类固醇类内分泌干扰物羟基衍生化条件的优化

以N-甲基-N-三甲基硅基三氟乙酰胺(MSTFA)为衍生化试剂,采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)系统研究了4种类固醇类内分泌干扰物雌酮(E1)、17β-雌二醇(E2)、雌三醇(E3)、17α-乙炔基雌二醇(EE2)的羟基衍生化,主要考察了MSTFA用量、衍生化温度、衍生化时间对类固醇类内分泌干扰物衍生化效果的影响以及衍生化产物的稳定性、标准曲线、仪器检出限等.结果表明:100μl浓度为0.01μg.μl-1的标准混合溶液,MSTFA的最佳用量为20μl;最佳衍生化条件为70℃下反应30min;衍生化产物的稳定性较好,在-20℃下放置48h,相对响应因子(RRF)基本没有降低;在优化的实验条件下,各待测物具有良好的线性相关性,E1和E2的仪器检出限为0.1pg.μl-1,EE2和E3的仪器检出限为1pg.μl-1.     

高效液相色谱串联大气压化学电离源质谱(HPLC-APCI-MS)法测定水中三氯生

建立了高效液相色谱串联大气压化学电离源质谱(HPLC-APCI-MS)测定水中三氯生的方法,预处理采用正己烷液液萃取法萃取三氯生,回收率达99.6%;优化的色谱质谱联机分析条件为:检测波长230 nm,流动相乙腈/水(75∶25),离子源APCI源,负离子模式;该分析方法能在5 min内实现对水中三氯生的定性与定量分析.质量保证(Quality Assurance,QA)与质量控制(Quality Control,QC)研究得出,仪器检测限为0.18μg·L-1,相对标准偏差(relative standard deviations,RSD)为0.59%;空白加标实验回收率为103%,RSD为1.2%;以城市生活污水、河水和自来水为加标基质实验回收率为96.6%—108%,方法检测限为0.26—0.61μg·L-1,RSD为0.28%—0.81%.该方法操作简便,分析方法准确性、精密性与可靠性均较高.     

五氟苯甲酰氯衍生色谱法分析水体中痕量羟基多溴联苯醚

以五氟苯甲酰氯(PFBCl)作为衍生化试剂,气相色谱-电子捕获检测器(Gas chromatography-electron capture detector,GC-ECD)为检测手段,建立了水体中痕量羟基多溴联苯醚(Hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers,简称OH-PBDEs)的酰基化衍生-GC/ECD检测方法.通过实验讨论了衍生化缓冲溶液、衍生化时间以及衍生后萃取溶液异辛烷的用量对检测结果的影响,确定了最佳的衍生化条件.在最佳的衍生化条件下,4-OH-BDE 42、4’-OH-BDE 49、6-OH-BDE 47、2’-OH-BDE 68和6’-OH-BDE 99的衍生化产物均获得了良好的分离度和色谱响应值.本方法的仪器检出限为0.02—0.14 pg,方法检出限为0.61—4.67 pg.L-1,标准曲线线性相关系数的范围为0.9973—0.9996,相对标准偏差均小于10%.3种采自大连市不同地区环境水样的加标回收率检测结果表明,所建立的分析方法适于水体中痕量OH-PBDEs的检测.     

气相色谱-串联质谱法(GC-MS/MS)测定复合食品包装袋中的2,4-二氨基甲苯

建立了气相色谱-串联质谱法测定复合食品包装袋中2,4-二氨基甲苯的方法.样品中2,4-二氨基甲苯经沸水提取后,加入氯化钠并用二氯甲烷进行液-液萃取,再经三氟乙酸酐衍生化并通过氮吹去除多余三氟乙酸酐,最后将衍生物进行GC-MS/MS定性定量分析.结果表明,仪器在0.0040—1.0 mg.L-1线性范围内,其线性方程为y=256128.7879x+147.5758,相关系数为0.9997;方法检出限为0.08μg.L-1;平均回收率为81.7%—97.2%;相对标准偏差(n=6)为3.5%—4.6%.该方法简便、快速、灵敏度高、重复性好,可用于复合食品包装袋中2,4-二氨基甲苯的分析.     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定鲫鱼中的微囊藻毒素

建立了高效液相色谱/串联质谱法(LC-MS/MS)同时定量检测鲫鱼中微囊藻毒素(MC-RR,YR,LR,LW,LF)的方法,用甲醇提取卿鱼中待测物,HLB(Oasis)小柱固相萃取法净化,并对提取溶剂和淋洗液及分析条件进行了优化.该法检出限(LOD)为0.2 μg·kg-1,定量限(LOQ)为0.7 μg·kg-1,标准曲线的线性相关系数均大于0.99,回收率为85.3%-101.3%.实际鱼样未检测出MC-RR,YR,LR,LW,LF.     

