氧化石墨烯对聚合酶链式反应扩增效率、灵敏度和特异性的影响

以人类基因组DNA和志贺氏菌粗制裂解菌液为模板,扩增115 bp的Alu基因片段和402 bp的ipaH基因片段.通过设置氧化石墨烯(Graphene Oxide,GO)和模板的浓度为变量,分别研究了氧化石墨烯对聚合酶链式反应(Polymerase chain reaction,PCR)扩增效率和灵敏度的影响;运用多轮PCR扩增方法研究了氧化石墨烯对聚合酶链式反应扩增特异性的影响.结果显示,氧化石墨烯有效提高PCR扩增效率的范围为9—14倍,提高PCR灵敏度一个数量级以及增加多轮PCR扩增中的两轮扩增反应.从原子力显微镜(Atomic force microscope,AFM)的结果可以看出,本文制备的氧化石墨烯片层厚度主要集中在0.5—0.8 nm,少数大于1 nm,总体具有较大的比表面积.除此之外,本文还发现当氧化石墨烯浓度到达μg·μL~(-1)后,引物二聚体与氧化石墨烯的浓度呈正比,说明氧化石墨烯优化PCR的主要影响因素是其与引物的相互作用.     

Cupriavidus metallidurans SHE胞内提取物合成纳米金及其催化应用

纳米金(AuNPs)凭借其在电化学和光学方面独特的性能,在催化、环境污染物的降解以及环境修复等方面近年来成为研究热点.相比较传统的合成方法,生物法合成纳米金具有过程简单、无毒、环保、成本较低等优势;除此之外,生物法合成的纳米金颗粒具有尺寸均一、单分散性好且生物相容性好的特性.利用Cupriavidus metallidurans SHE胞内提取物合成纳米金,结果显示最适反应条件为胞内提取物浓度为500 mg/L,HAuCl_4浓度为1 mmol/L,p H为7,反应时间为7 d;透射电子显微镜(TEM)图像表明纳米金颗粒主要为球形和伪球形,平均粒径为14.3 nm;通过傅里叶转换红外线光谱(FTIR)分析结果推测提取物中的羟基、氨基、羧基等官能团参与了纳米金的稳定过程;在上述条件下合成的纳米金对4-硝基苯酚具有较好的催化还原活性,其催化速率常数k为5.98×10~(-4)/s,且该纳米金能催化脱色多种偶氮染料.本研究表明Cupriavidus metallidurans SHE能绿色合成尺寸均一、分散性良好的纳米金,且该纳米金在催化还原硝基芳烃污染物和偶氮染料方面具有潜在的应用价值.(图4表1参28)     

生物表面活性剂胆酸钠对氯酚的增溶

胆酸钠是一种重要的生物表面活性剂,目前的研究主要集中在利胆药物研制方面,而有关其在增溶修复有机污染方面的应用研究较少.本文考察了胆酸钠(Na C)、脱氧胆酸钠(Na DC)、十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)、曲拉通(TX-100)和十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)对2,4,6-三氯苯酚(2,4,6-TCP)和2,4-二氯苯酚(2,4-DCP)的增溶作用,并探究了底物结构、温度和无机离子对Na C增溶氯酚的性能的影响.实验结果表明,当表面活性剂浓度大于临界胶束浓度(CMC)时,2,4,6-TCP和2,4-DCP的表观溶解度与表面活性剂浓度具有良好的线性关系.其中,相比于其它表面活性剂,当浓度高于0.05 mol·L-1时,Na C具有更良好的增溶性能.随苯环上氯原子个数从0增加到3,Na C的摩尔增溶比(MSR)值随氯酚疏水性(Kow)的增大而线性减小,Na C的胶束-水分配系数(Kmc)值则线性增大.在288—308 K的温度范围内,Na C增溶氯酚的性能逐渐增强.4种无机盐KCl、Na Cl、Na2SO4、Ca Cl2对Na C增溶2,4,6-TCP和2,4-DCP的影响不同.随着无机盐浓度的升高,Na C增溶2,4,6-TCP的能力先上升后下降,而增溶2,4-DCP的能力则迅速下降.     

