纳米Ti02多孔微粒阳光催化降解活性艳蓝染料

首次利用高分子悬浮聚合与溶胶—凝胶法相结合的技术，成功地制备不同孔结构的TiO2多孔微粒，并对其光催化降解活性艳蓝KN—R的染料溶液PH、无机阴离子、光强、通空气等影响因素进行了系统研究。结果表明：强酸性条件有利于染料在催化剂表面的吸附，而强碱性条件有利于催化反应的进行；常见无机阴离子cl^-、so4^2-，对染料降解有不同程度的抑制作用；染料降解效率随光强增加而提高；光降解动力学结果表明：TiO2多孔微粒对活性艳蓝KN—R染料的光催化降解反应符合一级反应动力学；降解时持续通空气有利于降解效率的提高。实验证明所制得的微粒具有良好的光催化降解效果和重复使用性能。     

TiO2/活性炭复合体对罗丹明B的光催化降解

以紫外灯为光源,通过对可溶性染料罗丹明B的降解反应,考察TiO2／活性炭复合体的光催化活性,探讨了光催化反应中溶液的pH值、光强、反应温度和罗丹明B的起始浓度对催化反应的影响,结果表明,TiO2／活性炭复合体具有很高的光催化活性,对罗丹明B的降解过程遵循Langmuir-Hinshelwood动力学方程,降解速率受pH值、罗丹明B起始浓度和入射光强度的影响很大,反应温度对降解速率影响很小．在研究范围内,pH6和40W的入射光强度有利于光催化降解．     

Y型分子筛负载铁催化剂对活性艳蓝KN-R脱色的研究

利用Y型分子筛负载铁催化剂对活性艳蓝KN-R的脱色进行研究,探讨了催化剂的制备方法、铁负载量、投加剂量、反应体系pH值以及焙烧温度对活性艳蓝KN-R催化脱色效率的影响,并考察了催化剂的重复利用性能.结果表明:离子交换法制得的Y型分子筛负载铁催化剂表现出较佳的染料脱色性能.在pH＜3.0,H2O2投加剂量为50.0 mmol·l-1,催化剂投加剂量为4.0g·l-1的条件下,对初始浓度为250mg·l-1的KN-R模拟染料废水,30 min之内脱色率达95%以上.采用有机酸络合铁作为铁源制得的Y型分子筛负载铁催化剂的催化活性大幅增强,但催化剂稳定性降低.铁负载量影响染料的脱色反应活性,过量负载会导致染料脱色效率降低;同样,适度增大催化剂用量可促进染料脱色效率,但过量投加不利于染料的脱色.pH＜3.0为该Y型分子筛负载铁催化剂的适用pH条件;催化剂重复利用三次后,1h内对活性艳蓝KN-R的脱色率仍可达95%以上.     

UV-vis/草酸铁/Fenton体系降解蒽醌染料

以活性艳蓝KN—R作为研究对象,考察了处理活性艳蓝KN-R的主要影响因素。在固定染料浓度为100 mg/L时,得到氧化体系的最佳用量比值为ρ(Fe2+):ρ(H2O2):ρ(H2C2O4)为1:15:1.5。在最佳条件下,脱色率达到95%以上,COD和TOC去除率分别达到87.7%和66.8%。活性艳蓝KN-R脱色的动力学模型为拟一级反应模型。     

多针-水电极直流电晕放电染料废水脱色

采用多针-水电极反应器,研究了直流电晕放电对活性艳蓝KN-R染料废水的脱色,考察了放电电压、初始pH值和初始浓度对活性艳蓝脱色的影响,通过对液相活性物质(O3和.OH)浓度的考察探讨了脱色机理.结果表明,多针-水电极直流电晕放电对活性艳蓝脱色效果明显;放电电压、溶液初始pH值对活性艳蓝脱色效果的影响与其对液相O和.OH浓度的影响一致;.OH和O是促使RBB脱色的主要因素.     

