可溶性有机物对土壤汞向大气释放的影响

通过模拟试验,研究了浸提自稻草、腐殖土和堆肥的可溶性有机物(DOM)对紫色潮土、紫色土和黄壤三种土壤中汞向大气释放的影响.结果表明,DOM尤其是堆肥DOM能有效地抑制土壤汞向大气的释放,且土壤中DOM添加量越高,土壤汞释放量越少,即DOM对土壤汞释放的抑制作用越强;不同土壤类型,DOM的抑制作用不同,三种土壤汞释放量大小顺序均为:紫色潮土紫色土黄壤.     

广州市蔬菜地土壤重金属污染状况调查及评价

探讨了广州市蔬菜地土壤重金属污染状况,测定了95份土壤样品中铅、镉、铬、砷、汞的含量水平。土壤中铅、镉、铬、砷、汞的含量分别在6.44～153.10mg/kg、0-0.682mg/kg、5.82～101.60mg/kg、0.04～45.36mg/kg、0.01～O.32mg/kg之间。就污染的普遍性而言,铅污染最为普遍,其次是砷污染;就污染的程度而言,镉污染最严重.其次为砷、汞。对比今昔污染变化.广州市土壤污染治理已取得显著成效,但仍需努力。土壤中镉、砷、汞三种元素的变异系数,特别是镉的变异系数较大,这可能预示着点源性污染的存在。     

废铁屑修复汞污染土壤的实验研究

应用工厂废弃物—铁屑做原料,探讨不同铁屑投加量对修复不同土壤类型、不同程度汞污染土壤的能力,并与修复水体汞污染作了对比;另外,首次将淋滤法与国际上新兴的土壤、地下水修复技术-PRB技术结合,研究其修复土壤汞污染的效果。结果表明,废铁屑可很快去除水体中的汞,去除率可达93%;在铁屑存在下,能一定程度预防和修复土壤汞污染,在相同水体汞污染程度条件下,时间是影响土壤汞污染程度的主要因素;在CaCl2淋洗液作用下的模拟PRB实验中,土壤有效汞含量降低,同时淋洗液中汞质量浓度低于1μg·L-1。因此,用废铁屑能有效预防和修复土壤汞污染,且将淋滤法与PRB技术联用,与将铁屑直接撒入土壤中相比效果好得多,且不会引起后续的水体二次污染,是一种很有应用潜力、值得深入研究的土壤修复方法。     

施肥及种植作物对汞污染土壤中微生物生态的修复

以中性紫色土为材料，通过向土壤添加氯化汞的模拟培养试验、施肥试验以及作物栽培试验，研究了汞对土壤中微生物区系和重要微生物生理群繁育的毒害效应。结果表明，向土壤中添加HgCl2，总体上抑制了细菌、真菌、放线菌及氨化细菌的繁育，硝化细菌、自生固氮菌、纤维素降解菌在一定质量分数范围内被汞刺激增长，在另一定质量分数段则被汞抑制。施肥和栽种作物削弱了汞对微生物的毒害，使土壤微生物生态得到一定程度的修复，说明利用农业措施修复汞污染的土壤是可行的。栽种作物时，汞对微生物的抑制效应受到掩蔽，作物产量和植株体内汞含量是汞污染程度的良好指标。以微生物和植物对汞污染的反应，基本一致的HgCl2危害质量分数指标是5mg．kg^-1。     

贵州万山汞矿地区耐汞野生植物研究

在贵州万山地区废弃汞矿堆和矿山附近,受长期高剂量汞暴露的影响经过的自然选择,该地区出现了一些能耐受汞毒性的生态型植物。对汞耐受及汞富集植物的筛选对于汞污染土壤的植物修复具有一定的现实意义。通过对万山梅子溪地区汞污染土壤及汞耐受植物采样调查发现,该区域采样土壤中汞的含量均在50 mg·kg-1以上,达到重度汞污染水平。对该地区野生植物的采样分析发现,蔷薇科植物悬钩子不仅数量较多,单株植物生物量较大,表现出很强的耐汞毒性的能力,而且植株内可以很大程度地富集汞,在其植株中汞的含量可达20 mg·kg-1左右,属于汞富集植物,另外发现野蒿对汞也具有较强的富集能力,其植株中汞的含量可达10 mg·kg-1以上。该类型植物的发现将为植物的汞耐受以及汞富集机理研究提供新的素材,为汞污染土壤的植物修复技术提供新的植物类型,也为进一步开发汞污染土壤处理技术提供了一种可能。     

