Evaluation of the mutagenic potential of chlorpyrifos (CPF) using polytene chromosomes of Anopheles mosquito

Diverse cytogenetic tests are employed for short term screening of suspect environmental mutagens by using insects and mammals as models. In the present paper the polytene chromosomes of a mosquito Anopheles maculatus were used to evaluate the mutagenic potential of a widely used organophosphate pesticide chlorpyrifos-[o, o-diethyl-o-(3, 5, 6-trichloro-2-pyridyl) phosphothioate]. The results are based on the frequency of various structural aberrations encountered in the polytene chromosomes of the larvae treated with LC20 of chlorpyrifos (CPF). These aberrations were dominated by inversions, stickiness of the chromosomes, heterochromatinization of the bands and lack of polyteny. The frequency of various aberrations was highest in the left arm of chromosome number 2L followed by 2R, 3L, 3R, and X-chromosomes i.e. 2.10 +/- 0.44, 1.84 +/- 0.44, 1.57 +/- 0.54, 1.31 +/- 0.50, and 0.22 +/- 0.27 respectively. The susceptibility of different chromosomal arms to this pesticide was 2L > 2R > 3L > 3R > X and the regions prone to these aberrations have been marked on the polytene chromosome map of Anopheles maculatus.     

水体和甘蓝及土壤中毒死蜱残留检测方法

研究运用不同的样品前处理方式,在装配火焰光度检测器的气相色谱(GC-FPD)上检测,建立了有机磷杀虫剂毒死蜱在水样、土壤和甘蓝中的残留测定方法.研究表明,不同样品中的毒死蜱残留采用本文中介绍的前处理方法是可行的,用石油醚盐析提取和净化水样中毒死蜱,采用丙酮振荡提取甘蓝中毒死蜱,选用索氏提取法提取土壤中毒死蜱,并经液液分配净化后,采用OV-101大口径毛细管柱(30 m×0.53 mm×1.0μm),在装配火焰光度检测器(FPD和磷滤光片)的气相色谱上测定.该分析方法下,毒死蜱的保留时间为1.74 min,线性范围在1.0×10-11—1.0×10-8g之间,其线性相关系数为0.9998,最小检出量为2.0×10-12g.在设定的较低添加浓度的条件下,毒死蜱在水样、土壤与甘蓝上的添加回收率为80%—120%,变异系数均小于5%.该分析方法灵敏、准确、操作简便,适合水样、甘蓝和土壤中低浓度毒死蜱的残留检测.     

Effect of curacron toxicity on the total serum protein content of Cyprinus carpio

An experiment was conducted on freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio to study the effect of the pesticide curacron on total serum protein. Curacron is an organophosphate pesticide and used by the farmers to protect their crops. This pesticide reaches the aquatic ecosystem by direct or indirect means and affects aquatic fauna. LC50 for curacron for C. carpio was calculated by the log-dose/probit regression line method and found to be 0.38?ppm at 96?h. Three sub-lethal concentrations (0.1, 0.01, and 0.001?mL?L^?1) were selected to expose the fish for 1, 7, 14, and 21days. Changes in total serum protein were observed at all pesticide concentrations and exposure periods. Total serum protein was decreased from control. At 1 and 7 days, the decrease was quantitative at all concentrations, while at 14 and 21 days, the fall was significant at all concentrations. Hence, human population may be at risk by consuming these contaminated fish.     

毒死蜱对我国南方稻区水域中12种淡水鱼的毒性

毒死蜱作为稻田常用农药,普遍存在于稻区沟渠、池塘和河流中,从而对生活在其中的鱼类具有潜在风险。通过短期暴露试验,比较了毒死蜱在纯水、水-沉积物体系中对淡水鱼的毒性效应,进一步研究了毒死蜱在不同鱼体内的生物富集作用,以及对鱼脑Ach E活性的影响。试验结果表明:毒死蜱对12种淡水鱼均表现为高毒或剧毒,最敏感的是太阳鱼,但体系中沉积物的存在会通过吸附作用降低农药对鱼类的毒性;毒死蜱在鱼体内表现为中等或高富集性,其中斑马鱼的富集系数最大;毒死蜱对鱼脑Ach E酶活性有明显抑制作用,其中以虹鳟最敏感。研究结果为稻田常用农药对水生态环境中鱼类安全的风险性评价提供了科学依据。     

