一种田头菇属真菌新记录种的生物学与产酶特性

田头菇是重要的经济食用菌类型,目前我国报道种仅有10个.为驯化栽培和开发利用新的田头菇属食用菌种质资源,以采集自北京延庆的我国新记录种菌核田头菇(Agrocybe tuberosa)GSM-12菌株为材料,研究了菌丝生长的最适碳源、氮源、C/N比、最适温度、最适pH值等生物学特性,以及菌丝体液体发酵产漆酶、蛋白酶、植酸酶和核糖核酸酶的特性.结果显示,菌丝生长的最适碳源为蔗糖,最适氮源为黄豆粉,最适C/N比为20/1-30/1,最适温度为24℃,最适pH为7.0.产酶特性研究显示,GSM-12菌株具有漆酶、植酸酶和核糖核酸酶活性,菌丝体中酶活较高,分别为(77.28±10.44)U/mg、(61.01±2.71)U/mg和(21.13±0.60)U/mg.本研究表明菌株GSM-12可以利用常规营养元素实现营养生长,同时菌丝体液体发酵具有良好的产酶特性.     

一种白腐真菌的分离、鉴定、培养及产漆酶条件

白腐真菌是一类降解木质素使木材形成白色腐朽的担子菌,往往具有高产胞外漆酶的活性.从北京农学院校园内分离到一株高温型、高产漆酶白腐真菌菌株,编号为BUA-01.结合形态学特征与ITS序列分析,确定其分类学地位;进一步研究其菌丝生长的最适碳源、氮源、碳氮比(C/N)、生长因子、最适温度和最适p H值;利用不同浓度Cu~(2+)(Cu SO4)的诱导,探讨液体发酵条件下对胞外漆酶产量的影响;通过向发酵液中加入3种偶氮染料(依文思蓝、甲基橙和铬黑T),研究菌株对染料的降解效果.结果表明,该菌株与毛栓菌(Trametes hirsuta)的同源性最高,为100%,遗传距离为0,确定BUA-01菌株为栓菌属(Trametes)真菌.菌丝体生长的最适碳源为淀粉,最适氮源为黄豆粉、酵母浸粉,最适C/N值为40/1和10/1,最适温度为37℃,最适p H为6.0-7.0,供试生长因子对菌丝生长无显著促进作用.0.25m mol/L的Cu~(2+)对胞外漆酶产量有极显著的促进作用,在96 h时,发酵液的活性达到最高,为1081.33±6.3 U/m L,是对照组的26倍.BUA-01菌株对偶氮染料降解效果显著,12 h对依文思蓝、甲基橙和铬黑T的脱色率分别为93.31%±0.16%、92.37%±0.42%和79.25%±0.64%.本研究表明菌株BUA-01在产胞外漆酶和染料降解方面具有潜在应用价值.     

一种野生多孔菌的分离、鉴定、培养条件及抗氧化活性

多孔菌是一类子实体呈孔状且质地为革质至木质的大型担子菌,其中一部分具有较高的药用价值.对一株野生多孔菌子实体进行分离纯化获得纯培养BJ菌株,并对其分类、最适培养条件和液体发酵产物抗氧化活性进行分析.采用形态学和ITS分类学鉴定菌株的分类学地位;通过测定菌株在不同碳源、氮源等培养基中的生长状况,研究菌丝最适培养条件;使用2,2-联氮-二(3-乙基-苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)二铵盐(ABTS)法测定菌株发酵液总抗氧化活性;使用总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)法、1,1-二苯基-2-苦基肼基自由基(DPPH)法测定菌株发酵液菌体的总超氧化物歧化酶活力和自由基清除能力.结果显示:经鉴定BJ菌株为石榴嗜蓝孢孔菌(Fomitiporia punicata).菌丝体最适培养碳源为葡萄糖、麦芽糖和淀粉,最适氮源为酵母浸粉,最适C/N比为10/1,最适温度为28℃,最适pH为7.0.发酵液总抗氧化活性为0.517 mmol/L(维生素E),菌体的总超氧化物歧化酶活力为770.37 U/g,DPPH自由基清除力的IC_(50)为2.14 mg/mL.本研究从野外获取了一株高抗氧化活性的药用多孔菌资源,可为野生药用真菌的开发利用提供理论依据.     

