滨海湿地类自然保护区的成本-效益研究——以江苏盐城湿地珍禽国家级自然保护区为例

以江苏盐城湿地珍禽国家级自然保护区为例,分析了滨海湿地生态系统所提供的生态系统服务及保护该系统所产生的成本.采用市场价值法、影子工程法和专家评估法估算了保护区内滨海湿地生态系统服务价值.2010年盐城保护区内滨海湿地生态系统产生的保护成本为8.18× 109元,其中管理成本为1.95× 107元,机会成本为8.16× 109元;保护区产生的效益为1.83× 1010元.结果表明,盐城保护区获得的效益远大于其付出的成本,盐城保护区的存在具有经济学上的收益优势.因此,在盐城滨海湿地建立自然保护区具有巨大的生态效益,这种优势更多地体现为长期的综合效益,且难以用货币形式直接兑现.对待自然保护区建设与管理应形成整体、长期的理念,不能因短期利益和局部利益而牺牲自然保护区,真正做到对保护区的永久保护和持续利用.     

滨海湿地类自然保护区的成本效益研究——以江苏盐城湿地珍禽国家级自然保护区为例

以江苏盐城湿地珍禽国家级自然保护区为例,分析了滨海湿地生态系统所提供的生态系统服务及保护该系统所产生的成本。采用市场价值法、影子工程法和专家评估法估算了保护区内滨海湿地生态系统服务价值。2010年盐城保护区内滨海湿地生态系统产生的保护成本为8.18×109元,其中管理成本为1.95×107元,机会成本为8.16×109元;保护区产生的效益为1.83×1010元。结果表明,盐城保护区获得的效益远大于其付出的成本,盐城保护区的存在具有经济学上的收益优势。因此,在盐城滨海湿地建立自然保护区具有巨大的生态效益,这种优势更多地体现为长期的综合效益,且难以用货币形式直接兑现。对待自然保护区建设与管理应形成整体、长期的理念,不能因短期利益和局部利益而牺牲自然保护区,真正做到对保护区的永久保护和持续利用。     

基于MAXENT模型的丹顶鹤越冬生境变化分析:以盐城保护区为例

盐城保护区是全球野生丹顶鹤(Grus japonensis)迁徙种群主要的越冬栖息地之一。近年来,丹顶鹤越冬生境变化显著。应用MAXENT模型,结合丹顶鹤野外调查数据和主要环境特征变量,对2000—2013年盐城保护区丹顶鹤越冬生境变化和主要原因进行分析。模型分析结果表明,到道路距离、到养殖塘距离和到米草滩距离,以及到芦苇滩距离和到碱蓬滩距离分别是2000和2013年影响丹顶鹤分布的主要环境因子。2000—2013年期间,盐城保护区内丹顶鹤适宜生境面积持续减少,由94 571 hm2减少为22 365 hm2;适宜生境破碎化程度不断加剧,分布格局由连续分布变为集中分布在核心区周围区域。丹顶鹤适宜生境丧失与保护区内碱蓬滩、泥滩、盐田面积大幅减少,养殖塘面积大幅增加有关。建议保护区在丹顶鹤越冬生境保护中做好以下工作:(1)加强核心区湿地生境保护和恢复;(2)加强实验区和缓冲区人工湿地管护;(3)加强对保护区内人为干扰活动的监督和管理。     

江苏省盐城自然保护区周围地区乡镇工业污染状况及发展方向

在盐城自然保护区周围建立一个环境良好的过渡带,是做好珍禽保护工作的一个重要方面。本文以1988年保护区周围乡镇工业污染源调查资料和历年来在保护区越冬的丹顶鹤数量为依据,从污染企业的比例、污染物排放量、排放强度、主要污染物及水环境和大气环境质量等方面,说明周围乡镇工业的发展,尚未对保护区的环境和丹顶鹤等珍禽的栖息产生明显的影响。但是,由于保护区的环境质量要求高,本区乡镇工业又正在迅速发展,因而必须重视乡镇工业的污染问题。本文认为,应当采取以下污染防治措施,以保证本区乡镇工业沿着正确的方向发展:1.统筹兼顾,优化工业布局;2.调整产业结构;3.强化环境管理。     

