一种基于气相色谱-质谱检测水中N-亚硝基二甲胺（NDMA）的固相萃取方法

建立了一种适合于气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）测定水中N-亚硝基二甲胺（NDMA）含量的固相萃取（SPE）方法.研究中比较了几种不同吸附剂为填料的SPE柱对NDMA的吸附效果,最终发现了一种以椰壳质活性炭（activated coconut charcoal）为填料的SPE柱对水中NDMA的萃取有较好的选择性,仪器检出限...     

Occurrence and removal of N-nitrosodimethylamine and its precursors in wastewater treatment plants in and around Shanghai

Six wastewater treatment plants （WWTPs） were investigated to evaluate the occurrence and removal of N-nitrosodimethylamine （NDMA）, NDMA formation potential （FP） and four specific NDMA precursors, dimethylamine （DMA）, trimethylamine （TMA）, dimethyl- formamide （DMFA） and dimethylaminobenzene （DMAB）. DMA and tertiary amines with DMA functional group commonly existed in municipal wastewater. Chemically enhanced primary process （CEPP） had no effect on removal of either NDMA or NDMA FP. In WWTPs with secondary treatment processes, considerable variability was observed in the removal of NDMA （19%-85%） and NDMA FP （16%-76%）, moreover, there was no definite relationship between the removal of NDMA and NDMA FP. DMA was well removed in all the six surveyed WWTPs; its removal efficiency was greater than 97%. For the removal of tertiary amines, biologic treatment processes with nitrification and denitrification had better removal efficiency than conventional activated sludge process. The best removal efficiencies for TMA, DMFA and DMAB were 95%, 68% and 72%, respectively. CEPP could remove 73% of TMA, 23% of DMFA and 36% of DMAB. After UV disinfection, only 17% of NDMA was removed due to low dosage of UV was applied in WWTP. Although chlorination could reduce NDMA precursors, NDMA concentration was actually increased after chlorination.     

GC-MS/MS法结合顶空进样测定原料药厄贝沙坦中N-亚硝基二甲胺(NDMA)与N-亚硝基二乙胺(NDEA)含量

本文使用三重四极杆气质联用仪GCMS-TQ8050结合顶空进样建立了一种快速检测原料药厄贝沙坦中N-亚硝基二甲胺(NDMA)与N-亚硝基二乙胺(NDEA)的方法.在浓度范围0.025—100μg两种物质均表现出良好线性,相关系数达到0.999以上,0.025μg标液信噪比(S;N)NDMA为11.7,NDEA为19.7.标准品连续进样6针,0.1μg与5μg峰面积RSD%分别小于3%与2%.0.1、0.2、5μg的加标平均回收率在96.2%—106.4%之间.该方法简单方便,可以较好的应用于厄贝沙坦原料药中NDMA和NDEA的含量的测定.     

抗生素环境行为及其环境效应研究进展

抗生素作为一类抗菌性药物广泛用于预防和治疗人类和动物疾病,并且在畜牧和水产养殖业中用于促进动物的生长.进入人和动物体内的抗生素不能被生物体完全吸收,大部分以原药或代谢物的形式经由尿液和粪便排出体外进入环境中.抗生素是环境中一类新型污染物,由于其使用量大和诱导产生抗生素耐药菌株,对人类健康和生态环境构成威胁,近年来受到日益广泛的关注.抗生素诱导产生的抗性基因(ARGs)也已经被定义为环境中一类新型污染物.本文介绍了抗生素的使用现状、环境来源以及不同环境介质中抗生素的分析方法和污染现状,并且对其吸附降解行为、毒性效应以及ARGs进行了讨论,最后指出了目前研究中存在的问题,并对未来研究进行了展望.在今后,应该更加系统地研究环境中抗生素的污染现状及其迁移转化等行为;开展低剂量长期慢性毒性和复合毒性效应研究;加强对环境中ARGs的污染现状和环境行为研究.     