野生槐耳的分离、鉴定、培养条件及产漆酶能力

以采集自北京香山公园加拿大杨(Populus canadensis)的槐耳子实体为材料,利用组织分离获得纯培养并保存,编号为XS-01.结合形态与ITS鉴定确定其分类地位,进一步开展菌丝最适生长条件和液体发酵产漆酶研究.通过PCR扩增,获得长度为598 bp的部分ITS序列(KY933481),采用MEGA 6.0构建发育树、测定遗传距离,XS-01与槐生多年卧孔菌(Perenniporia robiniophila)相似性最高,为100%,遗传距离为0.000.进一步结合子实体和菌丝形态,确定XS-01为槐生多年卧孔菌.结合生长速度和长势,确定了该菌株的最适生长碳源为淀粉和麦芽糖,最适生长氮源为酵母浸粉,最适生长C/N比为30/1-60/1,最适生长温度为32℃,最适生长pH 7,最适生长因子为VB1.Cu~(2+)诱导的胞外漆酶发酵研究表明,1.0 mmol/L Cu~(2+)对漆酶产量有显著的促进作用,产量在96 h达到最大值,为417.5 U/mL,比对照组提高93.4%,而2.0 mmol/L Cu~(2+)对漆酶产量有显著抑制作用,96 h酶活为79.0 U/mL,是对照组的36.6%.本研究获得具有高产胞外漆酶能力的槐耳菌株,具有潜在的应用开发价值.     

一株野生桑黄的分离鉴定与生物学特性

桑黄是我国传统名贵的药用真菌,在分类学上是锈革孔菌科(Hymenochaetaceae)几种药用真菌的总称.从北京延庆区四海镇黑汉岭采集到一株桑黄子实体,经分离纯化获得纯培养(编号SS).进一步开展其分类鉴定、最适培养条件和液体发酵产物活性研究.根据ITS鉴定,确定SS菌株属于锈革孔菌科针层孔菌属(Phellinus),与苹果木层孔菌(Phellinus tuberculosus)的相似性为95%;结合子实体、菌丝特征和寄主植物类型,确定SS菌株为苹果木层孔菌.SS菌株菌丝体最适培养条件研究表明,其最适碳源为葡萄糖,最适氮源为黄豆粉,最适C/N比为20/1,最适生长因子为维生素C,最适温度为28℃,最适pH为7.0.以马铃薯葡萄糖液体(PD)培养基、10%接种量、28℃、150 r/min培养7 d,发酵液中多糖含量为176.71 mg/L,黄酮含量为0.11 mg/L,抗氧化活性为7.82 mol/L(FeSO_4),未检测到多酚的存在.本研究从野外获取新的桑黄药用资源,其生物学特性结果可为野生药用真菌的人工驯化和开发利用提供理论依据.     

一株嗜酸性产纤维素酶真菌的特性及产酶条件优化

从四川海螺沟原始森林腐土中分离到一株嗜酸性产纤维素酶的真菌X-13,其主要特点是产纤维素酶的最适pH及其纤维素酶最适反应pH均为2.0.在PDA培养基上培养时菌落呈浅黄色至肉桂色,反面呈黄色至棕褐色,产黄色色素;菌丝体透明有隔膜,分生孢子呈球形或近球形.根据菌株的形态特征以及ITS序列同源性和系统发育分析结果,鉴定该菌株为土曲霉(Aspergillus terreus Thom).该菌最佳产酶培养时间为8～10 d;最适产酶温度为30℃,纤维素酶最适反应温度为50℃;最佳碳源、氮源分别为纤维素粉和硫酸铵.通过响应面法对菌株产纤维素酶条件进行优化,使菌株X-13纤维素酶活从1.39 IU/mL提高到2.94 IU/mL,提高了111.5%.     

二年残孔菌的培养条件优化及其液体发酵产物的抗氧化及漆酶活性

二年残孔菌(Abortiporus biennis)是一种具有抗氧化、抗肿瘤功效的药用白腐真菌,可降解木质素、造成木材白色腐朽.以分离自江苏无锡的二年残孔菌WX-02菌株为材料,开展菌丝最适培养条件、液体发酵产物抗氧化活性及Cu2+诱导产漆酶活性研究.基于单因子试验的最适生长条件结果表明,葡萄糖是WX-02菌株菌丝体生长的最适碳源,牛肉膏和黄豆粉为最适氮源,C/N比为40/1时长势最佳,玉米粉和VC为最适生长因子,而菌丝生长最适pH和温度分别为7.0和32℃10%(V/V)接种量、28℃、150 r/min培养72 h条件下,PD培养基发酵液的总抗氧化活性为2.76±0.31mmol/L(FeSO4)和0.40±0.01 mmol/L(Trolox),DPPH自由基清除率为100.00%±0.00%,总SOD活力为15.75±0.25 U/mL;最适培养条件液体培养基发酵液的总抗氧化活性为0.20±0.03mmol/L(FeSO4)和0.16±0.01 mmol/L(Trolox),DPPH自由基清除率为59.06%±0.61%,总SOD活力为15.65±0.62 U/mL. 0.25 mmol/L Cu2+对胞外漆酶诱导效果最佳,PD培养基、0.25 mmol/L Cu2+、28℃、150 r/min培养96 h,胞外漆酶活性最高,为(1.82±0.02)×105 U/mL,是对照组的1.72倍.本研究表明WX-02菌株具有良好的抗氧化和产漆酶活性,具有药用和环境治理开发应用潜能.(图4表4参34)     