吉林西部退化草地修复方案的仿真优化

退化草地的恢复已成为吉林西部农牧业发展的重要任务.为使吉林省西部草地步人可持续发展的良性轨道,如何对退化草地进行恢复就成为研究工作面临的主要问题.首先,运用用RS和GIS技术,建立1989和2004年吉林西部土地利用/土地覆盖空间数据库,研究15年来的吉林西部草地退化情况,草地从1989年至2004年,其总面积减少26.752×104 hm2,15年间减少将近32%.针对吉林西部草地退化状况,提出不同的草地修复规划方案,在系统动力学的指导下,运用VENSIM软件建立了吉林西部草地退化典型区大安市的草地修复规划方案的仿真优化模型,对生产建设型、生态恢复型和生态修复型3种方案进行了仿真优化,其中生态修复型方案,大安市的草地面积以2%的速度恢复,到2020年草地面积为8.23×10.hm2,耕地面积为7.54×104hm2,草地耕地面积比为1.1:1,草地面积占大安市可利用土地面积的41%.农民人均收入达到3 299元,生态效益良好,为吉林西部受损草地生态系统修复的最佳方案.     

北黄海近岸海域磺胺类抗生素及其抗性Escherichia coli分布

致病菌耐药性的增加和扩散目前已成为全球公共安全问题,为提供解决该问题的重要理论数据,在我国北黄海近岸海域采集排污口、海水养殖区和海滨浴场等水样和沉积物样品,利用HPLC-MS/MS分析水体样品中14种磺胺类(SAs)抗生素浓度含量,同时根据EPA方法(Method 1604)对水和沉积物中Escherichia coli(E.coli)和磺胺抗性E.coli(Re-E.coli)总量进行测定,计算出E.coli磺胺抗性水平,进而探讨该区域水体中E.coli磺胺抗性率与磺胺类抗生素浓度含量的相关性以及E.coli磺胺抗性菌株的分布特点及来源.结果显示,北黄海近岸海域水体中抗生素检出浓度差异性较大,磺胺浓度含量范围为ND-584.32 ng/L;E.coli和Re-E.coli每100 mL总量范围在27×104-5.5×104和8×104-1.6×104株,在每克沉积物中分别为0-1 363和0-320株;E.coli磺胺抗性率范围为18.18%-66.91%.研究表明,E.coli磺胺抗性率与磺胺类抗生素浓度含量存在显著相关性(P=0.846),说明环境残留抗生素可诱导抗性微生物;E.coli和Re-E.coli分布和抗性水平显示,抗性基因之间存在水平转移,且其主要来源是渔业养殖.     

鲜甘薯发酵生产燃料乙醇中的降粘工艺

鲜甘薯高浓度发酵生产燃料乙醇的瓶颈之一是醪液粘度高,容易堵塞管路,严重影响工业化生产和增加能源消耗,同时也会降低乙醇发酵效率.为解决此问题,进行了添加降粘酶系及其作用条件优化研究,结果如下:1)确定最适降粘酶系为四川禾本生物工程有限公司的纤维素酶,粘度由1.7×104mPa.s降到8.8×102mPa.s,并且降低了生产成本;2)确定降粘酶作用前高温处理条件:110℃,20 min;3)最适降粘酶对不同品种鲜甘薯高浓度发酵的降粘效果表明降粘酶对大部分品种鲜甘薯降粘效果较好,粘度均约为1.0×103mPa.s以下,最低粘度只有2.7×102mPa.s,粘度下降率均在95%以上;4)在确定最适降粘酶系和其作用前高温条件后,将其应用于工业化生产,加入降粘酶2 h后发酵醪液的粘度由1.8×105mPa.s下降到2.7×103mPa.s,发酵后终粘度仅为7.9×102mPa.s,发酵时间仅为23 h,乙醇浓度达到10.56%(V/V),进一步验证了该降粘酶系应用于工业化鲜甘薯燃料乙醇生产的实际意义.表8参19     