Phytotoxicity and uptake of chlorpyrifos in cabbage

Chinese cabbage, Brassica chinensis L., and cabbage, Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata, are the main daily foliar vegetables of the vast majority of the population of eastern and southern China. Cabbages are also planted and consumed widely in other countries. The insecticide and acaricide chlorpyrifos is registered in many countries. Chlorpyrifos controls a variety of insects in plants and soils, and chlorpyrifos is extensively used in the Chinese market. Food poisoning due to the presence of organophosphorus pesticide residues in vegetables has been reported in China provinces. Plant uptake of pesticide residues in air, water, and soil is a source of pesticide residues in vegetables. Here, phytotoxicity and uptake of chlorpyrifos by Chinese cabbage and cabbage were studied in the laboratory using the batch technique. From 0 to 16 days after chlorpyrifos treatment, vegetables roots, stems, leaves, and culture water samples were collected, and the residues of chlorpyrifos in culture water, plant tissues were analyzed using GC-FPD. The results demonstrate that culture solutions with chlorpyrifos had no significant inhibitory effects on vegetable plant height. However, at 1.0 mg/l, it had significant inhibitory effects on the root length and fresh weight of Chinese cabbage. Then, at 10.0 mg/l, it had only significant inhibitory effects on the root length and fresh weight of cabbage compared to the control treatment. The disappearance rates of chlorpyrifos in solutions were in sequence as: nutrition solution with Chinese cabbage, nutrition solution with cabbage, pond water, nutrition solution. The results showed also that chlorpyrifos can be taken up by roots of Chinese cabbage and cabbage from water and subsequently translocated as a function of time. Uptake dynamics of chlorpyrifos from culture solutions by the two cabbage plants were similar.     

Estimating the uncertainty of pesticide residue analysis from mango using multi-residue analysis and validation of method

Validation of method was performed for various pesticides on mango matrix involving the processing of sample at ambient and cryogenic conditions. The linearity, limits of detection, repeatability, matrix effect, and recovery were studied as the aspects of method validation. The effect of matrix on recovery was found to be medium (20–50%) and strong (>50%). After correction by matrix-matched calibration curves, the recovery was calculated to be in the range of 80–107% and 80–105% at ambient and cryogenic processing, respectively. The precision estimated for the recovery of pesticides obtained from both solvent- and matrix-matched calibration curves and at both the processing conditions was determined to be >20% except for chlorpyrifos and atrazine. The uncertainty established for the methodology was >20%, which substantiates the efficiency and reliability of methodology used for pesticide residue analysis in mango in this study.     

有机磷及氨基甲酸酯类农药单独和联合作用对PC_(12)细胞DNA损伤的影响

研究有机磷类农药毒死蜱和对硫磷、氨基甲酸酯类农药克百威和残杀威单独及联合染毒大鼠嗜铬细胞瘤株(PC12细胞)所致的DNA损伤情况及联合作用模式。分别以0μmol·L~(-1)、50μmol·L~(-1)、100μmol·L~(-1)、200μmol·L~(-1)、400μmol·L~(-1)的有机磷农药毒死蜱、对硫磷与0μmol·L~(-1)、25μmol·L~(-1)、50μmol·L~(-1)、100μmol·L~(-1)、200μmol·L~(-1)的氨基甲酸酯类农药克百威、残杀威单独及两两联合染毒PC12细胞12 h后进行彗星实验,采用彗尾长度、尾部DNA百分含量、尾矩3个指标来衡量DNA损伤程度。结果表明:毒死蜱、克百威、对硫磷、残杀威染毒PC12细胞12 h后,细胞出现拖尾,呈现典型的彗星图像。染毒后PC12细胞彗尾长度、尾部DNA百分含量、尾矩较对照组显著增加,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。析因分析表明,无论低剂量联合还是高剂量联合,毒死蜱与克百威、对硫磷与残杀威均有交互作用(P0.01),作用模式为协同作用。以上结果提示,有机磷及氨基甲酸酯类农药单独及联合作用均可引起PC12细胞DNA损伤,联合作用后损伤程度要高于单独作用,且低剂量和高剂量联合时均存在交互作用,作用模式为协同作用。     

