扰类农药的快速、简便的检测方法.本文介绍了内分泌干扰类农药常用的生物检测方法与技术,主要包括活体试验、离体试验与非细胞试验,并比较了各种方法的优缺点,列举了各方法在国内外环境激素测评中的应用现状,为我国内分泌干扰类农药生物检测技术的开发与应用提供了...     

孕激素醋酸甲地孕酮和雌激素乙炔雌二醇复合暴露对斑马鱼的生殖毒性

水生生物往往暴露于多种环境激素(如孕激素、雌激素)的混合物中,然而关于多种环境激素对鱼类的联合作用效应的研究较少.孕激素醋酸甲地孕酮(MTA)和雌激素乙炔雌二醇(EE2)是应用广泛的高活性药物,普遍存在于水环境中,二者均能引起鱼类的生殖毒性效应.本文研究了环境相关浓度的MTA和EE2复合暴露对斑马鱼的生殖毒性效应.将斑马鱼成鱼暴露于MTA(33,100 ng·L~(-1))、EE2(5,15 ng·L~(-1))以及二者的混合物(MTA+EE2:33+5 ng·L~(-1),100+15 ng·L~(-1))21 d,结果显示,EE2(15 ng·L~(-1))单独及与MTA(100 ng·L~(-1))复合暴露显著降低斑马鱼的产卵量;MTA、EE2单独及复合暴露均显著降低雌鱼血浆中雌二醇(E2)、睾酮(T)及雄鱼血浆中11-酮基睾酮(11-KT)的含量;EE2单独及与MTA复合暴露导致斑马鱼卵巢的组织学变化(抑制卵子发生,诱导卵泡闭锁),但对精巢影响较小.此外,复合暴露组中斑马鱼的产卵量、血浆性激素含量、性腺组织学变化与EE2单独暴露组相比均无显著差异.本研究表明,MTA和EE2复合暴露可引起斑马鱼的生殖毒性,其中EE2发挥主要毒性作用.本研究结果对于水环境中多种激素复合暴露的风险评估具有重要意义.     

异烟酸铜吸附剂固相萃取分离水中的邻苯二甲酸酯

邻苯二甲酸酯(phthalate esters,PAEs)是环境激素类物质,能在环境中持久存在而不易分解.这类物质进入人体后,可对人体造成慢性危害,主要表现为对人和动物的生殖毒性.过多地暴露在PAEs中可能会导致男性比例下降、女性早熟以及乳腺癌,而且PAEs在人体中的残留时间可能比之前人们估计的更长.为此,水样中微量邻苯二甲酸酯类的检测变得愈发重要.     

The real effect of legal institutions: Environmental courts and firm environmental protection expenditure

This paper evaluates the real effects of environmental justice reform on environmental governance at the firm level. Using the establishment of environmental courts in China as a quasi-natural experiment, our difference-in-differences estimation shows that: (1) environmental courts significantly enhance environmental investment by firms, and this relationship is robust to different specifications and alternative measures; (2) three possible channels are the improved levels of justice and enforcement of environmental protection, and the mitigation of local government intervention; (3) our findings are particularly pronounced in subsamples with severe local protectionism, state-owned enterprises (SOEs), and non-SOEs with political connections; (4) at the city-level, environmental courts significantly increase air quality and promote cities to cross the inflection point of the environmental Kuznets curve earlier. Overall, this paper reveals the micro-mechanisms behind the real effects of environmental justice on firm environmental investment, thus providing timely implications for regulators concerned with environmental protection.     

Review of challenges and strategies for balanced urban–rural environmental protection in China

With the rise of environmentalism in China, great efforts have been devoted to environmental protection over the past several decades. Compared with urban environmental protection, rural environmental protection has not been attached enough importance in China due to the dual-track structure of socio-economic development. As a result, rural China is shouldering disproportionally heavy environmental burdens partly because of the differences and biases between urban and rural environmental protection seen in environmental policies, environmental rights and interests, environmental protection investment, and the environmental protection awareness of people. To eliminate the gap between rural and urban environmental protection, and achieve the goal of “balanced urban–rural environmental protection” (BUREP), government should consider mapping out proper policies and strategies. In this paper we put forward an innovative strategy of BUREP against the background of China’s urban-rural environmental protection. First, we review the current status of rural environmental protection status and its challenges compared with urban environmental protection in China. Secondly, we analyzed the main driving factors and reasons deeply, and then we put forward the BUREP strategy base on the unequal status between urban and rural environment. Finally, we proposed the framework of BUREP. This study may serve as a scientific reference regarding decision-making in coordinating urban and rural environmental protection and in constructing the new countryside of China.     

强化环境安全确保可持续发展

从环境安全的概念和研究意义、必要性和紧迫性、要求和内容、主要措施等方面对强化环境安全进行了探讨.认为提高全民环境保护意识,强化公共环境安全观念,走循环经济的新型工业化道路,构建保障环境安全的经济运行模式,强化环境与发展综合决策机制,建立环境安全监控管理体系,完善环境政策法律体系,加强环境保护法制化进程,引入市场竞争机制,建立多元化环境保护投入体系以及加强环境科学技术研究是强化环境安全、确保可持续发展的主要措施.     