紫色土丘陵坡地土壤微生物群落的季节变化

采用稀释平板法和Biolog-ECO微平板技术,以剌槐（Robinia pseudoacacia）天然次生林为研究对象,研究湖南省衡阳市紫色土丘陵坡地表层（0~10 cm）土壤微生物群落的季节变化特征。结果表明：1）夏季,土壤微生物总数,细菌数量、真菌数量和放线菌数量最高,分别为16.34×106、16.09×106、10.43×104和14.64×104 cfu·g-1干土,春季次之：11.61×106、11.45×106、5.00×104和10.65×104 cfu·g-1干土,秋季最低：5.87×106、5.78×106、4.67×104和4.08×104 cfu·g-1干土,春、夏和秋3季的差异达显著水平（P<0.05）;2）在培养168 h时,土壤微生物C源平均颜色变化率（Average well color development, AWCD）以夏季最高（1.20）,春季次之（0.88）,秋季最低（0.83）;3）土壤微生物功能多样性表现为夏季明显高于春、秋2季（P<0.05）,夏季的Patrick丰富度指数（R）（28）、Shannon-Wiener指数（H）（3.22）、Simpson指数（D）（0.96）和McIntosh指数（U）（8.20）显著高于春、秋2季（P<0.05）,而春、秋2季的R（23,24）、H（3.06,3.08）、D（0.95,0.95）和U（5.90,5.91）无显著差异（P>0.05）;4）氨基酸类、聚合物类和羧酸C源类是衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地土壤微生物偏好且利用率较高的C源类型;5）主成分分析表明,土壤微生物群落的C源利用可分为2类,一类在夏季,另一类在春、秋2季,其得分系数的分布范围分别为（2.59~6.00,2.43~5.09）和（-7.65~-1.90,-6.38~-3.43）。研究结果为科学评价湖南省衡阳市紫色土丘陵坡地土壤生境质量退化和恢复过程中微生物特征的变化提供了本底值参考。     

北黄海浮游植物群落季节变化

根据2009年5月21日—12月7日北黄海浮游植物4个航次调查资料,对该海域浮游植物的种类组成、优势种、细胞丰度及其分布、生物多样性等基本状况进行了分析,并采用站位聚类分析手段对北黄海浮游植物做区域划分。结果表明,4个航次调查共鉴定浮游植物3门22属56种,主要以温带近岸广温广盐性种为主。硅藻门种类数最多45种,圆筛藻属的种类最多为12种,其次为角毛藻属9种;甲藻门10种,种类数最多的是角藻属4种;金藻门1种。4个航次浮游植物细胞丰度介于0.3～18 103.5×104cells.m-3,平均为542.4×104cells.m-3。浮游植物丰度显示明显的季节变化,表现为冬季(2105.1×104cells.m-3)>秋季(29.4×104cells.m-3)>夏季(25.5×104cells.m-3)>春季(9.7×104cells.m-3)。4个航次浮游甲藻细胞丰度介于未检出～80.5×104cells.m-3,平均为6.9×104cells.m-3,浮游甲藻细胞丰度按季节变化规律为夏季(13.9×104cells.m-3)>秋季(8.5×104cells.m-3)>冬季(2.8×104cells.m-3)>春季(2.3×104cells.m-3)。北黄海重要优势种是具槽帕拉藻(Paralia sulcata),较为重要优势种有密联角毛藻(Chaetoceros densus)、辐射圆筛藻(Coscinodiscus radiatus)、大角角藻(Ceratium macroceros)、梭角藻(Ceratium fusus)、三角角藻(Ceratium tripos),季节优势种是圆筛藻spp.(Coscinodiscus spp.)、聚生角毛藻(Chaetoceros socialis)和威氏圆筛藻(Coscinodiscus wailesii)。Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数分别是2.024和0.636,二者分布共同特征是北黄海南部海域和丹东鸭绿江口外部海域较低。站位聚类分析表明北黄海浮游植物种类地区划分主要分为3个区域:鸭绿江口区、中部区和西部区。     