衍生液注入控制-离子色谱法同时测定环境水样中的三价铬和六价铬

以2,6-吡啶二羧酸和1,5-二苯碳酰二肼为衍生试剂,采用柱前和柱后衍生的方式建立了离子色谱法同时测定环境水样中三价铬和六价铬的方法.通过六通阀控制1,5-二苯碳酰二肼注入系统的时间,避免了六价铬衍生液本底对三价铬测定的干扰,提高了三价铬检测的灵敏度,将三价铬的检出限由原来的0.17 mg·L-1降低至5.9μg·L-1.同时,对检测波长、淋洗液浓度、衍生液流速和定量环体积进行了选择优化.该方法对0.72 mg·L-1Cr(Ⅲ)和0.24 mg·L-1Cr(Ⅵ)峰面积测定值的相对标准偏差分别为0.34%和0.65%,六价铬的检出限为3.2μg·L-1.测定了含铬污染废水、电镀厂处理前后的废水和河水共9个样品中Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)的含量,并进行了加标回收实验.结果表明,在0.02—0.48 mg·L-1加标范围内,Cr(Ⅲ)的加标回收率在83.7%—117.0%;在0.02—0.24 mg·L-1加标范围内,Cr(Ⅵ)的加标回收率在96.0%—104.5%.     

粮食中玉米赤霉烯酮的电子捕获气相色谱分析

本文建立了粮食中玉米赤霉烯酮的电子捕获气相色谱方法。粮食样品经氯仿-醋酸乙酯(1:1)提取后浓缩,浓缩液用NaOH提取,NaOH提取液经HCI调至pH为3.5左右,过Sep-pak C_(18)柱。用乙腈洗脱柱上玉米赤霉烯酮,洗脱液浓缩至干,残渣用七氟丁酸酐衍生化后进行气相色谱分析。结果表明,玉米赤霉烯酮在电子捕获气相色谱上的最低检出限为4×10~(-11)g,相关系数为0.9996。在玉米、小麦、大麦、大米中的回收率在50ng/g—100ng/g的范围内均在80％以上。各粮食中的最低检出限均低于20ng/g。     

低压离子色谱分离-吐温-20增敏偶合化学发光检测Cr(Ⅵ)

Cr(Ⅵ)经低压离子色谱分离,与K4Fe(CN)6反应生成的K3Fe(CN)6再和Luminol化学发光反应偶合,表面活性剂吐温-20对此化学发光有很强的增敏作用.优化条件下,Cr(Ⅵ)浓度与化学发光强度在2.8×10-9-1.0×10-6g·ml-1范围内成正比,检出限达9.3×10-10g·ml-1.用于江水中Cr(Ⅵ)测定,结果与标准方法一致.     

加速溶剂萃取(ASE)-固相萃取(SPE)-高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定土壤中青霉素钠

建立了一种加速溶剂萃取(ASE)-固相萃取(SPE)-高效液相色谱(HPLC)测定土壤中青霉素钠的简单、快速的方法.样品以超纯水为提取溶剂,50℃提取温度为ASE提取条件参数;HLB型固相萃取柱富集净化:6.0mL 5%甲醇淋洗、4.0mL乙腈-甲醇(1∶1)洗脱;高效液相色谱-紫外检测器(HPLC-PDA)测定,检测波长λ=191.1nm,柱温30℃,流动相为乙腈-0.1%甲酸/水(1∶1),采用等梯度洗脱程序,取得较好的检测分离效果.对0.5、2.0、8.0mg·kg-1等3个不同添加浓度水平的青霉素钠平均加标回收率范围为73.1%—89.7%,回收率相对标准偏差RSD范围为1.1%—2.9%(n=5),检出限可达235.0μg·L-1.结果表明,该方法操作简单,快速,准确度和精密度均符合质量控制要求,能够满足环境土壤样本中痕量青霉素钠检测分析的要求.     

