福建省经济发展与工业污染水平计量模型研究

经济增长和环境污染之间的关系常用环境库兹涅茨曲线（EKC）来描述,典型的EKc一般呈倒u形。对福建省1988—2008年的经济与环境系列数据研究表明,福建省工业“三废”排放与人均GDP之间存在明显的相关性,但并不完全符合EKC的典型倒“U”模型。工业废水和工业s02排放曲线为“U＋倒U”形,EKC的转折点已分别在2006年和2008年到达;工业废气排放曲线为正“U”形的右半部分,EKc的转折点尚未出现。因此,福建省要进一步调整产业结构,提升第三产业在整个国民经济中的比重,优化第二产业结构,减少工业废气排放量,争取尽早跨越EKC拐点。     

江苏省环境库兹涅茨特征分析

选取江苏省 1 988— 2 0 0 2年经济与环境数据 ,建立了单位GDP污染排放量模型和人均GDP污染排放量模型 ,分析各类典型环境指标与GDP增长的关系。研究发现 ,江苏省的单位GDP污染排放量总体呈现下降趋势 ,表明技术进步和产业结构的调整已产生了明显的环境效益 ;同时发现经济发展与环境污染水平的关系总体上符合库兹涅茨曲线 (EKC)特征。由此得出结论 :江苏省目前仍处于工业发展期 ,环境污染物排放量EKC的转折点尚未达到 ,因此 ,江苏环境污染控制的投入有必要保持较高的水平。     

江苏省环境库兹涅茨特征分析

选取江苏省1988--2002年经济与环境数据，建立了单位GDP污染排放量模型和人均GDP污染排放量模型，分析各类典型环境指标与GDP增长的关系。研究发现，江苏省的单位GDP污染排放量总体呈现下降趋势，表明技术进步和产业结构的调整已产生了明显的环境效益；同时发现经济发展与环境污染水平的关系总体上符合库兹涅茨曲线(EKC)特征。由此得出结论：江苏省目前仍处于工业发展期，环境污染物排放量EKC的转折点尚未达到，因此，江苏环境污染控制的投入有必要保持较高的水平。     

青岛可持续发展战略下的环境经济评价

根据数据的全面性、准确性和可得性构建了青岛市可持续发展战略下的环境经济评价指标体系。运用经济发展(Ec)、环境污染(Ep)、环境质量(Eq)、生活水平(En)、人口发展(P)、社会发展(S)和资源消耗(Ru)等7项综合指数，对青岛市环境污染与资源利用现状进行分析，并对其与经济、社会和人口发展的关联性进行了评价，结果表明：青岛市社会、经济发展水平和人民生活水平不断提高，与其环境质量的逐年改善具有明显的对应关系，环境质量对经济发展的瓶颈制约作用越来越小；但社会、经济的发展造成资源消耗加快，经济发展对资源的依赖性逐年增强，说明青岛市的资源—经济—环境系统仍需调整；另外，除1996年环境对可持续发展造成较大压力外，1994——2000年青岛市资源消耗、环境污染对可持续发展造成的综合压力较小，说明其资源—环境—经济系统的持续发展能力比较强，子系统之间协调性较好。     

浙江省废水排放增长的EKC曲线特征分析

选取浙江省1985~2004年经济和废水排放数据,通过分析经济因子与废水排放之间的相互关系,建立浙江省废水排放的库兹涅茨曲线模型。结果表明:浙江省废水排放与人均GDP的演替轨迹呈现显著的环境库兹涅茨曲线特征,1985~2004期间处于曲线的上升阶段。浙江省废水排放总量的EKC曲线理论转折点为人均GDP约34 305元,相应的废水排放总量峰值为35亿t,预测转折点出现的时间为2007年左右。工业废水排放量正处于EKC曲线的转折点附近,而生活废水排放量目前正处于EKC曲线加速上升的阶段,转折点出现的时间为2007年左右,对应的生活废水排放量的峰值为15亿t,是2004年生活废水排放量(11.6亿t)的1.3倍,形势非常严峻,应该引起重视。因此,十一五期间,浙江省尤其要注重对生活废水排放的控制和治理,并且保持较高的治理投入。     

青岛城市污水厂污泥有机质、养分及重金属含量

对青岛市4个典型城市污水厂脱水污泥中有机质、养分及重金属指标进行了调查研究,结果表明,所调查的青岛市4个典型城市污水厂污泥中的有机质平均含量为48.58%,总氮、总磷、总钾平均含量分别为36 437.76 mg/kg、12 590.13 mg/kg2、791.55 mg/kg;青岛市4个典型城市污水厂脱水污泥中的重金属...     