桂林市菜地土壤-蔬菜汞污染研究和评价

对桂林市近郊8个不同片区蔬菜产地的118个土壤样品和71个蔬菜样品中汞的含量水平进行了调查和分析。运用单因子污染指数法评价了菜地土壤一蔬菜中汞的污染现状。研究表明，桂林市及近郊菜地土壤和蔬菜已受到不同程度的汞污染，全市各片区菜地土壤汞含量平均值为0．098-0．523mg／kg，以国家土壤环境质量标准二级标准评价，土壤平均污染指数在0．33-1．74范围内，属非污染或轻污染状态，除穿山南片和纸马铺外，其余采样点均有样本超过国家二级标准，其中七星公园东北片的土壤汞超标率较高，达71．4％，污染情况比较均一；虞山桥东南岸土壤汞超标率较低，为33．3％，但土壤汞含量变异较大，说明污染情况变化大。全市各片区老菜的汞含量平均值为0．0625-0．128mg／kg，为国家标准GB2762—1994规定蔬菜汞含量(0．01mg／kg)的6．25—12．8倍，超标率已达100％。实验还发现，蔬菜中的汞含量与土壤中的汞含量具有显著的相关性，且蔬菜汞的大部分分布于地上部可食部分。分析了菜地土壤汞污染的主要原因，可能与使用含汞农药和生活垃圾肥有关。     

韩江三角洲典型地区表层土壤汞的分布特征

以韩江三角洲典型地区揭阳市为研究区域,共采集表层土壤样本1330个,深层土壤样本331个,分析土壤汞含量,利用富集因子法研究揭阳市土壤汞的污染特征;利用半变异函数模型和局部Moran I法分析土壤汞的结构特征;利用GS~+软件中的半变异函数模型和ArcGIS软件支持下的克里金插值法,得出研究区土壤汞含量分布图;探究不同成土母质和不同土地利用类型土壤汞含量的分布特征以及土壤理化性质对汞含量的影响.结果表明,揭阳市表层土壤汞的平均含量为0.079 mg·kg~(-1),变幅为0.008—1.053 mg·kg~(-1),高于研究区土壤背景值.研究区土壤汞污染不太严重,只有少部分地区处于中度污染或显著污染,无强烈污染和极强污染.研究区土壤汞含量存在强的空间相关性,说明汞具有强的迁移性.研究区土壤汞含量空间分布格局总体上呈现东北部最高并向四周逐渐降低的趋势.不同成土母质发育的土壤汞含量存在显著差异,成土母质为第四纪沉积物的土壤汞含量显著高于页岩、花岗岩、凝灰岩和粉砂岩发育的土壤.不同土地利用类型的土壤汞含量也存在显著差异,建设用地土壤汞含量显著高于未利用土地和农田用地.有机碳(SOC)和pH值均与土壤汞含量呈极显著正相关,且pH与汞的相关性(r=0.288,P0.01)略强于SOC与汞的相关性(r=0.257,P0.01).     

西藏土壤汞的分布特征及污染评价

为了解西藏地区土壤汞的污染水平与现状,采集西藏四区-市（拉萨、林芝、那曲、阿里、日喀则）耕地、冲积土、草地、荒地4 种类型的土壤,其中表层土壤54 个,剖面样品18 个.利用直接加热-金管富集-原子吸收法对土壤中汞含量进行分析,结果表明,西藏地区土壤中汞含量平均含量为0.026 mg·kg^-1,低于我国土壤中汞的背景值,与先前西藏土壤中汞的含量相近.部分样品中汞的含量较高,其中最大值为0.563 mg·kg^-1,可能与人为源点状污染有关.西藏土壤汞的分布具有显著的地势分布特征,土壤中汞含量从东南到西北逐渐降低.这与西藏的地势条件和人为活动有关.由于土壤中有机质与人为影响的差异,不同类型土壤中耕地土壤汞含量最高（0.051 mg·kg^-1）,冲积土最低（0.015 mg·kg^-1）,偏远地区荒地汞含量最稳定.西藏东南和西北地区土壤汞的垂直分布特征有明显的差异,西北低汞含量地区垂直分布特征主要表现为表层〉中层〉底层,而东南地区分布规律并不明显,人为翻动频繁和较复杂汞来源与迁移是造成都东南部耕地土壤和河滩土汞含量垂直分布的主要原因.以西藏土壤背景含量水平为单因子污染评价标准,结果显示西藏27.4%的土壤处于中度或重度污染,31.5%处于无污染状态,人为活动对西藏地区土壤中汞含量的升高有较大的贡献.     