白洋淀湿地补水的生态效益评估

对白洋淀在特别枯水年情况下,设计按最小生态水位补水、按适宜生态水位补水和不补水3种方案,对补水后湿地各类生态服务功能相比不补水(即只使用白洋淀湿地生态水权提供入淀径流)产生的变化进行计算,并运用市场价值法、类比法和影子工程法等方法,对各类服务功能变化的经济价值进行评估,得出白洋淀湿地补水的生态效益价值.结果表明:白洋淀湿地按最小和适宜生态水位补水,补水量分别为12 610×104和26 819×104 m3,补水的生态效益价值分别为57 036× 104和135 646× 104元,其中间接使用价值分别为52 255× 104和124 244× 104元,分别是直接使用价值的10.93和10.90倍;按最小和适宜生态水位补水,单位补水量的生态效益分别为4.5和5.1元·m-3,2种方案补水的生态效益都很显著.     

花岗岩地区水蚀荒漠化问题探讨——以澄源河流域为例

以安徽省绩溪县澄源河流域为例,说明我国南方受干旱影响的亚湿润地带花岗岩地区水蚀荒漠化的存在,并探讨了其成因及危害。该流域１９８４年水蚀荒漠化面积为７．５６ｋｍ２,占流域总面积的１８．０３％;经过１０ａ的治理取得了一些成就和经验,至１９９６年水蚀荒漠化的面积已减少到２．５６ｋｍ２,占流域总面积的６．１１％,获得了可观的经济、社会和环境效益。事实说明只要采取一系列预防和治理措施,荒漠化过程是可以逆转的。     

南昌市生态空间和生态保护红线划定研究

生态保护红线作为生态空间的刚性约束区域,是保障和维护国家生态安全的底线和生命线。结合国土空间规划双评价技术,以南昌市为例,选取水源涵养功能、水土保持功能、水质保护功能、生物多样性保护功能4种重要性指标和土壤侵蚀、酸沉降、水污染3种敏感性指标,采用模型评估法和净初级生产力定量指标评估法,开展生态空间和生态保护红线划定研究。结果表明:南昌市生态保护红线面积为1648.43 km2,占总面积的22.27%,以水质保护与水污染敏感红线和生物多样性维护功能生态保护红线为主,面积分别为787.93 km2和628.96 km2,主要分布在南昌市梅岭森林公园及周边地区、中部赣江与瑶湖范围、东部军山湖与青岚湖地区、西部鄱阳湖湖域以及近鄱阳湖部分区域,以水域、农田、森林3种地类为主;生态空间面积为4271.43 km2,占总面积的57.70%,主要分布在南昌东部、南部以及西南方向,以农田、森林地类为主;其他空间面积为1482.67 km2,占总面积的20.03%,主要分布在南昌市中部以及市区周边部分地区,以建设用地为主。研究结果可为区域国土空间规划和生态安全提供参考。     

近35a西藏那曲地区湖泊动态遥感与气候因素关联度分析

利用1976、1990、2000和2010年4期遥感影像对西藏那曲地区面积大于1 km2湖泊的动态变化进行信息提取,并结合1966—2010年研究区9个站点的气象数据,探讨其对气候变化的响应。结果表明,2010年那曲地区大于1 km2湖泊的总面积为16 841.93 km2,湖泊总数为469。近35 a那曲地区大于1 km2湖泊面积共增加3 505.12km2,增幅为26.28%,其中以2000—2010年增长速度最快,达18.18%;近35 a湖泊数量增加96,增幅为25.73%,其中以1990—2000年增幅最大,达13.38%。色林错面积从1976年的1 648.61 km2增加到2010年的2 332.55km2,超过纳木错成为西藏第一大咸水湖。1966年以来,那曲地区年平均温度、年平均最高温度、年平均最低温度、年平均相对湿度和年平均降水量总体呈上升趋势,年平均蒸发量呈下降趋势,气候朝暖湿方向发展,其中温度变化最明显,线性气温倾向率为0.51℃.(10 a)-1。湖泊动态变化与气象因子的灰度关联分析表明,气温升高引起冰雪融水增加、降水量增加、相对湿度增加和蒸发量减少,是近35 a来那曲地区湖泊面积和数量不断增加的主要原因。气象要素与湖泊面积间的回归方程表明,两者具有显著线性相关关系。     