华东环境科技期刊研究会在青岛召开首届年会

华东环境科技期刊研究会于1990年7月7日至11日在青岛市召开首届年会,来自华东六省一市的12家环境科技期刊的代表出席了会议。会议还邀请了广东《环境》杂志社代表与会。山东省环境保护局的领导,青岛市委宣传部、青岛市环境保护局的领导到会祝贺。 华东环境科技期刊研究会,最初由《上海环境科学》杂志社、《农村生态环境》编辑部、《环境导报》杂志社、《福建环境》编辑部、《山东环境》杂志社于1988年在重庆召开的全国环境保护期刊座谈会     

东盟国家碳排放动态演变及环境库兹涅茨曲线实证检验分析

探索东盟国家碳排放的动态演变,并分析碳排放与经济社会发展的定量关系,可为中国-东盟环境等合作提供借鉴参考。基于全球大气研究排放数据库和联合国统计数据库发布的数据,结合曼-肯德尔检验和环境库兹涅茨曲线(EKC)检验,分析1970—2021年东盟碳排放变化趋势和结构特征等,初步探究东盟各国碳排放达峰情况,并验证东盟国家人均国内生产总值(GDP)与人均碳排放量之间的EKC关系。结果表明,1970—2021年,东盟碳排放总量从1.22×10⁸ t增加到1.74×10⁹ t,印度尼西亚、越南和泰国等排放量居前5位的国家碳排放总量占比近90%。1970—2021年东盟电力、工业燃烧、其他、交通和建筑部门碳排放量分别增加38.0、13.6、12.7、9.1和1.9倍。电力成为东盟碳排放最大的部门,排放占比超40%。以10年为跨度,东盟及各成员国碳排放量多数情况均呈增加趋势。2010年以来的趋势分析显示,文莱和泰国碳排放或将成为东盟最早实现碳达峰的国家。除文莱外,东盟其余国家人均碳排放量与人均GDP的EKC曲线拟合程度均较高。经济社会发展对碳排放的作用表现为...     

1999-2005年上海市纵向时间序列生态足迹分析

生态足迹是一种定量衡量区域资源可持续利用的生态经济指标.文章以上海为例,对上海市1999-2005年的生态足迹进行纵向时间序列的分析计算.结果表明,在7年研究阶段内,上海市人均生态足迹由1999年的1.9035 hm2到2005年的1.8616 hm2,以2002年为转折点呈现倒U型变化.人均生态承载力呈现逐年上升趋势,但仍远小于平均生态足迹值.反映了上海市经济生产生活强度远超其生态系统承载力,处于过度开发状态,并且人均生态赤字出现类似环境的库兹涅茨(EKC)曲线;运用万元GDP生态足迹,生态协调性系数指标以及生态缺陷度指标对于计算结果进行分析,反映了上海市从2002年开始出现良好转变趋势.通过对上海市人类活动对于生态环境影响的定量分析,可以为上海市未来社会经济可持续性发展提供新思路和方法.     

湖南省农地利用碳排放与农业经济关系研究

基于化肥、农药、农膜、灌溉、翻耕和柴油6类农地利用碳排放源,测算了1999—2014年湖南省农地利用碳排放量和碳排放强度。在此基础上,分析得出1999—2014年湖南省农地利用碳排放与农业经济间的脱钩弹性关系,进一步利用环境库兹涅茨(environmental Kuznets curve,EKC)模型对农地利用碳排放与农业经济关系进行验证。结果表明:(1) 1999—2014年,湖南省农地利用碳排放与农业经济的脱钩关系表现为扩张负脱钩、弱脱钩和弱负脱钩3种状态,农地利用碳排放与农业经济的脱钩弹性指数变化呈现"快速增长—快速下降—平稳增长"的阶段性演进特征;(2)湖南省农地利用碳排放与农业经济的关系呈对数函数曲线,农地利用碳排放量、碳排放强度均随着农业经济增长而连续增长,在研究期内未出现下降拐点;(3)湖南省现阶段农业经济增长方式仍然以粗放型为主,存在着农业生产要素投入未能充分有效利用、农业生产对环境影响较大的问题。     

北京市环境政策评价研究

选取北京市 1985— 1999年环境经济数据 ,建立北京市经济增长与环境污染水平计量模型 ,为评价北京市环境政策提供依据。此实证研究得出两个重要结论 :北京市环境指标与人均GDP演替轨迹呈现显著的环境库兹涅茨曲线特征 ;但比发达国家较早实现了其环境库兹涅茨曲线转折点     

Testing the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis with Bird Populations as Habitat-Specific Environmental Indicators: Evidence from Canada

Abstract:  The traditional environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis postulates that environmental degradation follows an inverted U-shaped relationship with gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. We tested the EKC hypothesis with bird populations in 5 different habitats as environmental quality indicators. Because birds are considered environmental goods, for them the EKC hypothesis would instead be associated with a U-shaped relationship between bird populations and GDP per capita. In keeping with the literature, we included other variables in the analysis—namely, human population density and time index variables (the latter variable captured the impact of persistent and exogenous climate and/or policy changes on bird populations over time). Using data from 9 Canadian provinces gathered over 37 years, we used a generalized least-squares regression for each bird habitat type, which accounted for the panel structure of the data, the cross-sectional dependence across provinces in the residuals, heteroskedasticity, and fixed- or random-effect specifications of the models. We found evidence that supports the EKC hypothesis for 3 of the 5 bird population habitat types. In addition, the relationship between human population density and the different bird populations varied, which emphasizes the complex nature of the impact that human populations have on the environment. The relationship between the time-index variable and the different bird populations also varied, which indicates there are other persistent and significant influences on bird populations over time. Overall our EKC results were consistent with those found for threatened bird species, indicating that economic prosperity does indeed act to benefit some bird populations.     