广西阳朔铅锌矿周边土壤和白菜汞含量及污染评价

阳朔铅锌矿是广西境内一个较大型的铅锌老矿山。对阳朔铅锌周边耕作区、居民区土壤和白菜(Brassica rapa L.Chinensis Group)汞含量分布及污染进行调查和研究,可以为汞污染防治与修复提供科学依据。在铅锌矿下游耕作区、对照耕作区分别采集土壤样各66、38个,白菜样各35、20个;居民区采集土壤样17个。全部土壤和白菜样品采用MDS-2003F型压力自控密闭微波溶样系统进行消解,并用原子荧光测汞仪进行分析测定。结果表明,阳朔铅锌矿下游耕作区土壤汞质量分数为(0.567 4±0.268 3)mg·kg-1,对照耕作区土壤汞质量分数为(0.147 1±0.039 5)mg·kg-1,居民区土壤汞质量分数为(0.188 0±0.097 2)mg·kg-1,分别为中国一些地区土壤汞的自然含量(0.071 mg·kg-1)的7.99、2.07、2.65倍。在铅锌矿下游耕作区土壤汞含量随着远离矿区方向依次降低。阳朔铅锌矿下游耕作区白菜根汞平均质量分数为27 600 ng·kg-1,茎汞平均质量分数为7 100 ng·kg-1,叶汞平均质量分数为19 300 ng·kg-1;对照耕作区白菜根汞平均质量分数为12 500 ng·kg-1,茎汞平均质量分数为4 800 ng·kg-1,叶汞平均质量分数为10 000 ng·kg-1,白菜汞含量分布特征与土壤汞含量分布相似。白菜植株各部位汞含量与土壤有效态(水溶态、交换态)汞含量显著相关,且根汞与之相关性最为显著,白菜植株不同部位汞含量表现为:根叶茎,上述特点表明土壤汞是白菜汞的主要来源。所采土样中有61.2%的土壤样汞含量超过了中国《土壤环境质量标准(GB 15618─2008)》二级标准的最低限值(0.2 mg·kg-1)。铅锌矿下游耕作区土壤汞污染最为严重,中等-严重污染以上占53.0%,中等污染占36.4%;居民区次之,中等污染占35.3%;对照耕作区污染最轻,均在中等污染以下。阳朔铅锌矿耕作区白菜植株各部位汞平均含量均未超过国家相关标准,这表明尽管耕作区土壤总汞严重超标,但由于土壤中有效态汞并不高,土壤汞污染并未对白菜汞含量造成显著影响。     

石河子市区土壤微量汞空间分布及风险评价

采集石河子市区土壤样品71个,测定其微量汞含量,系统分析了汞含量的空间分布,并对市区土壤汞污染水平和风险进行评价.结果表明,石河子市区微量汞含量变化范围为0.001—0.902 mg·kg-1,所采的土壤样汞含量均低于国家二级标准,但其平均值要比新疆土壤背景汞含量(0.017 mg·kg-1)高;土壤汞含量的总体特征分布以东北部的氯碱生产和燃煤电厂为中心呈现逐级递减趋势,市区东北方向汞含量最高,而以东南地区的汞含量最低.基于国家土壤二级标准的单因子污染指数法(平均值0.175)、地积累指数法(平均值1.539)和潜在风险指数法相结合能更直观地反映石河子市区的污染水平和潜在风险程度;土壤风险健康评价发现土壤汞经摄食途径进入人体的健康风险均低于正常水平.     