Optimizing dispersal corridors for the Cape Proteaceae using network flow

We introduce a new way of measuring and optimizing connectivity in conservation landscapes through time, accounting for both the biological needs of multiple species and the social and financial constraint of minimizing land area requiring additional protection. Our method is based on the concept of network flow; we demonstrate its use by optimizing protected areas in the Western Cape of South Africa to facilitate autogenic species shifts in geographic range under climate change for a family of endemic plants, the Cape Proteaceae. In 2005, P. Williams and colleagues introduced a novel framework for this protected area design task. To ensure population viability, they assumed each species should have a range size of at least 100 km2 of predicted suitable conditions contained in protected areas at all times between 2000 and 2050. The goal was to design multiple dispersal corridors for each species, connecting suitable conditions between time periods, subject to each species' limited dispersal ability, and minimizing the total area requiring additional protection. We show that both minimum range size and limited dispersal abilities can be naturally modeled using the concept of network flow. This allows us to apply well-established tools from operations research and computer science for solving network flow problems. Using the same data and this novel modeling approach, we reduce the area requiring additional protection by a third compared to previous methods, from 4593 km2 to 3062 km , while still achieving the same conservation planning goals. We prove that this is the best solution mathematically possible: the given planning goals cannot be achieved with a smaller area, given our modeling assumptions and data. Our method allows for flexibility and refinement of the underlying climate-change, species-habitat-suitability, and dispersal models. In particular, we propose an alternate formalization of a minimum range size moving through time and use network flow to achieve the revised goals, again with the smallest possible newly protected area (2850 km2). We show how to relate total dispersal distance to probability of successful dispersal, and compute a trade-off curve between this quantity and the total amount of extra land that must be protected.     

Distribution quantitative de la méiofaune dans l'aire d'épandage de l'égout de Marseille

A quantitative analysis of meiofauna was carried out at ten sample stations distributed along a transect off Marseilles' (France) sewage outfall in November, 1981. The meiofauna was counted and average and total biomass of nematodes and copepods were calculated for each station. Comparison of data between stations or groups of stations was made using statistical tests. The results revealed three sectors in which effects of pollution on meiofauna differed: (1) A heavily polluted coastal zone (at a distance of 30 to 150 m from the outfall), relatively poor in meiofauna, which, however, was not completely absent-as were macrobenthic organisms; the meiofauna was composed mainly of nematodes and copepods, but acarians and naupliar larvae (probably copepods) were also numerous; the copepods were uncommonly large in size, and alone consituted most of the total benthic biomass in this zone. (2) An intermediate zone (400 to 1 150 m away from the coast), also polluted and much richer in meiofauna than the coastal zone; the meiofauna groups were more diversified, annelids (mainly polychaetes) increasing in number, while acarians became scarce and copepods decreased in size; at 400 m away from the outfall, where the sediment is strongly polluted, the nematode population consisted of large individuals which contributed greatly to the biomass; at 400 and 800 m, the distribution of both meiofauna and macrobenthos was heterogeneous; at 1 150 m away from the outfall, maximal meiofaunal densities were recorded, due primarily to an increase in nematode numbers; here, unlike all the stations nearer to the coast, total nematode biomass was greater than copepod biomass. (3) An off-shore zone (1.8 to 4 km distant from the coast), slightly polluted, where meiofauna densities were reduced and individuals decreased in size with increasing depth. Generally, an enrichment in the meiofauna was evident from the coastal to the intermediate zone. Enrichments induced by urban pollution have been recorded previously, but not, as in the present study, at a distance of 1 km away from the outfall, succeeding to a highly impoverished coastal zone. Thus, by supplying organic matter and nutrients, Marseilles' sewage can enrich sediments, but only to a certain distance away from the outfall, where the deleterious effects of pollutants are attenuated.     