《东南亚地区农业系统人类生态学研究导论》简介

人类生态学作为生态学的一门分支学科已脱颖而出,它研究人类社会与自然环境间的相互作用,包括人类生活如何受到环境的影响以及人类活动如何改变着环境。但对学科的具体内容,目前还未被大多数人所了解。《东南亚地区农业系统人类生态学研究导论》(An Introduction to HumanEcology Research on Agricultural Systems in South-ast Asia)一书,论述了有关人类生态学的基本观点,同时介绍了将这些观点应用于研究东南亚农业生态系统的实际事例。     

第一次经济革命的人类行为与环境生态反应

工业革命以来现代人类行为所产生的影响,远远超过了环境的承受能力。回归自然,构建和谐社会成为时代的主题之一。作者从人类进化与发展的视角,重新审视和研究了第一次经济革命最具革命性的内涵：通过对第一次经济革命所引起的社会显著变化的研究,即通过对种植和豢养的出现和普及的研究,揭示了经济革命的本质。研究表明,第一次经济革命的本质是人类行为革命。因为人类行为是这场革命发生的具体承担者和直接执行者。只有人类行为的革命性创造,即人类从采集和狩猎的劳动转而从事种植和豢养的劳动,才有“种植和豢养”劳动方式的出现。纵观生物圈所有动物进化和发展的历史,人类主体行为的这一变化是独一无二的,它不是动物的本能,而是人类的伟大创造。从此,人类开始生产自己的生活资料,并把自己和动物区别开来,同时也向“种群调节”的自然法则说“不”。研究还表明,从采集和狩猎到种植和豢养的生存方式的改变,所引起的自然环境的生态变化是可逆的。在第一次经济革命发生的过程中以及革命发生后,人类与自然处于和谐的状态中。第一次经济革命的本质及环境生态反应的研究,对现代经济活动具有很好的启示作用：面对自然法则,我们并不是无能为力,我们可以能动地遵守。正如第一次经济革命那样,人类不但能动地遵守了自然规律,而且在与自然和谐相处的前提下完成人类主体行为的革命;关于科学技术的发展和运用,我们应该站在自然与人类和谐共处的立场,客观地审视科学技术的理性有限性,将科学技术的理性有限性与环境的生态要求嵌入科技创造与运用的战略和结构中去。     

农田土壤微塑料污染及其对植物的影响研究进展

微塑料(microplastics, MPs)是一种新型环境污染物,不仅危害海洋生态系统,也广泛存在于陆地生态系统,可以通过土壤进入植物体,进而危害人类健康。该文系统综述了农田环境中MPs的研究进展及未来方向。详细介绍了国内外土壤中MPs的形态、来源、积累过程及MPs对土壤结构和功能的影响;重点阐述了MPs对生物、植物的生态影响以及MPs和金属镉复合污染对植物的影响;并展望了农田环境中的MPs研究的未来方向及重点,以期为全面了解农田中MPs研究现状及未来研究提供信息和科学指导。     

典型化学污染物在环境中的变化及生态效应——国家自然科学基金“八·五”重大项目介绍

国家自然科学基金“八·五”重大项目——“典型化学污染物在环境中的变化及生态效应”已被批准立项,并将于1992—1995年内付诸实施。本项目研究内容涉及典型化学污染物在环境中迁移、转化及降解的化学过程;在多介质环境中的循环过程及模型;生态毒理学效应;对生态系统结构与功能的影响和预测;以及生态调控对策等五个课题。它是一项涉及环境化学、环境生态学和环境预防医学的多学科交叉的综合性研究项目。此项目科学意义重大,不仅是因为它与我国国民经济、生态环境和人体健康有着密切的关系,而且还因为它的研究将促进我国有关环境科学领域的基础和应用基础理论研究提高到一个新的水平。此外,它将为污染物的环境化学行为及生态效应的多学科,综合性研究积累方法学经验,从而为我国环保工作做出贡献。     

新型有机污染物氯代多环芳烃分析方法及其污染现状研究进展

氯代多环芳烃(Chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,Cl-PAHs)作为多环芳烃的氯代衍生物,具有类似二英的致癌、致畸、致突变毒性,并且广泛存在于环境介质中,对生态环境和人类健康具有一定的潜在威胁.本文介绍了Cl-PAHs在不同环境介质中的分析方法、污染现状、迁移转化及其毒性效应,最后对其未来研究方向进行了展望.在今后,应该加强污泥和沉积物等复杂环境基质中Cl-PAHs的分析方法研究;系统研究ClPAHs在环境介质中的污染现状和迁移转化行为,并开展Cl-PAHs的环境风险和人体健康风险研究.     