中国城市汞污染及防治对策

简要综述了当前中国城市的汞污染状况。中国许多工业城市大气中的汞含量是纽约市大气中汞含量的数倍，甚至上百倍，在采暖期城市大气的汞污染更加严重；城市土壤中的汞含量是土壤环境背景值的数倍；河流的城市河段河水中汞质量浓度普遍很高，水质多在Ⅲ-V类；城市中的植物均有不同程度地受到汞污染，其汞含量高于国外城市的植物的汞含量；城市居民膳食中鱼的汞含量很高，对城市居民的健康产生了危害；城市居民头发中的汞质量分数大多低于1rng~kg。分析了我国城市中汞的来源并提出了防治城市汞污染的对策。     

Environmental geochemistry studies in the area of Idrija mercury mine, Slovenia

Five centuries of mining and processing of mercury ore in the Idrija area have resulted in widespread contamination of different environmental compartments. Environmental impacts on a regional and local scale, caused by atmospheric emissions from the Idrija ore roasting plant, were established in the investigations of mercury spatial distribution in soil and attic dust in 160 km(2) area. Very high values were determined in the Idrijca River valley, and they decrease exponentially with the distance from Idrija. Mercury concentrations in attic dust are higher than in surrounding soils and the attic dust/soil ratio changes with distance. Measurements of mercury in the air confirmed widespread dispersion of mercury and showed highly elevated mercury concentrations around roasting plant and mine ventilation shaft. Beside, systematic monitoring of mercury contents in the stream sediments has demonstrated that huge amounts of mercury are stored in areas where ancient overbank sediments were deposited, and there was no decrease in mercury concentration in active sediments during the last 15 years. Recently, interesting and extremely polluted locations of historical small-scale roasting sites in the Idrija surroundings were discovered. Ongoing geochemical study aims to determine the extreme pollution and significance of these sites for wider contamination of soils and aquatic systems. Presented studies have shown that Hg mining in Idrija caused intense pollution of local and regional environment including the aquatic systems in the Gulf of Trieste, which is seen as the final sink of a major part of the Hg stored in soils and river sediments in the Idrija area.     

Environmental geochemistry studies in the area of Idrija mercury mine,Slovenia

Five centuries of mining and processing of mercury ore in the Idrija area have resulted in widespread contamination of different environmental compartments. Environmental impacts on a regional and local scale, caused by atmospheric emissions from the Idrija ore roasting plant, were established in the investigations of mercury spatial distribution in soil and attic dust in 160 km² area. Very high values were determined in the Idrijca River valley, and they decrease exponentially with the distance from Idrija. Mercury concentrations in attic dust are higher than in surrounding soils and the attic dust/soil ratio changes with distance. Measurements of mercury in the air confirmed widespread dispersion of mercury and showed highly elevated mercury concentrations around roasting plant and mine ventilation shaft. Beside, systematic monitoring of mercury contents in the stream sediments has demonstrated that huge amounts of mercury are stored in areas where ancient overbank sediments were deposited, and there was no decrease in mercury concentration in active sediments during the last 15 years. Recently, interesting and extremely polluted locations of historical small-scale roasting sites in the Idrija surroundings were discovered. Ongoing geochemical study aims to determine the extreme pollution and significance of these sites for wider contamination of soils and aquatic systems. Presented studies have shown that Hg mining in Idrija caused intense pollution of local and regional environment including the aquatic systems in the Gulf of Trieste, which is seen as the final sink of a major part of the Hg stored in soils and river sediments in the Idrija area.

