南京市夏季青菜中有机磷农药残留量调查

１９９４年夏季调查和测定了南京市市售青菜中甲胺磷、乐果、甲基－１６０５等５种有机磷农药残留量。结果表明，夏季青菜（包括青菜秧）中有机磷农药残留量有超标现象，其中甲胺磷在青菜中的平均残留量为０．０６３ｍｇ／ｋｇ，超标率为１１．５％，其余４种有机磷农药在青菜中未检出。     

南京市夏季青菜中有机磷农药残留量调查

１９９４年夏季调查和测定了南京市市售青菜中甲胺磷、乐果、甲基－１６０５等５种有机磷农药残留量。结果表明，夏季青菜（包括青菜秧）中有机磷农药残留量有超标现象，其中甲胺磷在青菜中的平均残留量为０．０６３ｍｇ／ｋｇ，超标率为１１．５％，其余４种有机磷农药在青菜中未检出。     

蔬菜中有机磷农药残留的发光菌快速检测

本文建立了一种用发光细菌快速检测蔬菜中有机磷农药残留的方法，以３％ＮａＣｌ（Ｗ／Ｖ）溶液从蔬菜中洗涤出残留的农药，加入定量发光菌溶液，通过其发光量的变化来检测农药的含量。分析了发光菌对蔬菜中六种有机磷农药的响应情况，探讨了检测空心菜中甲胺磷农药残留的最佳参数，实验表明，新建立的方法是检测蔬菜中有机磷农药残留的一种快速有效，价廉的方法。     

纳米TiO2光催化降解有机磷农药的研究

通过实验,探讨了用纳米TiO2光催化处理有机磷农药模拟废水和实际应用的有机磷农药的可行性.实验表明,以测定不同时间PO43-的浓度来衡量有机磷的降解率,并以此来衡量有机磷农药及其中间产物降解的程度是合理的.光催化降解甲胺磷和水胺硫磷的结果,显示了有机磷农药的降解率与其结构有关.实际应用的有机磷农药也可用光催化降解.     

铜、镉、敌敌畏和甲胺磷对南美白对虾的亚急性毒性作用

在恒温和充气条件下,研究了重金属(铜、镉)和有机磷农药(敌敌畏、甲胺磷)对南美白对虾的亚急性毒性作用及对虾体胆碱酯酶的影响.结果表明:南美白对虾幼虾在各浓度重金属(铜、镉)和有机磷农药(敌敌畏、甲胺磷)试液中经过60d的亚急性中毒试验,除铜在低浓度促进生长外,其他各组体长、体重及蜕皮次数均小于对照组,且随毒物浓度的增加而逐渐降低;有机磷农药对南美白对虾体内胆碱酯酶具有显著影响,虾体内胆碱酯酶含量随水体中有机磷农药浓度的升高而显著降低;重金属对胆碱酯酶也有一定影响,胆碱酯酶随重金属离子浓度升高也有逐渐降低的趋势,但重金属对胆碱酯酶的影响效果没有有机磷农药显著.     

有机磷农药降解菌的紫外诱变育种

有机磷农药降解菌地衣芽孢杆菌（ Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓｌｉｃｈｅｎｉｆｏｒｍｉｓ） 经紫外线诱变后,筛选出突变菌株Ｐ１２ ．在θ＝３０℃,溶解氧ρ（Ｏ２） ＝２ ．５ ｍｇ Ｌ－１ 的培养条件下,３ ｄ 内对甲胺磷的降解率为８０ ．１％ ,比出发菌株提高了将近１０％的降解率．农药斜面连续传代１０ 次,降解活力保持稳定．     

甲胺磷农药降解菌HS-A32的分离鉴定及降解特性

从长期受有机磷农药污染的土壤中分离到一株降解菌HS-A32,能以甲胺磷作为唯一的碳源和氮源生长.HS-A32菌降解甲胺磷的最适温度为30℃,最适pH值为7.0,甲胺磷的最适降解浓度为1 000 mg/L,降解率达82%.聚酰胺薄层色谱(TLC)可检测到降解产物中有NH4 生成.HS-A32菌能以多种碳、氮源生长,外加可利用的碳源和氮源能促进甲胺磷的降解.通过16S rDNA扩增、测序,运用BLAST检索分析,构建系统进化树.结合生理生化鉴定,初步确定HS-A32为不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter).HS-A32菌还能降解甲基对硫磷等多种有机磷农药.图6表1参14     

