有害结局路径(AOP)框架在水体复合污染监测研究中的应用

水体复合污染包含低浓度、种类复杂的毒害化学污染物,威胁人类健康和生态安全。监测并识别水体关键毒害污染因子是进行水质管理的前提,也是复合污染研究的难点。目前国内外在水复合污染毒性监测研究上主要基于动物活体试验或者生物体外测试。由于受限于毒理学测试方法,常见的应用通常仅关注于某方面的毒性效应或者少数的分子指标,因而受到质疑和挑战。有害结局路径(Adverse outcome pathway,AOP)的概念将化学污染物的结构、致毒的分子启动事件和生物毒性的有害结局建立关联,为污染物的毒性测试、预测和评估提供了新的模式。本文旨在论述有害结局路径在复合污染毒性评估和关键毒害物质鉴别中的指导性价值和意义。在有害结局路径的指导框架下,借助于生物体外高通量测试技术、化学分析的靶向和非靶向分析技术和生物信息学技术,可以系统地分析化学混合物在分子、细胞水平上健康相关指标的响应水平,评估水体中复杂结构污染物,与不同生态和健康有害结局之间的关联,为水环境评价和优先污染物的筛选管理提供有效支撑。本文通过综述AOP框架在复合水体中毒害物质风险研究的现状和优势,对AOP在水环境环境管理上的应用前景提出展望。     

评估可离子化有机化合物的生物累积潜力：当前的认知和研究的重点

本研究的目的是回顾目前关于可离子化有机化合物(IOCs)的生物累积潜力的认知，重点讨论鱼类经验数据的有效性。IOCs在鱼体内的生物积累潜力可以很好地表征为：依赖pH的鳃摄取和排泄，肠道吸收和磷脂吸附(膜-水分区)。关键的挑战包括缺乏关于IOCs生物转化和血浆结合的经验数据。鱼拥有多种蛋白质，可以在细胞膜上传输IOCs。然而，除了少数情况下，这种传输对环境污染物的吸收和积累的意义是未知的。本文提出了2个研究案例。第一个描述了pH值和生物转化对有机酸和碱的生物富集的建模作用，而第二个则采用了一个更新的模型来研究导致全氟烷基酸积累的因素。全氟化烷基酸个案研究是值得关注的，因为它说明了膜转运蛋白在肾脏中可能具有的重要性，并强调了交叉比对方法(read-across approaches)的潜在价值。认识到当前需要对IOCs进行生物累积危害评估和生态风险评估，作者提供了一个分层策略，从保守的假设(模型和相关数据)到需要化学特定信息的更复杂的模型。
精选自Armitage, J. M., Erickson, R. J., Luckenbach, T., Ng, C. A., Prosser, R. S., Arnot, J. A., Schirmer, K. and Nichols, J. W. (2017), Assessing the bioaccumulation potential of ionizable organic compounds: Current knowledge and research priorities. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 36: 882–897. doi: 10.1002/etc.3680
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.3680/full
     

对美国格林威治湾底栖动物造成危害的潜在胁迫因子的诊断

格林威治湾是纳拉甘西特湾一处受到多种影响因子作用的城市化形成港湾。本研究鉴定了对于格林威治湾底栖动物的重要影响因素。首先利用现存数据与信息来验证水体受损情况。其次确定了影响来源，影响因素和具体影响的存在。继而探究了来源，影响因素和具体影响之间的关系。这使我们能够鉴定出最可能危害水体的影响因素。本研究评估了化学制品、营养物质和悬浮沉积物3类污染物。这种证据权重的方法表明格林威治湾主要受到富营养化相关的影响因素危害。格林威治湾的沉积物富含碳，低溶解氧浓度的情况十分常见，尤其在格林威治湾西部。底栖生物群落出现发育不良的情况，与在氧气不足情况下的预测结果吻合。尽管我们的分析表明环境中的污染物浓度可能导致有害结果的出现，我们并未在结果中检出毒性。这是由于沉积物中存在大量的有机物，这些有机物限制了污染物的生物可利用性。我们的分析还表明悬浮沉积物的影响对于湾区的大部分区域而言几乎不存在。本分析展示了诊断法步骤可以用于组织和评估影响格林威治湾生态健康的潜在影响因素。诊断法步骤对于管理受到多重因素影响的水体非常有用。
精选自Marguerite Pelletier, Kay Ho, Mark Cantwell, Monique Perron, Kenneth Rocha, Robert M. Burgess, Roxanne Johnson, Kenneth Perez, John Cardin, Michael A. Charpentier. Diagnosis of potential stressors adversely affecting benthic invertebrate communities in Greenwich Bay, Rhode Island, USA. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Volume 36, Issue 2, pages 449–462, July 2017. DOI: 10.1002/etc.3562
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1002/etc.3562/full
     