多孔陶瓷球负载纳米晶粒二氧化钛光催化剂的制备及光催化活性

以多孔陶瓷球为载体,采用溶胶-凝胶法在其表面进行纳米TiO2薄膜负载,制备了多孔陶瓷球负载纳米晶粒二氧化钛光催化剂,经X射线衍射法(XRD)等手段对其表征结果表明,复合载体经500℃焙烧后,TiO2以锐钛矿晶型存在。对催化剂降解活性艳蓝溶液的催化活性进行研究表明,催化剂在5 h内可完全降解活性艳蓝染料。     

NKY功能化树脂静态吸附混合染料的研究

探讨了NKY功能化树脂对混合染料(活性艳蓝：KN-R和活性艳橙K-GN)的静态吸附行为．结果表明：NKY树脂吸附单组分染料的能力大于其对混合染料的吸附，而且对混合体系中的染料有一定的选择性，吸附KN-R的速率较大．从动力学研究来看，NKY对混合染料的吸附速率其决定步骤是液膜扩散．等温曲线的结果显示，NKY对混合染料中每种组分的吸附行为同吸附单组分体系的类似，同时，随温度的升高，吸附速率常数增大，标准自由能变的绝对值增大。     

过渡金属Fe、Co、Ni介孔分子筛MCM-41催化剂的制备及其氧化性能

本研究用直接法和后处理法合成了不同过渡金属(Fe、Co、Ni)负载的介孔分子筛载体材料MCM-41,并利用Al对分子筛进行了改性,制备了Fe/Al复合催化剂,对上述材料进行了表征.研究了这些非均相催化剂对染料活性艳蓝KN-R的催化氧化脱色,分别研究了催化剂制备方法、过渡金属种类及负载量对KN-R脱色效率的影响,并考察了所制得催化剂的稳定性和重复利用性.结果表明,直接法合成的催化剂具有较高的催化性能及较低的金属溶出量,负载铁(Ⅱ)的催化剂对染料的催化降解性能要远高于钴(Ⅱ)和镍(Ⅱ)负载型催化剂,催化氧化活性随金属负载量的提高而显著升高.Al改性进一步提高了催化剂的活性,在pH=2.5,氧化剂H_2O_2投加剂量为50.0 mmol·L~(-1),催化剂剂量为4.0 g·L~(-1)的条件下,反应30 min,对初始浓度为250 mg·L~(-1)的KN-R染料的脱色率均可达95%以上,矿化率达60%以上.当Al/Si为0.21,Fe负载量为23.6 mg·g~(-1)时,在10 min内可将250 mg·L-1的KN-R完全脱色.经过3次循环使用后,上述催化剂仍能表现出良好的性能,但进一步循环使用,催化活性下降.     

TiO2纳米管光催化还原Cr（Ⅵ）的研究

以水热法制备TiO2纳米管,采用X射线衍射仪(XRD),高分辨透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)和紫外可见漫反射光谱对其结构和性质进行了表征.研究了光催化还原溶液中Cr(Ⅵ)的反应活性,分别考察了煅烧温度、反应溶液的pH、助催化剂对TiO2纳米管光催化还原的影响.实验结果表明,TiO2-550光催化活性最优;酸性条件有利于Cr(Ⅵ)的还原;NiO和Co2O3复合的TiO2-550光催化活性明显提高.     

常见离子对漆酶降解活性艳蓝的调控作用

漆酶具有很高的工业价值,但水体中离子的存在为其推广使用带来了巨大挑战.探讨水体中常见的7种阳离子和8种阴离子调控自由漆酶和漆酶–介体系统对水中活性艳蓝降解速率的差异.结果显示:Mn~(2+)、Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、HPO_4~(2-)和NO_2~-在0-10 mmol/L范围内可促进漆酶对活性艳蓝的降解,降解速率由高到低依次为NO_2~-、Mn~(2+)、Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、HPO_4~(2-);SO_3~(2-)、Cl~-、Fe~(2+)和Fe~(3+)对活性艳蓝的降解有抑制作用,其中Fe~(2+)和SO_3~(2-)的最低抑制浓度分别为5和0.5 mmol/L;其他离子对漆酶降解活性艳蓝没有显著性影响.在5种介体的协同作用中,紫脲酸(VA)的效果最佳,导致漆酶对活性艳蓝的降解速率提升10%左右,其余介体的促进效率明显低于VA.在同等离子的调控下,漆酶–介体系统中的降解速率优于自由漆酶.本研究初步揭示了漆酶对活性艳蓝的降解机理,同时可以通过控制水体中离子的种类和数量来更好地实现漆酶对活性艳蓝的降解,结果可为漆酶在实际染料废水处理中的应用提供理论依据.(图4表4参40)     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Importance of greater interdisciplinarity and geographic scope when tackling the driving forces behind biological invasions