《杞人忧天——只有一个地球》简介

<正>《杞人忧天——只有一个地球》由环境保护部南京环境科学研究所王健民研究员等编著,将于年内由中国环境出版社出版。该书是在编著者40年研究与思考的基础上,用科普形式表达出来的辛勤工作的结晶,是在学习50年前蕾切尔·卡逊(美国)的环保启蒙书《寂静的春天》前提下的继承与发展。该书是一部大视野、百科式的著作,几乎囊括了人类与地球关系的各个方面:从地球在宇宙中实际上的唯一性出发,为我们展现了人类社会发展进程中人与自然关系的变化、大自然的报复、在生物圈和生态系统中人与生物的关系、支撑人类和所     

Factors influencing the photodegradation of N-nitrosodimethylamine in drinking water

In order to provide basic data for practical application, photodegradation experiment of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in aqueous solution was carried out with a low-pressure Hg lamp. Effects of the initial concentration of NDMA, solution pH, dissolved oxygen, and the presence of humic acid on NDMA photodegradation were investigated. NDMA at various initial concentrations selected in this study was almost completely photodegraded by UV irradiation within 20 min, except that at 1.07 mmol/L, NDMA could be photodegraded almost completely in the acidic and neutral solutions, while the removal efficiency decreased remarkably in the alkaline solution. Dissolved oxygen enhanced the NDMA photodegradation, and the presence of humic acid inhibited the degradation of NDMA. Depending on the initial concentration of NDMA, NDMA photodegradation by UV obeyed the pseudo-first-order kinetics. Dimethylamine, nitrite, and nitrate were detected as the photodegradation products of NDMA. ¹O₂ was found to be the reactive oxygen species present in the NDMA photodegradation process by UV, based on the inhibiting experiments using tert-butanol and sodium azide.     

Factors controlling N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) formation from dissolved organic matter

The formation of cancinogenic nitrosamines, esp. N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in water and wastewater treatment plants has drawn much attention in recent years. Dissolved organic matter from the transported Luan River water as water source of Tianjin was fractionated with different XAD resins and a series of ultra-filtration membranes with molecular weight (MW) cut-offs of 5k Da, 3k Da, and 1k Da, respectively. The NDMA yields from the raw water and each fraction were measured to investigate their role in NDMAyield. Results indicated that the hydrophilic fraction had a higher NDMA yield than those of hydrophobic fraction and transphilic fraction. The fraction with MW below 1k Da had a higher NDMAyield than that with larger MW. NDMA formation increased as the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) to dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) ratio decreased, which indicated that DON might serve as the real important precursor for NDMA. The correlation between NDMA yield and specific ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm (SUVA₂₅₄) suggested that the latter might not represent the specific precursors for NDMA in the water. Besides the water quality, the influences of pH, disinfectant dosage, and disinfection contact time on the formation of NDMA were also examined. These results will help water treatment plants establish measures to control this harmful disinfection by-product.     

Detecting N-nitrosamines in water treatment plants and distribution systems in China using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and several other N-nitrosamines have been detected as disinfection by-products in drinking waters in many countries around the world. An ultra-performance liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry method with solid phase extraction sample preparation was developed to study the occurrence of N-nitrosamines in several water treatment plants and distribution systems in China. Isotope labeled N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine-d14 (NDPA-d14) was selected as the internal standard for quantification. The solid phase extraction procedures including pH, enrichment process and MS/MS parameters including capillary voltage, cone gas flow, cone voltage, collision energy were optimized to give average recoveries of 26% to 112% for nine N-nitrosamine species. The instrument detection limits were estimated to range from 0.5 to 5 ??g·L^?1 for the nine N-nitrosamine species. NDMA and several other N-nitrosamines were found at fairly high concentrations in several water treatment plants and distribution systems. NDMA was found in all locations, and the highest concentrations in cities B, G, T, and W were 3.0, 35.7, 21.3, and 19.7 ng·L^?1, respectively. A wide range of N-nitrosamines concentrations and species were observed in different locations. Higher concentrations of N-nitrosamines were detected in distribution systems that were further away from the treatment plants, suggesting that the contact time between the residual disinfectant and natural organic matter may play an important role in the formation of these compounds.     