氟喹诺酮污染对淡水水生环境的影响—综述

截至目前,环境中抗生素的行为及其对生态毒性的影响仍被忽视。这一课题的范畴是宽泛的,涉及到广泛的生物体,包括栖居在各种水生生态系统中的微生物,藻类,无脊椎动物和脊椎动物等。改变这种系统中任何一个组成的平衡破坏了整个系统的平衡。在人类和动物医学中,氟喹诺酮的制造和频繁使用引起了对微生物抗生素耐药性流行率增加的高度关注,而且,除此之外,通过各种途径进入环境生态系统的抗生素母体和代谢物化合物的归趋也引起了环境影响关注。相关研究集中在分析环境样品中氟喹诺酮的存留浓度,并且经常使用动物评估模型来测试急性毒性,但是仍然不清楚在水生环境中低水平慢性接触对生命形态的生态毒性影响中起什么作用。本综述的目的是评估氟喹诺酮在动物和人类医学中的使用水平,确定其传播的途径,突出在淡水环境中的生态毒理学影。
精选自Nicol Janecko, Lucie Pokludova, Jana Blahova, Zdenka Svobodova, Ivan Literak. Implications of fluoroquinolone contamination on the fresh water aquatic environment -A review. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Volume 35, Issue 11, pages 2647–2656, November 2016. DOI: 10.1002/etc.3552
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.3552/full
     

环境污染物与肠道菌群互作关系的研究进展

随着城市化和工业化的快速发展,大量污染物进入到环境中,这些污染物在食物链中传递和放大,最终对人体健康产生危害。环境污染物通过摄食进入消化道,影响肠道微生物稳态,进而危害宿主健康。目前大部分研究主要集中在环境污染物对肠道微生物的丰富度和多样性的影响,而对环境污染物、肠道微生物和宿主健康互作关系的研究鲜有报道。本文综述了环境污染物包括重金属、持久性有机污染物、农药、微塑料、抗生素及其抗性基因等对肠道微生物菌群结构及其代谢活动的影响,阐明了环境污染物诱导肠道菌群失衡而致病的关键步骤,为肠道微生物毒理学评价提供新的研究思路。     

肠道微生物与环境健康关系的研究进展与展望

尽管肠道微生物群落在调节宿主多种生理功能的稳态以及抵抗环境污染物的毒性等方面至关重要,但是其在环境健康上的作用直到近几年才引起关注.本综述主要概述了环境污染物对肠道微生物的作用导致的健康效应的最新研究进展.发展迅速的高通量测序平台与合成生态学方法有助于快速确定肠道微生物组成,结合信息化综合分析方法可进一步探明肠道微生物对污染物的调节机制.本综述进一步重点举例,讨论了重金属、有机污染物、纳米颗粒、微塑料与肠道微生物群落相互作用的机制,及其对宿主健康产生的影响.目前对于肠道微生物群落介导环境污染物诱发环境健康效应的研究还不够成熟,存在诸多需要克服的科学技术难点.综述在最后从研究对象、技术方法和应用方面提出了对未来研究内容的展望.     