     

Environmental geochemistry studies in the area of Idrija mercury mine,Slovenia

Five centuries of mining and processing of mercury ore in the Idrija area have resulted in widespread contamination of different environmental compartments. Environmental impacts on a regional and local scale, caused by atmospheric emissions from the Idrija ore roasting plant, were established in the investigations of mercury spatial distribution in soil and attic dust in 160 km² area. Very high values were determined in the Idrijca River valley, and they decrease exponentially with the distance from Idrija. Mercury concentrations in attic dust are higher than in surrounding soils and the attic dust/soil ratio changes with distance. Measurements of mercury in the air confirmed widespread dispersion of mercury and showed highly elevated mercury concentrations around roasting plant and mine ventilation shaft. Beside, systematic monitoring of mercury contents in the stream sediments has demonstrated that huge amounts of mercury are stored in areas where ancient overbank sediments were deposited, and there was no decrease in mercury concentration in active sediments during the last 15 years. Recently, interesting and extremely polluted locations of historical small-scale roasting sites in the Idrija surroundings were discovered. Ongoing geochemical study aims to determine the extreme pollution and significance of these sites for wider contamination of soils and aquatic systems. Presented studies have shown that Hg mining in Idrija caused intense pollution of local and regional environment including the aquatic systems in the Gulf of Trieste, which is seen as the final sink of a major part of the Hg stored in soils and river sediments in the Idrija area.     

Environmental contamination and risk assessment of mercury from a historic mercury mine located in southwestern China

A field survey of mercury pollution in environmental media and human hair samples obtained from residents living in the area surrounding the Chatian mercury mine (CMM) of southwestern China was conducted to evaluate the health risks of mercury to local residents. The results showed that mine waste, and tailings in particular, contained high levels of mercury and that the maximum mercury concentration was 88.50 μg g^?1. Elevated mercury levels were also found in local surface water, paddy soil, and paddy grain, which may cause severe health problems. The mercury concentration of hair samples from the inhabitants of the CMM exceeded 1.0 μg g^?1, which is the limit recommended by the US EPA. Mercury concentrations in paddy soil were positively correlated with mercury concentrations in paddy roots, stalks, and paddy grains, which suggested that paddy soil was the major source of mercury in paddy plant tissue. The average daily dose (ADD) of mercury for local adults and preschool children via oral exposure reached 0.241 and 0.624 μg kg^?1 body weight per day, respectively, which is approaching or exceeds the provisional tolerable daily intake. Among the three oral exposure routes, the greatest contributor to the ADD of mercury was the ingestion of rice grain. Open-stacked mine tailings have resulted in heavy mercury contamination in the surrounding soil, and the depth of appreciable soil mercury concentrations exceeded 100 cm.     

土壤污染物来源及前沿问题

人类活动对土壤系统的影响日趋严重。土壤污染物主要来自污染的大气沉降，废水和污水灌溉，工业废渣和城市垃圾，以及农药施用等。土壤污染对环境和人体健康造成极大的危害。文章通过计算得出了大气汞沉降和酸沉降在中国的累积沉降量，并通过调查分析中国各项污染物来源的最新资料，详细论述了各主要污染因素对土壤系统的影响。文章阐述了污染物在土壤系统中主要的物理化学行为，主要包括污染物在土壤生态系统中的吸附、迁移和扩散、酸沉降对土壤系统的影响等三个方面。最后回顾了该领域的研究现状和主要的前沿问题，并对进一步的深入研究提出了建议。     

Mercury Pollution in the Surface Environment of a Volcanic Area

The mercury content has been determined in samples of fumarolic gases, phreatic waters, soil and vegetation collected at Vulcano, Aeolian Islands, Italy. Volcanic activity is demonstrated as a source of natural mercury pollution whose extent has been evaluated here by studying the contribution of different components of the surface environment. The possible influences for living organisms are examined.     

广州市蔬菜地土壤-蔬菜中重金属Hg的含量及变化趋势

测定了95份土壤样品、94份水样以及292份蔬菜样品中汞的含量,探讨了广州市蔬菜地土壤-蔬菜中重金属Hg污染状况.发现蔬菜中的Hg含量与土壤中的Hg含量较为密切.广州市土壤、蔬菜中Hg的含量水平均比过去大幅度降低.蔬菜中Hg含量与其它城市比较,污染情况较轻,处于其它城市的中低水平.     

Organochlorines and PCBs in Tilapia zillii from Lake El-Manzala,Egypt

Abstract

The mercury content has been determined in samples of fumarolic gases, phreatic waters, soil and vegetation collected at Vulcano, Aeolian Islands, Italy. Volcanic activity is demonstrated as a source of natural mercury pollution whose extent has been evaluated here by studying the contribution of different components of the surface environment. The possible influences for living organisms are examined.