Impact of chlorpyrifos on cerebrum and cerebellum maturity in suckling rats

The purpose of our study is to assess the effect of chlorpyrifos (CPF) on rat cerebral and cerebellar maturity during the suckling period. Female Wistar rats were given 0.2?g?L^?1 of CPF in drinking water, equivalent to 40?mg?kg^?1 of body weight?day^?1, from day zero until day ten after delivery. In treated pups, plasma butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) activity was inhibited by 70%. Cerebrum and cerebellum acetyl-cholinesterase (AchE) activities were reduced by 71 and 75%, respectively. The results suggest that CPF was distributed in pup tissues through the milk of lactating mothers, resulting in inhibition of AchE activities. At age 10 days, the CPF-treated pups showed a 28% decrease in body weight, a 23 and 41% decrease in plasma free T₃ and T₄ levels and reduction in cerebral and cerebellar protein content by 36 and 38%, respectively. Consistent histological changes were found in the cerebellum of CPF treated pups, with the external granular layer being markedly developed, the Purkinje cell bodies being poorly differentiated and abnormally distributed into the internal granular layer.     

Effect of commercial pesticides on plant growth-promoting activities of Burkholderia sp. strain L2 isolated from rhizosphere of Lycopersicon esculentum cultivated in agricultural soil

The in vitro study was carried out to examine the toxicity of four commercially used pesticides (phorate, mancozeb, chlorpyrifos, and endosulfan) at the recommended dose (1X) and higher field doses (1.5X, 2X, 2.5X, and 3X) on plant growth-promoting activities of Burkholderia sp. strain L2, isolated from pesticide-treated rhizosphere of Lycopersicon esculentum. At the recommended dose, level of toxicity of all the pesticides to phosphate solubilization activity and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production was less detrimental as compared to exceeding doses. At maximum dose rate of each pesticide, the percentage decrease in phosphate solubilization and IAA production over control was found in order of chlorpyrifos < mancozeb < endosulfan < phorate. Present study proves that Burkholderia sp. strain L2 could be used as a potential microbial inoculant in the agricultural soil having persistent pesticide residues.     

Sediment quality assessment of Beasley Lake: bioaccumulation and effects of pesticides in Hyalella azteca

Beasley Lake is a Conservation Effects Assessment Program (CEAP) watershed in the intensively cultivated Mississippi Delta, USA. Lake sediment quality at three sites was evaluated in 2004 and 2008 for biological impairment and uptake (animal tissue pesticide residues) from 14 pesticides and three metabolites using Hyalella azteca (Saussure). Eleven pesticides and three metabolites were detected in sediment among the three sites in 2004 and all 17 compounds examined were detected among the three sites in 2008, with the herbicide atrazine having the greatest concentrations. Twenty-eight-day H. azteca survival and growth (mg w/w) indicated no survival effects at any site for either year, but growth impairment occurred in H. azteca exposed to sediments in 2004, whereas growth enhancement occurred in H. azteca exposed to sediments at one site in 2008. Pesticides observed in animal tissue pesticide residues occurred more frequently and in greater concentrations in 2004 compared with 2008. Thirteen pesticides were detected in animal tissue pesticide residues in 2004, with chlorpyrifos occurring in the greatest concentrations, and six pesticides were detected in 2008, with p,p′-DDT occurring in the greatest concentrations. H. azteca tissue pesticide residues of seven pesticides, two herbicides, three insecticides, one insecticide metabolite, and p,p′-DDT, were associated with growth.     

Sub-lethal effect of chlorpyrifos on protein metabolism of the food fish Clarias batrachus and monitoring of recovery

The effect of sub-lethal concentrations of chlorpyrifos on protein metabolism in physiological important tissues, namely gills, kidney, liver, and muscle of the freshwater fish, Clarias batrachus, was studied. Fish were exposed to 1/20th and 1/10th of 96?h LC₅₀ concentrations for 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. After 28 days of exposure, fish were released into fresh water and kept in the same for 21 days in order to study the recovery. Fish were sacrificed at the stipulated periods and gills, kidney, liver, and muscle tissues were used for the estimation of total protein, amino acids, ammonia, urea, glutamine, protease, transaminases, and phosphatases. Total protein, amino acid, and ammonia contents were decreased in all tissues for 28 days and recovery was observed during the recovery period. Urea and glutamine levels were elevated, except in kidneys, and recovered at the end of the recovery period. The activities of protease, alanine, and aspartate aminotransferases, and acid and alkaline phosphatases were elevated in the tissues for 28 days exposure at both concentrations. Recovery of these enzymes activities was noticed during depuration.     