有害结局路径(AOP)框架在水体复合污染监测研究中的应用

由于包含复杂的毒害化学污染物质,水体复合污染一直威胁着人类健康和水生生态安全。对复合污染水体进行监测、评估和治理是水环境管理的重点之一。监测并识别水体关键毒害污染因子是进行水质管理的前提,也是复合污染研究的难点。目前国内外在水复合污染毒性监测研究上主要基于动物活体试验或者生物体外测试。由于受限于毒理学测试方法,常见的应用通常仅关注于某方面的毒性效应或者少数的分子指标,因而受到质疑和挑战。有害结局路径(Adverse outcome pathway, AOP)的概念将化学污染物的结构、致毒的分子启动事件和生物毒性的有害结局建立关联,为污染物的毒性测试、预测和评估提供了新的模式。本文旨在论述有害结局路径在复合污染毒性评估和关键毒害物质鉴别中的指导性价值和意义。在有害结局路径的指导框架下,借助于生物体外高通量测试技术、化学分析的靶向和非靶向分析技术、和生物信息学技术,可以系统地分析化学混合物在分子、细胞水平上健康相关指标的响应水平,评估水体中复杂结构污染物,与不同生态和健康有害结局之间的关联,为水环境评价和优先污染物的筛选管理提供有效支撑。本文通过综述AOP框架在复合水体中毒害物质风险研究的现状和优势,对AOP在水环境环境管理上的应用前景提出展望。     

依据(代)生物体对化学品的反应预测对生态系统服务功能的影响

保护生态系统服务功能越来越多地被作为风险评估的目标，但是目前生态风险评估的终点和评估生态系统服务功能受到的潜在影响之间有很大的差距。作者提出了一个框架，将常用的生态毒理学终点与对种群和群落的影响以及生态系统的服务功能联系起来。这个框架建立在机制效应模型的长足进步上，这些模型旨在跨越多种生物组织，并解释各种生物相互作用和反馈。为了说明这一点，作者引入了2个研究案例，它们采用了已完善和已验证的机制效应模型：鱼种群的inSTREAM个体模型和AQUATOX生态系统模型。他们还展示了动态能量平衡理论可以为解释组织级毒性提供一种通用货币。他们认为，一个基于机制模型的框架，可以预测化学品暴露对生态系统服务的影响，再结合经济估值，可以为环境管理提供一种有用的方法。作者强调了使用这个框架的潜在好处以及未来工作中需要解决的挑战。
精选自Forbes, V. E., Salice, C. J., Birnir, B., Bruins, R. J.F., Calow, P., Ducrot, V., Galic, N., Garber, K., Harvey, B. C., Jager, H., Kanarek, A., Pastorok, R., Railsback, S. F., Rebarber, R. and Thorbek, P. (2017), A framework for predicting impacts on ecosystem services from (sub)organismal responses to chemicals. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 36: 845–859. doi: 10.1002/etc.3720
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.3720/full
     

单个药品及其混合物对Aliivibrio fischeri的毒性研究：单一化合物的实验结果，并对其行为机理和对水生生物潜在急性效应进行思考

在这个较广泛的关于单个和多组分混合药物活性化合物影响研究的第一部分，作者使用了Microtox^?测试系统详细分析了10种广泛使用的人用和兽用药活性化合物对生物荧光细菌Aliivibrio fischeri的影响。实验结果表明大多数受试化合物具有中度毒性。对比实验得到的50%抑制浓度和定量构效关系模型预测的结果表明，大多数受试药物活性化合物与极性麻醉型化合物对A. fischeri的行为类似(似乎只有抗生素金霉素有特定的作用机制)。将实验结果与其他不属预定目标的生物急性毒性数据集进行比较表明，一般而言A . fischeri较其他水生物种敏感。然而，根据全球化学品统一分类和标签制度，大部分受调查的化学物质可归为水生生态系统中有害或无毒的化合物。最后，基于欧盟水体中测量的环境浓度第95百分位数和各种水生生物的急性毒性数据的比较，可以认为当受试药物活性化合物作为单一化合物进行评估的时候，不存在水生生物风险。
精选自Valeria Di Nica, Sara Villa, Antonio Finizio. Toxicity of individual pharmaceuticals and their mixtures to Aliivibrio fischeri: experimental results for single compounds and considerations of their mechanisms of action and potential acute effects on aquatic organisms. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Volume 36, Issue 3, pages 807–814, July 2017. DOI: 10.1002/etc.3568
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1002/etc.3568/full
     