31P NMR与HPLC联用筛选高效有机磷降解细菌

从有机磷农药污染地区分离到14株具有高效甲胺磷降解活力的细菌,并用HPLC对其降解效率进行分析,发现一周内降解率最高达74％．采用^31 PNMR对其降解产物进行了同步监测,发现其降解产物不同,其中有三株可以把甲胺磷代谢成磷酸．这三株降解细菌可以从环境中有效的清除有机磷的污染．     

甲胺磷对土壤中磷酸酶和脱氢酶活性的影响

报道了土壤中施入不同浓度有机磷杀虫剂甲胺磷（ｍｅｔｈａｍｉｄｏｐｈｏｓ）后对土壤磷酸酶和脱氢酶活性的影响。结果表明：甲胺磷对脱氢酶和３种磷酸酶的活性均有不同程度的抑制。其抑制强度和作用时间随浓度升高而加剧和延长，但随着时间的推移，这种抑制作用逐渐消失，并产生微弱的刺激效应，甲胺磷对土壤酸酶活性的影响大于中性和碱性磷酸酶。初步讨论了酶活性与微生物生长的变化情况。     

甲胺磷对土壤中磷酸酶和脱氢酶活性的影响

报道了土壤中施入不同浓度有机磷杀虫剂甲胺磷（ｍｅｔｈａｍｉｄｏｐｈｏｓ）后对土壤磷酸酶和脱氢酶活性的影响。结果表明：甲胺磷对脱氢酶和３种磷酸酶的活性均有不同程度的抑制。其抑制强度和作用时间随浓度升高而加剧和延长，但随着时间的推移，这种抑制作用逐渐消失，并产生微弱的刺激效应。甲胺磷对土壤酸性磷酸酶活性的影响大于中性和碱性磷酸酶。初步讨论了酶活性与微生物生长的变化情况。     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.     

Effects of Coffee Management on Deforestation Rates and Forest Integrity

Knowledge about how forest margins are utilized can be crucial for a general understanding of changes in forest cover, forest structure, and biodiversity across landscapes. We studied forest‐agriculture transitions in southwestern Ethiopia and hypothesized that the presence of coffee (Coffea arabica)decreases deforestation rates because of coffee's importance to local economies and its widespread occurrence in forests and forest margins. Using satellite images and elevation data, we compared changes in forest cover over 37 years (1973–2010) across elevations in 2 forest‐agriculture mosaic landscapes (1100 km² around Bonga and 3000 km² in Goma‐Gera). In the field in the Bonga area, we determined coffee cover and forest structure in 40 forest margins that differed in time since deforestation. Both the absolute and relative deforestation rates were lower at coffee‐growing elevations compared with at higher elevations (?10/20% vs. ?40/50% comparing relative rates at 1800 m asl and 2300–2500 m asl, respectively). Within the coffee‐growing elevation, the proportion of sites with high coffee cover (>20%) was significantly higher in stable margins (42% of sites that had been in the same location for the entire period) than in recently changed margins (0% of sites where expansion of annual crops had changed the margin). Disturbance level and forest structure did not differ between sites with 30% or 3% coffee. However, a growing body of literature on gradients of coffee management in Ethiopia reports coffee's negative effects on abundances of forest‐specialist species. Even if the presence of coffee slows down the conversion of forest to annual‐crop agriculture, there is a risk that an intensification of coffee management will still threaten forest biodiversity, including the genetic diversity of wild coffee. Conservation policy for Ethiopian forests thus needs to develop strategies that acknowledge that forests without coffee production may have higher deforestation risks than forests with coffee production and that forests with coffee production often have lower biodiversity value. Efectos de la Administración Cafetalera sobre las Tasas de Deforestación y la Integridad de los Bosques     

Globalization of the Cashmere Market and the Decline of Large Mammals in Central Asia