Reducing environmental impacts through socioeconomic transitions: critical review and prospects

● Reducing environmental impacts through socioeconomic structural transitions. ● Simulation of looping the dynamic material cycle should be concerned. ● Transboundary effects of socioeconomic transitions need to be analyzed. ● Facilitating interregional cooperation and synergetic control mechanisms. Rapid socioeconomic development has caused numerous environmental impacts. Human production and consumption activities are the underlying drivers of resource uses, environmental emissions, and associated environmental impacts (e.g., ecosystem quality and human health). Reducing environmental impacts requires an understanding of the complex interactions between socioeconomic system and environmental system. Existing studies have explored the relationships among human society, economic system, and environmental system. However, it is unclear about the research progress in the effects of socioeconomic activities on environmental impacts and the potential directions of future research. This critical review finds that existing studies have identified critical regions, sectors, and transmission pathways for resource uses, environmental emissions, and environmental impacts from supply chain perspectives. Moreover, scholars have characterized the impacts of socioeconomic transitions on resource uses and environmental emissions. However, existing studies overlook the dynamic nature of the interconnections among human society, economic system, and environmental system. In addition, the effects of socioeconomic structural transitions on environmental impacts remain unknown. This review proposes four prospects and possible solutions that will contribute to a better understanding of the complex interactions among human society, economic system, and environmental system. They can help identify more effective solutions to reduce environmental impacts through socioeconomic transitions.     

环境成本核算研究的进展

环境成本核算作为环境管理的基础工作，在绿色国民经济核算体系构建，在涉及环境费用效益分析，在制定适当的环境标准、环境收费等政策时发挥着重要作用。在陈述环境成本的定义和分类以及国内外环境成本核算研究过程的基础上，指出可持续发展理论、总成本理论、外部性和边际机会成本理论以及基于SEEA核算体系的环境成本计量理论是环境成本核算的四大理论支柱，并对环境成本核算方法的研究进行了总结与分析。阐明了研究队伍综合化、宏观核算微观化、核算方法科学化是环境成本核算研究的发展趋势，时空范围的处理、环境服务产出的处理、内部环保外部化处理是环境成本核算研究的难点与热点问题。     

环境毒理学研究进展

综述了近年来环境毒理学的研究进展,内容包括:环境污染物对机体的影响及其环境行为、环境污染物及其转化物的毒性和评估方法、实验室模式生物、生物标志物以及环境毒理学在其他相关学科中的应用等.此外,还对环境化学品管理和安全性评价、Hormesis(兴奋效应)现象、遗传毒性致癌物的危险度评价、室内环境毒理学分析与研究等热点问题进...     

常州市住宅小区生态环境质量评价初探

建立了以大气环境质量、物理环境质量、建筑环境质量及生态环境质量4个评价指标和13个评价因子为主的住宅小区生态环境质量评价体系,通过对常州市6个典型住宅小区的监测评价,了解了目前常州市住宅小区生态环境质量状况,揭示了影响居民住宅小区生态环境质量的主要因素,并相应地提出了建议。     

中国环境基准理论与方法学研究进展及主要科学问题

环境基准是指环境介质中的环境要素对特定保护对象不产生不良或有害效应的最大限值,是环境标准制修订的科学依据。环境基准理论与方法学一直是国际环境科学和环境保护科学研究领域的前沿,也是国家环境管理的重大科技需求。本文在总结国际和我国环境基准研究成果的基础上,较为系统地阐述了环境基准的基本概况、理论方法学及重要进展。同时,结合学科特点和环境基准科技需求,综合分析了与环境基准理论方法学密切相关的系列关键科学问题。     

环保标识与区域性可持续发展评估

从“商品环境影响评估”的角度，探讨环境标识与可持续发展的因果关系。世界各地现已因应环境保法例及商品的市场需求，循“品质圈”的模式革新产品。虽然生命周期评价（ＬＣＡ）是环保标识的重要支柱，可惜迄今对估并需强化它在环境安全与健康资源运用、公众咨询、环境管理和审核（ＥＭ＆Ａ）、环境补偿和生态修复等重要领域的工作，确立它在区域性可持续发展中的战略作用。文章以香港为例案，探讨推动环境标识所面对的困难和解决方     

Good news for environmental self-regulation? Finding the right link

We investigate the stock market response to firm disclosure of positive environmental information and the link from that information to environmental outcomes. We classify environmental media releases by informational content and value relevance, and assess the abnormal stock returns of each type of event. While announcements of future environmental activities lead to the largest favorable stock market reactions, there is no guaranteed link from this type of information to environmental outcomes. Further analysis of the abnormal returns shows that the magnitude of the stock market reaction depends on firm financial characteristics across all event types rather than on firm environmental performance. Our results indicate that the ability for voluntary environmental information disclosure to induce environmental self-regulation is limited to the extent that firms are able to follow through with their announcements of planned environmental activities.