毒死蜱对紫金山森林土壤酶活力及微生物毒性影响研究

毒死蜱是有机磷类农药,对乙酰胆碱酯酶具有抑制作用,在农业虫害防治中应用广泛。为掌握毒死蜱对森林土壤酶活力和土壤微生物生态效应,选择紫金山森林土作为受试土壤,采用室内培养法,研究了毒死蜱对土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、酸性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶,以及土壤呼吸强度和氮素硝化作用的影响。结果表明:试验期间,1.25 mg a.i.·kg-1、12.5 mg a.i.·kg-1和125 mg a.i.·kg-1毒死蜱对土壤脲酶、酸性磷酸酶总体表现为抑制作用;对土壤蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶的影响与暴露剂量和暴露时间有关,在60 d时,Z1低剂量处理组(1.25 mg a.i.·kg-1)蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶可恢复,Z100高剂量处理组(125 mg a.i.·kg-1)抑制作用不能解除。试验初期,毒死蜱对土壤呼吸强度有一定刺激作用随后逐渐恢复;对土壤氮硝化作用影响表现为先促进后抑制,且抑制作用有长期影响。由此可知,毒死蜱使用对紫金山森林土的土壤酶活性和土壤微生物产生毒性效应,具有一定生态风险。     

Cardioprotective effects of Commiphora mukul against isoprenaline-induced cardiotoxicity: a biochemical and histopathological evaluation

Commiphora mukul commonly known as Guggul is one of the oldest and commonly consumed herb for promoting heart and vascular health. Present study was undertaken to evaluate cardioprotective potential of Commiphora mukul against isoprenaline-induced myocardial necrosis in rats. Wistar albino rats were divided into three main groups: sham (saline only), isoprenaline control (saline and isoprenaline) and Commiphora mukul treated (Commiphora mukul and isoprenaline) groups. Commiphora mukul was administered in three doses 100, 200 and 400 mg kg(-1) p.o. for 30 days. On 29th and 30th day, the animals of isoprenaline control and Commiphora mukulpretreatment groups were administered isoprenaline (85 mg kg(-1); s.c.), consecutively at an interval of 24 hr. Isoprenaline administration produced a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in myocardial antioxidants; superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx), reduced glutathione (GSH), and myocyte injury marker enzymes creatine-phosphokinase-MB (CK-MB) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) along with enhanced lipid peroxidation; malondialdehyde (MDA) in heart. Commiphora mukul pretreatment reversed the isoprenaline-induced oxidative changes in rat myocardium by significant (p < 0.05) increase in SOD, CAT, GSHPx, GSH and reduction of MDA. In addition to improving myocardial antioxidant status, Commiphora mukul also prevented the leakage of LDH and CK-MB from heart. Further, histopathological examination showed the reduction of necrosis, edema and inflammation following Commiphora mukul pretreatment. Based on present findings, it is concluded that Commiphora mukul may be a potential preventive and therapeutic agent against the oxidative stress associated ischemic heart disease owing to antioxidant and antiperoxidative activity.     

Use of epilithic diatoms to evaluate water quality in the Karasu River of Turkey

Epilithic diatom assemblages were used to evaluate water quality in the Karasu River basin (Turkey), which was polluted by industrial, agricultural and urban wastes. A total of 73 diatom taxa belonging to 22 genera were found from all seven sampling stations located in the River basin. The most pollution tolerant species Gomphonema parvulum, Nitzchia palea, Navicula cryptocephala were found in high densities at the polluted stations. Organic load (COD), biological oxygen demand in 5 days (BOD5) and concentrations of nutrients NO3(-)-N, NO2(-)-N, NH4(+)-N and PO4(3-)-P) were correlated negatively with dissolved oxygen. Except for generic index of diatoms (GI), all diatom indices were correlated significantly with COD, BOD5 dissolved oxygen and concentrations of nutrients. Saprobity index (SI), trophic diatom index (TDI) and the percentage pollution tolerant valves values suggested that the stations III, IV located in the River basin were eutrophicated and organically polluted.     