一株假芝的分离鉴定与生物学特性

灵芝是我国著名传统药用真菌,假芝属(Amauroderma)真菌作为灵芝科重要属,我国已报道种共有22个.本研究从广州白云山采集到一株野生假芝子实体,经组织分离获得菌丝体纯培养,编号GZ-01菌株.利用形态鉴定和ITS鉴定手段,确定其分类学地位为假芝属,系统命名为A.subrugosum,为中国首次记录种,菌种保藏号ACCC52954.生物学特性研究表明,菌丝生长的最适碳源为甘露醇,最适氮源为酵母浸膏或大豆蛋白胨,最适C/N比为20/1,最适生长因子为维生素B6,最适生长温度为28℃,最适p H值范围为6.0-7.5.本研究获得新的药用真菌资源,其培养条件研究可为进一步开发利用奠定实验基础.     

野生白桦茸的分离鉴定及其生物学特性

以采集自俄罗斯的野生白桦茸菌核为原料,经组织分离获得纯培养菌株(编号F1501),进一步进行分类鉴定、最适生长条件、液体发酵产多糖及其抗氧化活性与人工驯化研究.依据内转录间隔区ITS鉴定,确定F1501菌株属于锈革菌科纤孔菌属(Inonotus)真菌,其与桦褐孔菌(Inonotus obliquus)的相似性为99%;结合菌核、菌丝形态学特征,确定F1501菌株为桦褐孔菌.最适培养条件研究实验表明,F1501菌株的最适碳源、氮源、C/N、生长因子、温度、pH值分别为麦芽糖、牛肉浸膏、10/1、VB2、28℃、8.0;以马铃薯葡萄糖(PD)培养基、10%接种量、28℃、150 r/min培养10 d,发酵液中多糖含量为476.32 mg/L,总抗氧化活性为0.19 mmol/L(Trolox),对羟自由基(·OH)清除率为72.7%.以棉籽壳为主要栽培基质进行人工驯化试验,可以形成类子实体结构.本研究获得野生桦褐孔菌菌株,其生物学特性研究结果可为野生桦褐孔菌的人工驯化和开发利用提供理论依据.     

重组大肠杆菌产CotA漆酶的发酵条件优化

CotA漆酶在环境保护、食品工业和纸浆漂白等工业中具有重要的应用价值.将重组表达载体pET-22b/CotA转入大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),得到工程菌株,采用单因素实验和正交实验相结合的方法,研究诱导表达条件和发酵培养基对重组大肠杆菌产CotA漆酶量的影响.结果表明,初始pH 7.5的培养基中,添加0.6 mmol L-1 Cu2+,1 g L-1葡萄糖作碳源、15 g L-1蛋白胨和2 g L-1硫酸铵作氮源,以10%的接种量,37℃、200 r/min,直到菌液的D600 nm值为1.0,加入终浓度为1.0 mmol L-1的IPTG,25℃诱导12 h,漆酶的产量最高.优化前发酵液的粗提液的漆酶活性仅为1 190 U mL-1,优化后达到3 526 U mL-1,正交实验优化后漆酶活性提高了2.96倍.纯化的CotA漆酶最适反应温度为45℃,最适pH值为7.2.CotA漆酶对RBBR的脱色率在90%以上,此CotA漆酶在短时间内对染料能够有效地脱色,能够成为有潜力的工业用酶.图6表3参17     

Applications of chitosan in food,pharmaceuticals, medicine,cosmetics, agriculture,textiles, pulp and paper,biotechnology, and environmental chemistry

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Chitosan is a biopolymer obtained from chitin, one of the most abundant and renewable materials on Earth. Chitin is a primary component of cell walls in fungi, the...     