二氧化硫及其衍生物的紫外吸收光谱特征

运用紫外可见光光谱分析方法对SO2溶于水和有机溶剂时的吸收光谱特征进行研究,同时也对SO2衍生物亚硫酸钠(Na2SO3)、亚硫酸氢钠(NaHSO3)、焦亚硫酸钠(Na2S2O5)水溶液的吸收光谱特征进行研究,并探讨盐酸(HCl)对其光谱性质的影响.结果表明:①SO2在水、乙醇、甘油、正丁醇中分别在276、277、276、278 nm有一特征吸收峰,在有机溶剂中的吸光强度远大于在水中的吸光强度;②Na2S2O5和NaHSO3水溶液在257 nm处有一特征吸收峰,Na2SO3未见特征吸收峰,加入HCl后,3种化合物溶液均在276 nm出现特征吸收峰;③HCl能增强SO2及其衍生物水溶液的吸光强度,且呈浓度依赖关系;而CaCl2和NaCl对SO2及其衍生物水溶液的吸光强度有降低作用.因此可得出结论:①SO2在水中的吸光强度远小于在有机溶剂中的吸光强度;②HCl对SO2溶于水中的吸光强度的增强作用是H+的作用而不是Cl-的作用;③SO2衍生物溶液不存在或很少存在SO2分子,但加入适量HCl可使该衍生物用作"SO2供体",亚硫酸氢钠酸性溶液和焦亚硫酸钠酸性溶液可作为"SO2供体"用于SO2毒理学和生理学的研究和实践.     

Trichosporon montevideense WIN提取物合成纳米金及其对硝基芳烃的催化特性

利用生物及其提取物合成纳米金具有反应条件温和、环境友好等优点.以菌株Trichosporon montevideense WIN提取物合成纳米金(Au NPs),考察反应时间、p H和提取物浓度对纳米金合成的影响,并探讨纳米金催化还原硝基芳烃的特性.结果显示,纳米金合成过程可在7 d内稳定,最优p H为7.0,最适提取物浓度为300 mg/L.通过紫外-可见光谱扫描、透射电子显微镜和傅立叶转换红外线光谱分析可知,纳米金为球形和伪球形,尺寸分布范围为4-35 nm,平均粒径为(18.2±0.4)nm,推测提取物中的羟基、氨基和羧基参与了纳米金的还原和稳定过程.纳米金对2-硝基苯酚、3-硝基苯酚、4-硝基苯酚、2-硝基苯胺和3-硝基苯胺具有良好的催化活性,其催化反应速率常数分别为7.5×10~(-3)s~(-1)、6.4×10~(-3) s~(-1)、9.1×10~(-3) s~(-1)、11.8×10~(-3) s~(-1)和20.7×10~(-3) s~(-1).本研究表明T.montevideense WIN在生物合成纳米金方面具有潜在的应用价值,且合成的生物纳米金能够有效应用于硝基芳烃污染物的催化还原.     

SO2-4/TiO2表面的酸性对其光催化性能的影响

采用Na2CO3溶液将SO2-4/TiO2表面的SO2-4洗脱下来,用热重(TG)、NH3程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)和吡啶吸附的红外光谱等手段,分析洗脱前后SO2-4/TiO2表面的酸量和酸类型的变化;在相同晶型、结晶度和吸光特性条件下,考察了SO2-4/TiO2表面的酸性对Cr(Ⅵ)光催化还原效率的影响.结果表明:SO2-4/TiO2表面同时存在Lewis酸位和Bronsted酸位,通过Na2CO3溶液降低SO2-4/TiO2表面的酸量并去除Bronsted酸位后,其对Cr(Ⅵ)的光催化活性显著降低.     