Visual disturbances with cholinesterase depletion due to exposure of agricultural pesticides among farm workers

In this study, risk assessment for visual disturbances among farm workers spraying agricultural pesticides in farms have been assessed. A cross-sectional study for the assessment of visual disturbances was undertaken using questionnaire survey and clinical examination among agricultural workers exposed to pesticides. Two hundred and thirty nine pesticide sprayers participated in the study. The study was compared to 110 controls not occupationally exposed to pesticides with similar socio-economic status. The prevalence of ocular morbidity was found to be 40% among pesticide sprayers which was significantly higher (p?p?相似文献   

Alterations of biochemical parameters in malformed Indian rice frogs, Rana limnocharis from Southern Taiwan

The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors that cause malformed frogs in upstream Kaoping river (KP site) and Tungkang river (T site) of Southern Taiwan. In this experiment, the activities of monooxygenase (MO), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), acetylcholinesterase (AchE) as well as the concentration of vitellogenin (Vg) in the liver were measured. Results show that activities of MO, GST and AchE, and Vg levels in normal frogs (male/female) were 0.09 +/- 0.02/0.09+/-0.01 deltaA min(-1) mg(-1) protein, 0.12 +/- 0.04/0.13 +/- 0.04 deltaA min(-1) mg(-1) protein, 6.13 +/- 2.69/6.01 +/- 2.09 U mg(-1) protein and 0.87 +/- 0.42/2.18 +/- 0.50 microg mg(-1) protein, respectively. Activities of MO, GST and AchE, and Vg levels in malformed frogs (male/female) were 0.15 +/- 0.04/0.21 +/- 0.07 deltaA min(-1) mg(-1) protein, 0.27 +/- 0.08/0.30 +/- 0.12 deltaA min(-1) mg(-1) protein, 4.59 +/- 2.71/5.19 +/- 3.74 U mg(-1) protein and 1.46 +/- 0.61/3.15 +/- 0.88 microg mg(-1) protein, respectively in KP site, and were 0.16 +/- 0.69/0.1 +/- 80.07 deltaA min(-1) mg(-1) protein, 0.21 +/- 0.07/0.24 +/- 0.08 deltaA min(-1) mg(-1) protein, 5.13 +/- 4.58/3.94 +/- 1.33 U mg(-1) protein and 2.23 +/- 1.47/4.11 +/- 1.63 microg mg(-1) protein, respectively in T site. These results indicate that male and female malformed frogs in both rivers upstream are found with higher activities. No significant difference in AchE activity was found between normal and malformed frogs in this investigation. It is therefore reasonable to speculate that the organic chemicals released from agricultural activities are presumable the main factors that lead to the malformation of frogs.     

海藻多糖稀土配合物对蔬菜有机磷农药残留的降解作用

以小白菜、甘蓝、芹菜为试验材料,采用大田试验研究了海藻多糖稀土配合物对蔬菜中有机磷农药残留的影响.试验结果表明,叶面喷施海藻多糖稀土配合物对小白菜、甘蓝、芹菜中毒死蜱、氧化乐果、敌敌畏等有机磷农药残留具有明显的降解作用;对甘蓝中毒死蜱和氧化乐果的降解效果优于小白菜,但对芹菜中毒死蜱的降解效果远不及甘蓝和小白菜,表现出一定的作物选择性.叶面喷施海藻多糖稀土配合物对敌敌畏等磷酸酯类有机磷农药的降解作用比毒死蜱、氧化乐果等硫代磷酸酯类有机磷农药的降解强烈,表现出一定的农药选择性;另外,喷水对叶片表面残存农药具有一定的冲洗作用,可减少叶面农药的残留量;叶面喷施海藻多糖稀土配合物对甘蓝和小白菜中有机磷农药的降解率远高于叶面喷水.以上结果表明海藻多糖稀土配合物确实具有降解有机磷农药残留的作用.在蔬菜生产中将海藻多糖稀土配合物作为农药残留降解制剂是可行的,有利于蔬菜安全生产和提高蔬菜产品的食用安全性。     

壳聚糖对菠菜中毒死蜱和乐果的降解作用（Effects of Spraying Chitosan on Degradation of Chlorpyrifos and Dimethoate Residues in Spinach）