Anthropogenic Correlates of Species Richness in Southeastern Ontario Wetlands

We examined the relationship between the richness of four different wetland taxa (birds, mammals, herptiles, and plants) in 30 southeastern Ontario, Canada wetlands and two anthropogenic factors: road construction and forest removal/conversion on adjacent lands. Data were obtained from two sources: road densities and forest cover from 1:50,000 Government of Canada topographic maps and species lists and wetland areas from Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources wetland evaluation reports. Multiple regression analysis was used to model the relationships between species richness and wetland area, road density, and forest cover. Our results show a strong positive relationship between wetland area and species richness for all taxa. The species richness of all taxa except mammals was negatively correlated with the density of paved roads on lands up to 2 km from the wetland. Furthermore, both herptile and mammal species richness showed a strong positive correlation with the proportion of forest cover on lands within 2 km. These results provide evidence that at the landscape level, road construction and forest removal on adjacent lands pose significant risks to wetland biodiversity. Furthermore, they suggest that most existing wetland policies, which focus almost exclusively on activities within the wetland itself and/or a narrow buffer zone around the wetland perimeter, are unlikely to provide adequate protection for wetland biodiversity.     

The rate and extent of deforestation in watersheds of the southwestern Amazon basin.

The rate and extent of deforestation determine the timing and magnitude of disturbance to both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Rapid change can lead to transient impacts to hydrology and biogeochemistry, while complete and permanent conversion to other land uses can lead to chronic changes. A large population of watershed boundaries (N=4788) and a time series of Landsat TM imagery (1975-1999) in the southwestern Amazon Basin showed that even small watersheds (2.5-15 km2) were deforested relatively slowly over 7-21 years. Less than 1% of all small watersheds were more than 50% cleared in a single year, and clearing rates averaged 5.6%/yr during active clearing. A large proportion (26%) of the small watersheds had a cumulative deforestation extent of more than 75%. The cumulative deforestation extent was highly spatially autocorrelated up to a 100-150 km lag due to the geometry of the agricultural zone and road network, so watersheds as large as approximately 40000 km2 were more than 50% deforested by 1999. The rate of deforestation had minimal spatial autocorrelation beyond a lag of approximately 30 km, and the mean rate decreased rapidly with increasing area. Approximately 85% of the cleared area remained in pasture, so deforestation in watersheds of Rond?nia was a relatively slow, permanent, and complete transition to pasture, rather than a rapid, transient, and partial cutting with regrowth. Given the observed landcover transitions, the regional stream biogeochemical response is likely to resemble the chronic changes observed in streams draining established pastures, rather than a temporary pulse from slash-and-burn.     

Spatial patterns and temporal succession in soft-bottom macroinvertebrate assemblages surrounding an ocean outfall on the southern San Diego shelf: relation to anthropogenic and natural events