Fluorescence fingerprints to monitor total trihalomethanes and N-nitrosodimethylamine formation potentials in water

Water samples from 56 lakes of Missouri, USA, were analysed for their fluorescence excitation/emission matrix (EEM) spectroscopy and the formation potentials of total trihalomethanes (TTHM) and N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA). Comparing the excitation/emission matrix fingerprints with trihalomethanes formation revealed that water with higher fluorescence intensity generally exhibited higher trihalomethanes formation potential. Moreover, waters with fluorescence centre at excitation: 290–310 nm/emission: 330–350 nm were related to high N-nitrosodimethylamine and trihalomethanes formation potentials. The results suggest that excitation/emission matrix fingerprints could be used as surrogate parameters for monitoring trihalomethanes and N-nitrosodimethylamine formation potentials.     

太湖水域几种高等水生植物的克藻效应

研究了水花生、菱、金鱼藻和浮萍对同一水体中栅藻生长的抑制作用。结果表明 ,受试植物均能在不同程度上减少水体中藻细胞数量 ,促进藻细胞内叶绿素a的破坏与脂质过氧化产物丙二醛 (MDA)含量的升高 ,抑制超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)的活性。种过供试植物的水也表现出相似的抑藻效应     

模拟酸雨对红壤铝形态的影响

用动态淋洗试验，研究了不同pH的模拟酸雨对红壤中铝形态和性质的影响．结果表明，酸雨淋洗引起红壤中盐基离子的淋失和土壤铝的溶出．随着酸雨溶液pH的降低，盐基淋矢量和铝溶出量增加．酸雨淋洗影响土壤铝形态的转化，使红壤中交换态铝上升，吸附态羟基铝有所下降．这说明在酸雨长期作用下，羟基铝溶解，并转化为交换态铝和引起铝的溶出，使铝进入环境，危害生态系统．     

SO2——一种神秘的生物小分子：SO2及其衍生物对血管张力的双相-双向性调节作用

为了探索二氧化硫(SO2)作为调节血管张力的细胞气体信号分子的可能性,采用SO2衍生物(亚硫酸钠和亚硫酸氢钠混合物,在中性液体中二者的摩尔比约为3:1)温育大鼠离体胸主动脉血管环的方法,观察SO2及其衍生物对血管环张力的影响.结果发现,SO2及其衍生物在低浓度(<1.35mmol·L-1)下可引起大鼠离体胸主动脉血管环收缩而不引起舒张;在高浓度(>1.35mmol·L-1)下先引起血管环收缩、后引起舒张;且这些变化均与血管内皮无关.这表明不同作用浓度相和不同作用时相,该化学物对血管张力的作用完全相反.由此得出结论:1)低浓度SO2及其衍生物是血管收缩因子;2)高浓度SO2及其衍生物对血管张力的影响是双相-双向性的.内源性的SO2及其衍生物的前体SO/SO2在体内的生理浓度比本研究的低浓度还要低1～2个数量级,其对血管张力的生理作用及其他的生物学作用尚需进一步研究.     

Effect of humic acid and metal ions on the debromination of BDE209 by nZVM prepared from steel pickling waste liquor

As a promising in situ remediation technology, nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) can remove polybrominated diphenyl ethers such as decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209) effectively, However its use is limited by its high production cost. Using steel pickling waste liquor as a raw material to prepare nanoscale zero-valent metal (nZVM) can overcome this deficiency. It has been shown that humic acid and metal ions have the greatest influence on remediation. The results showed that nZVM and nZVI both can effectively remove BDE209 with little difference in their removal efficiencies, and humic acid inhibited the removal efficiency, whereas metal ions promoted it. The promoting effects followed the order Ni²⁺>Cu²⁺>Co²⁺ and the cumulative effect of the two factors was a combination of the promoting and inhibitory individual effects. The major difference between nZVM and nZVI lies in their crystal form, as nZVI was found to be amorphous while that of nZVM was crystal. However, it was found that both nZVM and nZVI removed BDE209 with similar removal efficiencies. The effects and cumulative effects of humic acid and metal ions on nZVM and nZVI were very similar in terms of the efficiency of the BDE209 removal.