沉积物毒性鉴别评估技术在一个有着多重污染物输入地点的应用

沉积物毒性鉴别评估用于确定造成沉积物整体毒性测试中观察到有害效果的原因。然而在多污染物的情况下,将总体毒性划分为为不同个体污染物单独造成的毒性的方法存在很多问题。利用一个有着多重输入与相关污染物的站点数据,我们为毒性鉴别评估提出一种通过追踪毒性单位（TUs）来确定是否囊括全部毒性的方法。首先确定出沉积物整体的毒性水平,然后将毒性来源划分至几种污染物大类,例如氨类,金属,非极性有机物等。本文中毒性很大程度上来源于非极性有机物,所以在萃取沉积物之后,将萃取物重新加回稀释水中以检测毒性的复原。每一部分污染物的毒性占比由溶剂梯度测量,并进行毒性检测。目标占比由气相色谱-质谱分析得到,从而鉴定出与特定成分相关的毒性。之后对这些成分相关的毒性单位进行测定以确定可能的原因组合和是否已囊括全部毒性。数据表明毒性既与已有化合物相关,又与新兴污染物相关,而两种污染物对于总体毒性的具体贡献则随实验地点改变。
精选自Howard C. Bailey, Catherine A. Curran, Peter Arth, Bonnie P. Lo, Rich Gossett. Application of Sediment Toxicity Identification Evaluation Techniques to a Site with Multiple-Contaminants. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Volume 35, Issue 10, pages 2456–2465, October 2016. DOI: 10.1002/etc.3488
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.3488/full
     

Characterizing the resident, fermentative microbial consortium in the hindgut of the temperate-zone herbivorous fish, Hermosilla azurea (Teleostei: Kyphosidae)

The zebraperch, Hermosilla azurea Jenkins and Evermann, a warm-temperate marine fish species with a strictly macroalgal diet, has a relatively long digestive tract with an enlarged hindgut and an associated blind caecum (HC). In zebraperch sampled off Santa Catalina Island, California (33°19′42′′N; 118°18′37′′W) in years 1995 through 2001, direct cell counts, gut epithelium assessment of bacterial attachment, and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) analyses verified that the zebraperch HC possesses a dense and morphologically diverse, fermentative microbiota. Bacterial cell counts and morphological diversity were significantly higher in HC contents compared to anterior gut regions, suggesting that microbial populations were growing along the digestive tract. Similarly, electron micrographs of the HC epithelium revealed attached microbes, further supporting the possibility that these organisms constitute resident microbiota. Five different SCFAs were detected in all three regions of the digestive tract, but levels were up to three times greater in HC contents. Acetate was consistently the prevailing SCFA in all gut regions. Sequence analysis of bacterial 16S rDNA was used to identify predominant bacterial groups in HC contents. Of the seven main bacterial types identified, Enterovibrio spp. were the dominant bacteria in HC contents followed by species of Bacteroides,Faecalibacterium, and Desulfovibrio. Taken together, our findings show that the zebraperch HC harbors a consortium of microbes that appears to assist in the breakdown of algal polysaccharides in the herbivorous diet of the fish.     

酸雨对外来植物入侵的影响

酸雨和外来种入侵都是全球关注的问题。结合外来入侵植物的生态适应特性以及酸雨的危害特征,系统分析了酸雨对外来植物入侵产生的影响。酸雨对外来植物入侵的影响是复杂多样的。酸雨导致群落冠层稀疏,群落透光率增加,加之氮沉降后土壤、水体氮素的增加,有利于生长力强的外来喜阳植物入侵;酸雨加速土壤酸化,促使基本离子淋失以及A1毒等危害植物的生长发育,植物的内源激素以及化感作用发生改变,适应力和耐受力强的外来植物在与本地植物竞争中处于相对优势而成为入侵种;酸雨以及外来植物入侵改变了土壤微生物群落结构,影响本地植物的生长而促使外来植物的入侵。     

Endosymbiotic communities of two herbivorous labroid fishes,Odax cyanomelas andO. pullus

Two herbivorous species of the temperate labroid fish family Odacidae were examined for the presence of gut endosymbionts.Odax cyanomelas (Richardson) from southern Australia andO. pullus Schneider from New Zealand both feed on macroalgae, yet appear to lack obvious morphological specializations for herbivory. Specimens ofO. cyanomelas andO. pullus were collected in 1989 from Sydney, Australia, and Leigh, New Zealand, respectively. Both species were found to harbour dense concentrations of prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbes in their lower intestines. The various cell types present were examined by light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Epifluorescence microscope counts were used to quantify the distribution and abundance of the microbiota along the gut ofO. cyanomelas. Major differences were observed in the composition of microbiota between the two species.O. cyanomelas contained spirilla, large rod-shaped bacteria, filamentous bacteria and two forms of trichomonad flagellates.O. pullus also harboured dense, large, rod-shaped bacterial populations, but lacked the other two large prokaryote categories found inO. cyanomelas, and contained diplomonad flagellates. The large rod-shaped bacteria found in both species resembled prokaryotes described from other herbivorous fish and termites.     