Spatial patterns and temporal succession in soft-bottom macroinvertebrate assemblages are described for an area of the southern San Diego shelf which is influenced by both anthropogenic and natural events. The study transect covered 19 km along the 60 m-depth contour and spanned the terminus of the Point Loma wastewater outfall (32°40N; 117°17W). Ordination and classification analyses revealed that eight major benthic assemblages occurred in the study area from 1986–1990. These analyses further indicated that: (1) the impact of wastewater discharge on the benthos was asymmetric about the outfall, and (2) primary and secondary impact zones existed within the outfall footprint. The primary impact extended only 0.5 km south, but usually up to 1 km north, of the point of discharge, reflecting the prevailing northerly flow of currents along the San Diego coast. Stations within the primary impact zone usually supported similar faunal assemblages at any point in time. A lessened, or secondary, impact was apparent at stations 1 to 2 km south and 2 km north of the outfall. The two stations 9 km to the north appeared to be outside the outfall footprint. Assemblages in the three zones did not differ greatly in species composition, but did differ with respect to organismal density, relative abundances (dominance hierarchy) of component species, and temporal persistence. Biostimulation of the benthos, manifest as increased species richness and organismal abundance, was apparent in the primary impact zone from 1986–1988, although dominance was relatively low. Dominance increased at these sites during 1989 and 1990 due to large increases in populations of a few small species, such as the polychaete Myriochele sp. M and the ostracod Euphilomedes carcharodonta. Biomass was slightly elevated in the primary impact zone during 1986–1987; however, this trend was not sustained. Communities within the outfall footprint were much less persistent over time than those beyond it. The observed shifts in benthic assemblages within the outfall footprint corresponded to natural oceanographic cycles (i.e., the transition from El Niño to La Niña conditions) and anthropogenic changes (i.e., changes in wastewater output). These observations suggest that the Point Loma outfall has a localized effect on the stability of infaunal communities. Possible destabilization mechanisms are explored. Finally, comparisons with pre-discharge data taken during 1956–1957 revealed that about half of the species present prior to construction of the outfall were still common in 1990, after 27 yr of wastewater discharge, although large increases in species diversity and abundance seem to have occurred at all stations.     

郑州市道路网络结构特征对大气颗粒物污染的影响及尺度效应

交通排放是大气颗粒物(PM)污染主要来源之一,从道路网络空间结构探究大气颗粒物污染缓解途径,对治理城市空气污染具有重要意义。该研究数据来源于郑州市GF-2遥感影像及建成区8个空气质量监测点(AQMS)的日监测数据。以AQMS为中心建立1 km×1 km(Scale1)-6 km×6 km(Scale6)空间尺度的样方,运用主成分分析法和线性混合效应模型,探讨不同空间尺度下影响PM10、PM2.5质量浓度的关键性路网结构特征,为郑州市路网结构规划和空气污染治理提供科学依据。结果表明,(1)郑州市建成区各监测点的颗粒物质量浓度及变异性都有冬高夏低的特征。(2)郑州市路网结构对PM10质量浓度的影响程度高于PM2.5。(3)主干道面积占比与PM10在Scale1、Scale3-Scale5尺度正相关,与PM2.5仅在Scale5正相关;总道路及次干道面积占比与PM10在Scale2-Scale6均正相关,但与PM2.5仅在Scale5、Scale6尺度正相关。在Scale5的空间尺度下控制总道路及次干道面积占比、减少主干道面积占比,可以有效缓解PM10、PM2.5的污染。(4)路网连通复杂度在Scale2与PM10负相关,在Scale2尺度提升路网环通复杂度可以促进PM10污染的有效缓解。(5)节点与廊道数量水平在Scale1、Scale2与PM10负相关,在Scale1、Scale5与PM2.5负相关。通过在Scale1尺度提升节点与廊道数量水平可以同时有效缓解PM10、PM2.5污染。     

坝上地区土地利用与覆被变化对土壤养分的影响

坝上地区是典型的农牧交错带 ,生态环境十分脆弱。研究表明 ,解放后 ,该区土地利用与土地覆被状况经历了多次反复的变动。 2 0世纪 80年代以前 ,草地大规模改变为旱地 ,部分改为林地 ;90年代初 ,旱地又逐步被改为草地、林地和水田使用。土地利用与土地覆被的变化引起土壤中有机质、全N、全P、全K、碱解N以及有效态P、K、B、Mo、Mn、Zn、Cu和Fe等养分呈有规律的改变。当土地由草地变为林地、旱地变为林地、旱地变为水田时 ,总体养分增多。但也有例外 ,尤其是碱解N、速效P和速效K以及微量元素 ,有时出现与上述规律不一致的情况。