Invasive non-native species are important drivers of ecosystem change, yet the driving forces of biological invasions themselves are poorly understood. Such information is essential to ensure policies focus on the most relevant drivers, and that future scenarios capture the full range of potential outcomes for invasive non-native species. I carried out a bibliometric analysis of articles published from 2000 to 2020 that address either invasive non-native species or biodiversity and ecosystem services and that also mention 1 or more drivers of ecosystem change. I examined 5 indirect drivers (demographic, economic, governance, sociocultural, and technological) and 6 direct drivers (climate change, invasive non-native species, land-use or sea-use change, natural hazards, pollution, and resource extraction). Using the Web of Science core collection of citation indexes, I undertook searches of article titles and keywords and retrieved 27,462 articles addressing invasive non-native species and 110,087 articles dealing with biodiversity or ecosystem services. Most research to date on biological invasions as well as on biodiversity and ecosystem services has focused on anthropogenic direct drivers of ecosystem change rather than indirect drivers. Yet currently, less than 18% of articles addressing biological invasions examined drivers of ecosystem change, a similar level to that found over 20 years ago for biodiversity or ecosystem services. Knowledge of the drivers of biological invasions is limited, emphasizes tractable drivers over those that require an interdisciplinary approach, and is biased toward developed economies. Drivers generally deemed important for biological invasions, such as governance and resource extraction, accounted for less than 2% of research effort. The absence of a systematic understanding of the forces that drive invasive non-native species and how they interact means that attempts to mitigate or forecast biological invasions are likely to fail. To address biological invasions requires a much better orientation of national and international research on drivers in relation to both their actual importance as well as their policy relevance.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Mitigating the effects of climate change on the nests of sea turtles with artificial irrigation

For sea turtles, like many oviparous species, increasing temperatures during development threaten to increase embryonic mortality, alter offspring quality, and potentially create suboptimal primary sex ratios. Various methods are being implemented to mitigate the effects of climate change on reproductive success, but these methods, such as breeding programs, translocations, and shading, are often invasive and expensive. Irrigation is an alternative strategy for cooling nests that, depending on location, can be implemented relatively quickly and cheaply. However, multiple factors, including ambient conditions, nest substrate, and species characteristics, can influence irrigation success. Additionally, irrigation can vary in duration, frequency, and the volume of water applied to nests, which influences the cooling achieved and embryonic survival. Thus, it is critical to understand how to maximize cooling and manage risks before implementing irrigation as a nest-cooling strategy. We reviewed the literature on nest irrigation to examine whether artificial irrigation is feasible as a population management tool. Key factors that affected cooling were the volume of water applied and the frequency of applications. Embryonic responses varied with species, ambient conditions, and the timing of irrigation during development. Nest inundation was the key risk to a successful irrigation regime. Future irrigation regimes must identify clear targets, either primary or adult sex ratios, that maximize population viability. Monitoring population responses and adjusting the irrigation regime in response to population characteristics will be critical. Most studies reported on the manipulation of only one or two variables, further research is required to understand how altering multiple factors in an irrigation regime influences the cooling achieved and embryonic responses.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