Advances in research of airborne microbes in subway systems北大核心CSCD

Subway systems are indispensable for transportation in modern cities, with the air being easily polluted by microbes owing to the enclosed and crowded environment. The microbiological characteristics of subway aerosols have attracted the attention of researchers worldwide during recent years. This review aimed to evaluate the sampling and analyzing methods suitable for detecting airborne microbes in subway systems. Active air sampling methods and molecular biology techniques based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) such as 16S rRNA gene sequencing, metagenomics, and quantitative PCR demonstrated great potential in microbial analysis of aerosols because they can provide accurate and comprehensive information. Temporal and spatial distributions of airborne microbes, as well as the factors influencing their distribution characteristics, were also discussed by critically reviewing worldwide literature on subway microbiome studies. The concentration and composition of airborne bacteria and fungi in subway can vary dramatically with time and space. The critical factors determining microbial community structure and composition include temperature, relative humidity, carbon dioxide concentration, number of passengers, presence of platform screen door, ventilation systems, and so on. The review suggests that future studies on standardized sampling and analyzing protocols are required to obtain contamination levels of subway airborne microbes and to establish the relationship between microbial monitoring data and public health risks. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Culturomics and metagenomics: In understanding of environmental resistome

State of the art of culturomics and metagenomics to study resistome was presented. The combination of culturomics and metagenomics approaches was proposed. The research directions of antibiotic resistance study has been suggested. Pharmaceutical residues, mainly antibiotics, have been called “emerging contaminants” in the environment because of their increasing frequency of detection in aquatic and terrestrial systems and their sublethal ecological effects. Most of them are undiscovered. Both human and veterinary pharmaceuticals, including antibiotics, are introduced into the environment via many different routes, including discharges from municipal wastewater treatment plants and land application of animal manure and biosolids to fertilize croplands. To gain a comprehensive understanding of the widespread problem of antibiotic resistance, modern and scientific approaches have been developed to gain knowledge of the entire antibiotic-resistant microbiota of various ecosystems, which is called the resistome. In this review, two omics methods, i.e. culturomics, a new approach, and metagenomics, used to study antibiotic resistance in environmental samples, are described. Moreover, we discuss how both omics methods have become core scientific tools to characterize microbiomes or resistomes, study natural communities and discover new microbes and new antibiotic resistance genes from environments. The combination of the method for get better outcome of both culturomics and metagenomics will significantly advance our understanding of the role of microbes and their specific properties in the environment.     

碘甲磺隆钠盐在土壤中的降解

采用实验室模拟试验研究了微生物及不同环境条件对土壤中碘甲磺隆钠盐降解的影响。结果表明，微生物对土壤中碘甲磺隆钠盐的降解影响甚为明显；碘甲磺隆钠盐降解速率与土壤温度、湿度及葡萄糖含量呈正相关，与该农药初始用量呈负相关。     

靛蓝的微生物合成研究新进展

靛蓝是一种广泛应用于印染、医药等行业的有机色素,利用微生物法合成靛蓝已引起国内外学者的广泛关注.本文综述了微生物法合成靛蓝的研究进展及动态.靛蓝的微生物合成可归纳为3个阶段:野生型微生物催化合成、基因工程菌全细胞催化转化及代谢工程调控转化.多数芳烃降解菌及其编码酶均具备催化吲哚合成靛蓝的能力,采用定向进化、宏基因组技术以及两相体系等对已知酶资源进行深尺度研究,将为靛蓝生物合成过程注入新的活力.同时,靛蓝合成过程中产生的羟基吲哚及靛蓝衍生物是新型药物及化工中间体,也具有较大的研究价值.然而,由于靛蓝合成过程涉及的中间产物及副产物间转化关系及合成脉络仍不明晰,靛蓝产率低,因此将分子生物学及代谢工程手段融入到靛蓝合成机理及产业化应用的探索将成为该方向的研究重点.