直接进样-离子色谱法测定饮用水中痕量溴酸盐

对直接测定饮用水中痕量溴酸盐的离子色谱方法进行了优化 .选用高容量的碳酸盐选择性离子色谱柱 ,以 7 2mmol·l- 1 Na2 CO3 2mmol·l- 1 NaOH为流动相 ,可消除样品中碳酸盐、次氯酸根和高浓度氯离子的干扰 ,直接进样测定饮用水中 2 μg·l- 1 溴酸盐 ,其检出限为 0 6μg·l- 1 .样品经微波浓缩后 ,对溴酸盐的检出限可降为 0 0 6μg·l- 1 .方法用于北京市饮用水中溴酸盐浓度的测定 ,结果满意     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.     

Effects of Coffee Management on Deforestation Rates and Forest Integrity

Knowledge about how forest margins are utilized can be crucial for a general understanding of changes in forest cover, forest structure, and biodiversity across landscapes. We studied forest‐agriculture transitions in southwestern Ethiopia and hypothesized that the presence of coffee (Coffea arabica)decreases deforestation rates because of coffee's importance to local economies and its widespread occurrence in forests and forest margins. Using satellite images and elevation data, we compared changes in forest cover over 37 years (1973–2010) across elevations in 2 forest‐agriculture mosaic landscapes (1100 km² around Bonga and 3000 km² in Goma‐Gera). In the field in the Bonga area, we determined coffee cover and forest structure in 40 forest margins that differed in time since deforestation. Both the absolute and relative deforestation rates were lower at coffee‐growing elevations compared with at higher elevations (?10/20% vs. ?40/50% comparing relative rates at 1800 m asl and 2300–2500 m asl, respectively). Within the coffee‐growing elevation, the proportion of sites with high coffee cover (>20%) was significantly higher in stable margins (42% of sites that had been in the same location for the entire period) than in recently changed margins (0% of sites where expansion of annual crops had changed the margin). Disturbance level and forest structure did not differ between sites with 30% or 3% coffee. However, a growing body of literature on gradients of coffee management in Ethiopia reports coffee's negative effects on abundances of forest‐specialist species. Even if the presence of coffee slows down the conversion of forest to annual‐crop agriculture, there is a risk that an intensification of coffee management will still threaten forest biodiversity, including the genetic diversity of wild coffee. Conservation policy for Ethiopian forests thus needs to develop strategies that acknowledge that forests without coffee production may have higher deforestation risks than forests with coffee production and that forests with coffee production often have lower biodiversity value. Efectos de la Administración Cafetalera sobre las Tasas de Deforestación y la Integridad de los Bosques     

Globalization of the Cashmere Market and the Decline of Large Mammals in Central Asia

As drivers of terrestrial ecosystems, humans have replaced large carnivores in most areas, and human influence not only exerts striking ecological pressures on biodiversity at local scales but also has indirect effects in distant corners of the world. We suggest that the multibillion dollar cashmere industry creates economic motivations that link western fashion preferences for cashmere to land use in Central Asia. This penchant for stylish clothing, in turn, encourages herders to increase livestock production which affects persistence of over 6 endangered large mammals in these remote, arid ecosystems. We hypothesized that global trade in cashmere has strong negative effects on native large mammals of deserts and grassland where cashmere‐producing goats are raised. We used time series data, ecological snapshots of the biomass of native and domestic ungulates, and ecologically and behaviorally based fieldwork to test our hypothesis. In Mongolia increases in domestic goat production were associated with a 3‐fold increase in local profits for herders coexisting with endangered saiga (Saiga tatarica).That increasing domestic grazing pressure carries fitness consequences was inferred on the basis of an approximately 4‐fold difference in juvenile recruitment among blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur)in trans‐Himalayan India. Across 7 study areas in Mongolia, India, and China's Tibetan Plateau, native ungulate biomass is now <5% that of domestic species. Such trends suggest ecosystem degradation and decreased capacity for the persistence of native species, including at least 8 Asian endemic species: saiga, chiru (Pantholops hodgsoni), Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus), snow leopard(Panthera uncia), khulan(Equus hemionus), kiang (E. kiang), takhi (E. przewalski), and wild yak (Bos mutus). Our results suggest striking yet indirect and unintended actions that link trophic‐level effects to markets induced by the trade for cashmere. Globalización del Mercado de Cachemira y la Declinación de Mamíferos Mayores en Asia Central