纳米金-适配体电化学传感器用于环境水样中双酚A检测

制备了一种用于检测双酚A的纳米金-适配体电化学传感器.采用恒电位沉积的方法在玻碳电极表面制备金纳米颗粒提高电极的比表面积及导电性,通过Au—S键作用将末端带有巯基、可特异性识别双酚A的适配体固定在电极表面,以[Fe(CN)₆]^3-/4-作为氧化还原探针,通过循环伏安法和交流阻抗法对纳米金-适配体电化学传感器的检测性能进行研究,优化了检测性能的影响因素.当金纳米颗粒沉积时间为400 s、适配体浓度为1μmol·L^-1、富集时间为50 min、检测溶液pH 7.0时,电极阻抗响应与双酚A浓度在1×10^-9—5×10^-6 mol·L^-1范围内呈良好线性关系.发展的传感器具有良好的重现性、稳定性和抗干扰性,并成功应用于环境水样中双酚A的检测,回收率87.4%—110.0%.     

一种改进的SON-PCR基因扩增方法

单侧寡聚核苷酸嵌套PCR(single oligonucleotide nested PCR,SON-PCR)是一种简便易行的由已知序列克隆其侧翼序列的方法,但该法的第二轮PCR反应引发效率低,而且得到的产物两端含相同的引物序列,不可直接测序.针对该问题,将第二轮PCR改进为两段式扩增,即先以单侧嵌套引物引发5′端做选择性线性扩增,然后再加入第一轮引物特异引发3′端,使特异性和效率都得到很大提高,并可用PCR产物直接测序.分别用已报道的和改进的SON-PCR法克隆Botrytis cinerea羟甲基戊二酰CoA还原酶基因侧翼序列,后者获得期望结果,证明改进的SON-PCR方法行之有效.国内外尚未见同类报道.图4参7     

Trichoderma sp.WL-Go细胞提取物合成纳米金影响因素及其催化特性

与传统的物理和化学合成方法相比而言,生物法合成纳米金具备环境友好、反应条件温和、低毒等优势,近年来受到了广泛关注.利用真菌Trichoderma sp. WL-Go细胞提取物合成纳米金,探究氯金酸浓度、pH、温度等反应条件对纳米金合成的影响,最后对生物纳米金催化还原4-硝基苯酚的性能进行了考察.结果显示,氯金酸浓度、pH以及反应温度对纳米金的合成具有重要影响,影响主要体现在合成速率以及纳米金稳定性方面.温度的提高可加速纳米金合成,通过TEM分析可知30℃和60℃条件下合成的纳米金平均粒径分别为15.0 nm和15.1 nm,均为球形和伪球形.对4-硝基苯酚的催化还原试验表明,在60℃条件下合成的纳米金催化速率优于30℃条件下合成的纳米金.本研究表明利用菌株Trichoderma sp. WL-Go细胞提取物可以合成尺寸均一且分散性良好的纳米金颗粒,且温度的提高可在加速纳米金合成的同时提升其催化活性,对生物合成纳米金的工业化应用有一定积极意义.(图4表1参23)     

复合表面活性剂对污染土壤中柴油的增溶和洗脱作用

研究了3种表面活性剂及其不同浓度配比对五种柴油链烃的增溶及对柴油污染土壤的洗脱作用.结果表明,复合表面活性剂的增溶效果优于单一表面活性剂,其中尤以阴离子表面活性剂SDS与非离子表面活性剂Tw-80的配比效果最佳;随阴离子表面活性剂复合比例的提高,可以有效地降低复合表面活性剂混合胶束的临界胶束浓度,提高单位表面活性剂接纳目标污染物的能力,增大目标链烃分配进入胶束相的倾向,同时有效降低增溶平衡时对表面活性剂用量的要求;高浓度的阴离子表面活性剂具有很高的污染洗脱效率,非离子表面活性剂Tw-80则易被土壤吸附而导致洗脱效率低下,但阴离子表面活性剂SDS与Tw-80配比能够有效地改善Tw-80易被土壤吸附的现象,并随复合比例提高而不同程度的增强污染土壤中柴油的洗脱效果.     

Photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange using ZnO nanorods

Nanosized ZnO rods were synthesized using a microwave-assisted aqueous method. High molecular weight polyvinyl alcohol was used as a stabilizing agent. Size, surface morphology, and structure were investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). SEM and TEM images show that ZnO nanorods have diameters of about 50?nm and lengths of a few micrometers. The XRD pattern reveals that ZnO nanorods are of hexagonal wurtzite structure. The average crystallite size calculated from Scherrer's relation was found to be 40?nm. The effects of catalyst loading, pH value, and initial concentration of methyl orange on the photocatalytic degradation efficiency using ZnO nanorods as photocatalyst were discussed. The results revealed that ZnO nanorods with a diameter of 50?nm showed the highest photocatalytic activity at a surface density of 0.2?g?dm^?3.     

磷钼杂多化合物脱除H2S回收硫磺反应机理研究

综合运用离子选择电极分析、微分量热分析与能谱分析等手段对磷钼杂多酸钠盐与硫化氢的反应机理进行了研究。发现：1）磷钼酸钠体系在脱硫过程中具有稳定的化学性能，硫产物中基本不含Mo,V的物相；2）脱硫过程中，复配体系磷钼酸钠与偏钒酸钠独立作用，两者之间不存在协同效应；3）磷钼酸钠吸收H2S过程的化学反应式为：H2S Na3PMo( Ⅵ）12O40→S↓＋Na3H2PMo(Ⅵ)10Mo(Ⅴ)2O40。即在磷钼酸钠分子中有2个Mo(Ⅵ)被还原成Mo(Ⅴ)，因此，相同摩尔浓度下，磷钼酸钠的饱和硫容量是螯合铁的两倍。     

盐碱胁迫对水稻幼苗中基因差异表达的影响

为了阐明已分离的盐碱适应性相关基因(Liuetal, 2000)的表达特性,以14d叶龄的水稻品种日本晴幼苗为材料,分别经NaHCO3 (60mmol/L,pH8. 50) )处理6h、12h、24h、48h, 及不同pH值(pH4. 50, 6. 50, 8. 50, 10. 50)的NaCl(100mmol/L), NaHCO3 (60mmol/L)和Na2CO3 (30mmol/L)处理24h, 以分析时间效应及浓度与pH值间的联合效应. 结果表明,与对照(H2O, pH6. 50)相比较,NaHCO3 (60mmol/L)处理6h、12h、24h、48h后,mitochondrialAT Pase6×103的转录本分别提高2. 73、0. 82、0. 01和1. 79倍;cAPX转录本在24h和48h较对照提高1. 17和1. 49倍;处理6h后CA和HSP90基因表达受显著抑制;UDPG-GT增强表达的滞后期为6h;thioredoxin受NaHCO3轻微抑制.不同pH值和24h处理条件下,NaHCO3和Na2CO3显著促进mitochondrialATPase6×103基因表达.CA基因表达受Na 、HCO-3 和pH的共同影响;而thioredoxin主要受Na 和pH的双重影响; cAPX也表现出类似趋势.UDPG-GT在Na2CO3处理中表达量最高,HSP90的表达随pH的升高而降低. 图6表2参13     