As drivers of terrestrial ecosystems, humans have replaced large carnivores in most areas, and human influence not only exerts striking ecological pressures on biodiversity at local scales but also has indirect effects in distant corners of the world. We suggest that the multibillion dollar cashmere industry creates economic motivations that link western fashion preferences for cashmere to land use in Central Asia. This penchant for stylish clothing, in turn, encourages herders to increase livestock production which affects persistence of over 6 endangered large mammals in these remote, arid ecosystems. We hypothesized that global trade in cashmere has strong negative effects on native large mammals of deserts and grassland where cashmere‐producing goats are raised. We used time series data, ecological snapshots of the biomass of native and domestic ungulates, and ecologically and behaviorally based fieldwork to test our hypothesis. In Mongolia increases in domestic goat production were associated with a 3‐fold increase in local profits for herders coexisting with endangered saiga (Saiga tatarica).That increasing domestic grazing pressure carries fitness consequences was inferred on the basis of an approximately 4‐fold difference in juvenile recruitment among blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur)in trans‐Himalayan India. Across 7 study areas in Mongolia, India, and China's Tibetan Plateau, native ungulate biomass is now <5% that of domestic species. Such trends suggest ecosystem degradation and decreased capacity for the persistence of native species, including at least 8 Asian endemic species: saiga, chiru (Pantholops hodgsoni), Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus), snow leopard(Panthera uncia), khulan(Equus hemionus), kiang (E. kiang), takhi (E. przewalski), and wild yak (Bos mutus). Our results suggest striking yet indirect and unintended actions that link trophic‐level effects to markets induced by the trade for cashmere. Globalización del Mercado de Cachemira y la Declinación de Mamíferos Mayores en Asia Central     

The lichen-rich coastal heath vegetation on the isle of Anholt, Denmark — conservation and management

The high conservational value of the lichen-rich vegetation and landscape of the marine foreland Ørkenen on the isle of Anholt is treated from a Danish as well as a European perspective. The sensitivity of the lichen-rich vegetation to physical disturbance is emphasized. The impact of invasive species such asPinus mugo as well as the effect of atmospheric deposition of nutrients on the heaths at Anholt is described. Considerations related to the development of a management plan for Ørkenen are presented.     

Behavior and ecology of Old World Luperini beetles of the genusAulacophora (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Summary The attraction of Old World leaf beetles in the genusAulacophora to kairomones and parakairomones which are effective lures for New WorldDiabrotica andAcalymma were investigated. Beetles captured on sticky traps baited with single and multicomponent lures were no different from the control traps for two species ofAulacophora. Yellow colored traps and squash blossoms are attractive toAulacophora beetles which detect sub-microgram quantities of cucurbitacins on silica gel. Leaf feeding behavior and flight activity data are correlated with varietal preference of threeAulacophora species. The common response byDiabrotica andAulacophora to cucurbitacins reinforces the two groups' coevolutionary association with the Cucurbitaceae. The apparent lack of a common response toCucurbita blossom volatiles suggests recent evolutionary pathways are substantially different for these two groups of beetles.     

Use of stochastic patch occupancy models in the California red-legged frog for Bayesian inference regarding past events and future persistence

Assessing causes of population decline is critically important to management of threatened species. Stochastic patch occupancy models (SPOMs) are popular tools for examining spatial and temporal dynamics of populations when presence–absence data in multiple habitat patches are available. We developed a Bayesian Markov chain method that extends existing SPOMs by focusing on past environmental changes that may have altered occupancy patterns prior to the beginning of data collection. Using occupancy data from 3 creeks, we applied the method to assess 2 hypothesized causes of population decline—in situ die-off and residual impact of past source population loss—in the California red-legged frog. Despite having no data for the 20–30 years between the hypothetical event leading to population decline and the first data collected, we were able to discriminate among hypotheses, finding evidence that in situ die-off increased in 2 of the creeks. Although the creeks had comparable numbers of occupied segments, owing to different extinction–colonization dynamics, our model predicted an 8-fold difference in persistence probabilities of their populations to 2030. Adding a source population led to a greater predicted persistence probability than did decreasing the in situ die-off, emphasizing that reversing the deleterious impacts of a disturbance may not be the most efficient management strategy. We expect our method will be useful for studying dynamics and evaluating management strategies of many species.