Seaweed for climate mitigation,wastewater treatment,bioenergy, bioplastic,biochar, food,pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics: a review

The development and recycling of biomass production can partly solve issues of energy, climate change, population growth, food and feed shortages, and environmental pollution. For instance, the use of seaweeds as feedstocks can reduce our reliance on fossil fuel resources, ensure the synthesis of cost-effective and eco-friendly products and biofuels, and develop sustainable biorefinery processes. Nonetheless, seaweeds use in several biorefineries is still in the infancy stage compared to terrestrial plants-based lignocellulosic biomass. Therefore, here we review seaweed biorefineries with focus on seaweed production, economical benefits, and seaweed use as feedstock for anaerobic digestion, biochar, bioplastics, crop health, food, livestock feed, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Globally, seaweeds could sequester between 61 and 268 megatonnes of carbon per year, with an average of 173 megatonnes. Nearly 90% of carbon is sequestered by exporting biomass to deep water, while the remaining 10% is buried in coastal sediments. 500 gigatonnes of seaweeds could replace nearly 40% of the current soy protein production. Seaweeds contain valuable bioactive molecules that could be applied as antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiviral, antifungal, anticancer, contraceptive, anti-inflammatory, anti-coagulants, and in other cosmetics and skincare products.

     

Lead,cadmium, copper,zinc, iron,and calcium in human hair as a function of gender,age, smoking,and hair dyeing

Hair samples were collected randomly from 110 subjects (55 male and 55 female) ranging in age from (<15–60) years. Each subject was asked to complete a personal questionnaire describing his/her sex, age, general health, smoking, use of hair dyes, occupational area, and living habits. Concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Fe, and Ca in human hair samples were evaluated using atomic absorption spectrometry. Results indicated that concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn in the hair of smokers were higher than those in the hair of non-smokers, whereas, Fe and Ca concentrations in hair of smokers were lower than those in hair of non-smokers. Moreover, the concentrations of these elements are higher in dyed hair compared with undyed hair.     

Metal passivity as mechanism of metal carcinogenesis: Chromium,nickel, iron,copper, cobalt,platinum, molybdenum

For the transition metals chromium, nickel, iron, copper, cobalt, platinum, and molybdenum, mechanisms of stable bonding in biochemistry (emphasis on carcinogenic mechanisms), chemistry, industrial chemistry, as well as epidemiological, occupational, orthopedic (implant devices) effects related to carcinogenesis, were reviewed. Hypothetically, the propensity to stable bonding (inertness), which ensures the metals’ performance capacity for consumers and industrial application, relates to their carcinogenicity. For chromium, a relationship between industrial/chemical and biological reactivity was noted for the tendency of Cr(III) ions to cause hydrolysis previous to stable bonding, as occurs during anodic passivation, leather tanning, and as indicated in biochemical studies pertaining to a mechanism of DNA condensation, which was suggested as a carcinogenic mechanism. The involvement of metal hydrolysis in both anodic passivation and biochemistry was noted also for nickel, iron, and platinum; the DNA interaction of platinum (cis-platin) is known to depend on hydrolysis. For nickel, issues of potential (V) were found important in both passivation and carcinogenicity. Comparably, the passivity behavior of cobalt and copper was found atypical, and their carcinogenicity yet unclear. Molybdenum, contained in passivated metallic implants, may relate to implant-associated carcinogenesis. Occupational carcinogenic effects were indicated for chromium, nickel, iron, and cobalt as caused by both reactive and passivated metal species. Exposure to acids and chronic respiratory irritation/infection/inflammation in workers were important cofactors in metal carcinogenesis. For wood and leather workers exposed to dust, the assumed presence in dust of metal particles abraded from alloys (sawing or cutting blades) may be a carcinogenic exposure hazard.     

Concentrations of V,Cr, Mn,Fe, Ni,Co, Cu,Zn, As and Cd in mesopelagic crustaceans from the North East Atlantic Ocean

Specimens of oceanic decapods, mysids and euphausiids, collected from the North East Atlantic Ocean during July 1985, were analysed for V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, As and Cd. Measurement of the metals was carried out using two techniques: inductively-coupled plasma-source mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and atomic absorption (AAS). With the exception of the iron data, good agreement was observed between the data from the two techniques. Baseline-metal data are presented for the species measured, along with any effects of animal size on metal concentration. The data presented for oceanic animals from different trophic levels are important in studies of metal fluxes and for the assessment of markers within the food web in the oceans.