A study on major inorganic ion composition of atmospheric aerosols

Atmospheric aerosol samples were collected from Akola and Buldana region covering around 40 sqkm area during October-November 2002 and were analyzed for ten major inorganic ions namely F-, Cl-, NO3-, SO4(2-), PO4(2-), Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and NH4+ using ion chromatographic technique. The average mass of aerosols was found to be 225.81 microg/m3 with standard deviation of 31.29 and average total water soluble load of total cations and anions was found to be 4.32 microg/m3. The concentration of ions in samples showed a general pattern as SO4(2-) > NO3- > Cl- > PO4(2-) > F- for anions and Na+ > Ca2+ > NH4+ > Mg2+ > K+ for cations. The overall composition of the aerosols was taken into account to identify the sources. The trend showed higher concentration of sodium followed by calcium, sulfate, nitrate, phosphate and ammoinum and found to be influenced by terrestrial sources. The presence of SO4(2-) and NO3- in aerosols may be due to re-suspension of soil particles. Ca2+, Mg2+ and Cl- are to be derived from soil materials. The presence of NH4+ may be attributed to the reaction of NH3 vapors with acidic gases may react or condense on an acidic particle surface of anthropogenic origin. The atmospheric aerosol is slightly acidic due to neutralization of basicity by SO2 and NO(x).     

生物氧化再生脱硫液的影响因素研究

化学-生物法脱硫中使用的脱硫液一般采用生物法氧化再生.探讨了pH、初始Fe3 浓度、硫磺、硫酸钠浓度等因素对生物氧化再生Fe3 的影响.结果表明,生物氧化再生脱硫液的最适初始pH为1.8;Fe3 对细菌生长有抑制作用,初始浓度低于1.5gL-1时对细菌抑制作用较小;硫磺的存在对Fe2 的生物氧化有很大的影响,当硫磺浓度低于2gL-1时,对细菌的影响较小;硫酸钠浓度低于15gL-1时,对生物氧化Fe2 几乎没有影响,通过驯化后,细菌可以耐受更高的硫酸钠浓度.图4表3参10     

壳聚糖稳定纳米铁去除地表水中Cr(Ⅵ)污染的影响因素

以壳聚糖为稳定剂,制备纳米零价铁颗粒,TEM表征结果显示:其粒径分布范围为20—150 nm,平均粒径为82.4 nm.研究表明,壳聚糖稳定的纳米铁去除Cr(Ⅵ)的还原反应符合一级反应动力学方程.溶液中投加稳定剂壳聚糖,当壳聚糖浓度为150 mg.l-1时,80 min内表观一级动力学常数kobs约为空白溶液的2倍;干扰离子Ca2+,Mg2+,HCO3-和CO32-对壳聚糖稳定纳米铁去除Cr(Ⅵ)的批试验结果显示,Ca2+和Mg2+在80 min内使壳聚糖稳定纳米铁对Cr(Ⅵ)去除率分别降低了约20%和10%;HCO3-和CO32-的存在使去除率降低了约10%.     

Key features of new particle formation events at background sites in China and their influence on cloud condensation nuclei

New particle formation (NPF) event at multi rural sites in China Identifying the characteristics of NPF event Comparing NPF event between clean and polluted conditions Quantifying contribution to the cloud condensation nuclei Implication of climate and air quality Long-term continuous measurements of particle number size distributions with mobility diameter sizes ranging from 3 to 800 nm were performed to study new particle formation (NPF) events at Shangdianzi (SDZ), Mt. Tai (TS), and Lin’an (LAN) stations representing the background atmospheric conditions in the North China Plain (NCP), Central East China (CEC), and Yangtze River Delta (YRD) regions, respectively. The mean formation rate of 3-nm particles was 6.3, 3.7, and 5.8 cm⁻³·s⁻¹, and the mean particle growth rate was 3.6, 6.0, and 6.2 nm·h⁻¹ at SDZ, TS, and LAN, respectively. The NPF event characteristics at the three sites indicate that there may be a stronger source of low volatile vapors and higher condensational sink of pre-existing particles in the YRD region. The formation rate of NPF events at these sites, as well as the condensation sink, is approximately 10 times higher than some results reported at rural/urban sites in western countries. However, the growth rates appear to be 1–2 times higher. Approximately 12%–17% of all NPF events with nucleated particles grow to a climate-relevant size (>50 nm). These kinds of NPF events were normally observed with higher growth rate than the other NPF cases. Generally, the cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) number concentration can be enhanced by approximately a factor of 2–6 on these event days. The mean value of the enhancement factor is lowest at LAN (2–3) and highest at SDZ (~4). NPF events have also been found to have greater impact on CCN production in China at the regional scale than in the other background sites worldwide.     