在露地栽培条件下,研究了叶面喷施壳聚糖水溶液对菠菜中毒死蜱和乐果的降解作用.结果表明,叶面喷施不同浓度的壳聚糖(50、100、200、400mg·L-1)可有效降低菠菜中毒死蜱和乐果残留量,其中较低浓度壳聚糖能更有效地降低菠菜中毒死蜱、乐果的残留量.50mg·L-1壳聚糖使菠菜中毒死蜱残留量较对照降低40.2%,安全间隔期缩短2.07d;100mg·L-1壳聚糖使菠菜中乐果残留量较对照降低46.9%,安全间隔期缩短0.5d.壳聚糖作为一种有机磷农药降解剂应用于蔬菜生产是可行的.     

低温弱光条件下毒死蜱对黄瓜的毒性效应及油菜素内酯的调控作用

农药在使用中可能对农作物产生药害作用,而在低温弱光的亚适宜条件下,设施作物对农药暴露的应激响应可能具有特殊性。同时,作为一种新型植物激素,油菜素内酯在亚适宜条件下是否能够缓解农药的药害作用的研究有限。以典型的设施作物黄瓜为受试生物,通过人工气候箱模拟低温弱光的亚适宜条件,在毒死蜱(浓度分别为0.3和1mmol·L-1)暴露1、3和7d后,以实时荧光定量PCR对黄瓜叶片中光合作用基因(psaB、psbA和rbcL)、抗氧化系统相关基因(cAPX、DHAR、GR、CAT和GPX)、防御和应激相关基因(PAL、HPL、ADC和HSP70)的转录水平进行检测,阐明其毒性效应。并对比24-表油菜素内酯的预处理组,探讨油菜素内酯如何调控作物对农药胁迫的响应。结果表明,在低温弱光条件下,毒死蜱暴露抑制了黄瓜叶片中上述大部分基因的转录,而24-表油菜素内酯预处理后其转录水平显著上升,表明24-表油菜素内酯可有效且持续地缓解毒死蜱的药害效应。     

鱼类肝脏微粒体对于硫代磷酸酯类杀虫剂活化代谢率的种间差异(Species-Related Difference of Liver Microsomes of Fish in Activation of Organothiophosphorus Insecticides)

为了弄清鱼类肝脏微粒体细胞色素P450s(CYPs)对于硫代磷酸酯类杀虫剂活化代谢率的种间差别,选用斑马鱼Brachydanio rerio、麦穗鱼Pseudorasbora parva、剑尾鱼Xiphophorus helleri、篮鳃太阳鱼Leponus macrohirus四种鱼作为受试生物,选用对硫磷、马拉硫磷、毒死蜱三种硫代磷酸酯类杀虫剂作为受试药剂,以外源乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)的抑制率为指标,在离体状态下间接测量了杀虫剂活化代谢物的相对生成量.离体试验表明,对于对硫磷,活化代谢物生成量的高低顺序为:斑马鱼、剑尾鱼、麦穗鱼>太阳鱼(p<0.05),最高的麦穗鱼和最低的太阳鱼之间相差10.0倍;对于马拉硫磷和毒死蜱,活化代谢物生成量的高低顺序均为:剑尾鱼>太阳鱼>斑马鱼、麦穗鱼(p<0.05),最高的剑尾鱼和最低的麦穗鱼之间的分别相差66.9和137倍.毒性测定表明,对于对硫磷、马拉硫磷和毒死蜱,四种鱼96hLC50之间的最大差别分别是45、18和77倍.对马拉硫磷而言,96hLC50的种间差异特征与活化代谢物生成量的种间差异特征比较吻合,而对于对硫磷和毒死蜱而言,两者之间的吻合度较低.研究证实了肝脏CYP在活化硫代磷酸酯杀虫剂方面具有明显的种间差异,同时也证实仅以活化代谢物的离体生成量这一指标来衡量鱼类对于硫代磷酸酯杀虫剂的敏感性,其结论可能会较大幅度地偏离生测结果.尽管如此,本研究证实在所测的鱼类当中,斑马鱼属于CYP活性较低的鱼种,而这一特性很可能是造成斑马鱼对于硫代磷酸酯杀虫剂的敏感性偏低的重要原因.