The transition from dirty to clean industries: optimal fiscal policy and the environmental Kuznets curve

This paper investigates privately and socially optimal patterns of economic development in a two-sector endogenous growth model with clean and dirty goods. We consider a second-best fiscal policy framework in which distortionary taxes jointly influence economic growth and environmental quality. In this policy setting, three conditions produce an Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC): (i) dirty output is bounded; (ii) clean output grows endogenously; and (iii) growth in the dirty sector reduces growth in the clean sector. These conditions do not arise with a consumption externality, but can emerge with a production externality. Endogenous labor supply implications are also investigated. Although not necessary for producing an EKC, endogenous labor supply provides additional linkages that produce an EKC under circumstances in which it would otherwise not appear.     

Cointegration and causality: considering Iberian economic activity sectors to test the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis

Few studies have attempted to study the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis at the individual sector level using more than one sector at once. This paper investigates the existence of the EKC hypothesis in the Iberian countries (Portugal and Spain) using thirteen economic activity sectors for each, analyzing each individual sector’s cointegration and causality relationships considering carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, sector gross value added and energy consumption. The findings of this paper using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach only validate cointegration in six Portuguese sectors and in five of the Spanish sectors. Results confirm both short- and long-run bi-directional and unidirectional causality between economic growth, energy consumption and CO2 emissions, using the error correction model (ECM) and Toda and Yamamoto’s causality approaches. Moreover, results for Portuguese and Spanish sectors indicate an inverted U-shaped relationship only for one sector each. In some sectors there was evidence of a U-shaped relationship and in others the EKC hypothesis could be verified but no statistical significance was obtained. The study has significant contributions for sector policy, including implications to curtail energy pollutants by implementing environmental friendly regulations to sustain economic development at the sector level in the Iberian market. It also allows inferences to be made about the existence of different behaviors in comparative terms for the same economic activity sectors of the individual countries.     

Prospects for Reconciling the Conflict between Economic Growth and Biodiversity Conservation with Technological Progress

Abstract: The conflict between economic growth and biodiversity conservation is understood in portions of academia and sometimes acknowledged in political circles. Nevertheless, there is not a unified response. In political and policy circles, the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) is posited to solve the conflict between economic growth and environmental protection. In academia, however, the EKC has been deemed fallacious in macroeconomic scenarios and largely irrelevant to biodiversity. A more compelling response to the conflict is that it may be resolved with technological progress. Herein I review the conflict between economic growth and biodiversity conservation in the absence of technological progress, explore the prospects for technological progress to reconcile that conflict, and provide linguistic suggestions for describing the relationships among economic growth, technological progress, and biodiversity conservation. The conflict between economic growth and biodiversity conservation is based on the first two laws of thermodynamics and principles of ecology such as trophic levels and competitive exclusion. In this biophysical context, the human economy grows at the competitive exclusion of nonhuman species in the aggregate. Reconciling the conflict via technological progress has not occurred and is infeasible because of the tight linkage between technological progress and economic growth at current levels of technology. Surplus production in existing economic sectors is required for conducting the research and development necessary for bringing new technologies to market. Technological regimes also reflect macroeconomic goals, and if the goal is economic growth, reconciliatory technologies are less likely to be developed. As the economy grows, the loss of biodiversity may be partly mitigated with end‐use innovation that increases technical efficiency, but this type of technological progress requires policies that are unlikely if the conflict between economic growth and biodiversity conservation (and other aspects of environmental protection) is not acknowledged.     

以次磷酸钠工业生产废渣为原料回收亚磷酸

讨论了以次磷酸钠工业生产废渣为原料，回收制得亚磷酸钠，再采用电渗析法制备亚磷酸。详细研究了此方法的相关工艺和最佳条件，在最佳条件下，可回收相当于废渣总质量35％的有用产品，工厂将收到明显的经济效益和环境效益。     

Modeling a sustainable Saudi Arabian economy: the real issues

This paper develops a macroeconomic framework for creating a competitive and sustainable Saudi Arabian economy, taking into account the interrelationships among social, environmental, and economic factors. The objective of the research is to build a model that will allow for evaluating the effects of a wide range of emissions abatement policies on economic growth and development. The research methodology is grounded in econometric modeling of the Saudi economy over the period 1980–2010. The estimated parameters of the model were used to project long-term gross domestic product (GDP) growth paths based on three environmental degradation abatement scenarios. The results suggest that the sustainability of economic growth in Saudi Arabia critically depends on aggressive emissions-reduction policies since policy scenarios corresponding to higher pollution cuts yielded higher, sustained long-term GDP. The results also broadly reject the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis, implying that a turning point in the relationship between CO₂ emissions and per capita GDP is yet to be attained.