Positive and Negative Effects of a Threatened Parrotfish on Reef Ecosystems

Species that are strong interactors play disproportionately important roles in the dynamics of natural ecosystems. It has been proposed that their presence is necessary for positively shaping the structure and functioning of ecosystems. We evaluated this hypothesis using the case of the world's largest parrotfish (Bolbometopon muricatum), a globally imperiled species. We used direct observation, animal tracking, and computer simulations to examine the diverse routes through which B. muricatum affects the diversity, dispersal, relative abundance, and survival of the corals that comprise the foundation of reef ecosystems. Our results suggest that this species can influence reef building corals in both positive and negative ways. Field observation and simulation outputs indicated that B. muricatum reduced the abundance of macroalgae that can outcompete corals, but they also feed directly on corals, decreasing coral abundance, diversity, and colony size. B. muricatum appeared to facilitate coral advancement by mechanically dispersing coral fragments and opening up bare space for coral settlement, but they also damaged adult corals and remobilized a large volume of potentially stressful carbonate sediment. The impacts this species has on reefs appears to be regulated in part by its abundance—the effects of B. muricatum were more intense in simulation scenarios populated with high densities of these fish. Observations conducted in regions with high and low predator (e.g., sharks) abundance generated results that are consistent with the hypothesis that these predators of B. muricatum may play a role in governing their abundance; thus, predation may modulate the intensity of the effects they have on reef dynamics. Overall our results illustrate that functionally unique and threatened species may not have universally positive impacts on ecosystems and that it may be necessary for environmental managers to consider the diverse effects of such species and the forces that mediate the strength of their influence. Efectos Positivos y Negativos de un Pez Loro Amenazado Sobre Ecosistemas Arrecifales     

Form-specific fragances fromOphrys insectifera L. (Orchidaceae) attract species of different pollinator genera. Evidence of sympatric speciation?

Two closely related forms ofOphrys insectifera were observed in the field to attract different pollinator species selectively.O. i. ssp.insectifera attracted males of two species ofArgogorytes (Sphecidae, Hymenoptera Aculeata) andO. i. ssp.aymoninii attractedAndrena combinata males (Andrenidae, Apoidea, Hymenoptera Aculeata). A third form,O. aff.i. ssp.insectifera, attracted none of these three species. Volatile compounds from flowers and inflorescences of the three forms (originating from Öland, Sweden, and Aveyron, France) were collected, using entrainment, enfleurage, and solvent extraction techniques, and identified by gas chromatography — mass spectrometry. Scent differences between the three forms were confirmed in the amounts of aliphatic hydrocarbons (C₁₁–C₁₉), methyl esters (C₁₄–C₁₈), short chain aliphatic 1-alcohols (C₆–C₁₂), and monoterpene alcohols (C₁₀).     

Effects of Coffee Management on Deforestation Rates and Forest Integrity

Knowledge about how forest margins are utilized can be crucial for a general understanding of changes in forest cover, forest structure, and biodiversity across landscapes. We studied forest‐agriculture transitions in southwestern Ethiopia and hypothesized that the presence of coffee (Coffea arabica)decreases deforestation rates because of coffee's importance to local economies and its widespread occurrence in forests and forest margins. Using satellite images and elevation data, we compared changes in forest cover over 37 years (1973–2010) across elevations in 2 forest‐agriculture mosaic landscapes (1100 km² around Bonga and 3000 km² in Goma‐Gera). In the field in the Bonga area, we determined coffee cover and forest structure in 40 forest margins that differed in time since deforestation. Both the absolute and relative deforestation rates were lower at coffee‐growing elevations compared with at higher elevations (?10/20% vs. ?40/50% comparing relative rates at 1800 m asl and 2300–2500 m asl, respectively). Within the coffee‐growing elevation, the proportion of sites with high coffee cover (>20%) was significantly higher in stable margins (42% of sites that had been in the same location for the entire period) than in recently changed margins (0% of sites where expansion of annual crops had changed the margin). Disturbance level and forest structure did not differ between sites with 30% or 3% coffee. However, a growing body of literature on gradients of coffee management in Ethiopia reports coffee's negative effects on abundances of forest‐specialist species. Even if the presence of coffee slows down the conversion of forest to annual‐crop agriculture, there is a risk that an intensification of coffee management will still threaten forest biodiversity, including the genetic diversity of wild coffee. Conservation policy for Ethiopian forests thus needs to develop strategies that acknowledge that forests without coffee production may have higher deforestation risks than forests with coffee production and that forests with coffee production often have lower biodiversity value. Efectos de la Administración Cafetalera sobre las Tasas de Deforestación y la Integridad de los Bosques     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.