Effects of molecular weight and concentration of carboxymethyl cellulose on morphology of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles as prepared with one-step wet chemical method

Nano-sized apatite particles (nAP) synthesized with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) have shown great application potentials in in situ heavy metal remediation. However, differences in CMC’s properties effects on the size of nAP produced are not well understood. In this paper, two types of CMC, with respective molecular weights (MW) of ～120000 and ～240000 Dalton or respective polymerization degrees of 500 (CMC-500) and 1050 (CMC-1050), were studied in a concentration range of 0.05%–0.5% (w/w) for nAP synthesis. Morphology of the particles was characterized with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results showed that 0.05% CMC-500 solution gave an average particle size of 148.7±134.9 nm, 0.25% CMC-500 solution produced particles of 21.8±20.4 nm, and, 0.5% CMC-500 solution contained particles of 15.8±7.7 nm. In comparison, 0.05% CMC-1050 solution produced nanoparticles of 6.8±3.2 nm, 0.25% CMC-1050 produced smaller nAP of 4.3±3.2 nm, and 0.5% CMC-1050 synthesized the smallest nanoparticles in this study, with an average diameter of 3.0±2.1 nm. Chemical composition of the products was identified with X-ray diffraction (XRD) as pure hydroxyapatite. Interactions between nAP and CMC were discussed with help of attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATRFTIR) spectroscopic data. This study showed that CMC at higher concentration as well as higher MW facilitated to produce finer nanoparticles, showing that nAP size could be manipulated by selecting appropriate CMC MW and/or applying appropriate CMC concentration.     

Effects of three different nanoparticles on bioaccumulation,oxidative stress,osmoregulatory, and immune responses of Carcinus aestuarii

Abstract

In this study, the toxicity of CuO (40?nm), α-Al₂O₃ (40?nm), and α-Fe₂O₃ (20–40?nm) nanoparticles was comparatively investigated on Carcinus aestuarii. Crabs were semi-statically exposed to 1?mg/L of each for 14?days and their accumulation and distribution in tissue and hemolymph, potential oxidative stress mechanism, total hemocyte counts and types, and the osmoregulatory and ionoregulatory responses were determined. The tissue distribution of CuO nanoparticles was hepatopancreas?>?hemolymph?≥?gill?> muscle, for α-Fe₂O₃ gill?>?hepatopancreas?>?muscle?> hemolymph, and for α-Al₂O₃ gill?>?muscle?≥?hemolymph?> hepatopancreas. While α-Al₂O₃ and α-Fe₂O₃ NPs, induced lipid peroxidation and changes in antioxidant enzyme activity in the hepatopancreas tissue, the oxidative damage caused by the CuO nanoparticles was minimal. All three nanoparticles, copper in particular, elicit osmoregulatory and ionoregulatory toxicity at this concentration, due to the inhibition of Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity in the gill and depletion of hemolymph and carcass ion concentrations.     

Photocatalytic degradation of phosphamidon using Ag-doped ZnO nanorods

The photocatalytic degradation of the organo-phosphorous pesticide phosphamidon at low concentration in aqueous solution on Ag-doped ZnO nanorods was investigated. Nanosized Ag-doped ZnO rods were synthesized by using a microwave assisted aqueous method. High molecular weight polyvinyl alcohol was used as a stabilizing agent. Composition and structure were investigated using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The XRD pattern reveals that ZnO nanorods are of hexagonal wurtzite structure. The average crystallite size calculated from Scherrer's relation was found to be 30?nm. The effects of catalyst loading, pH value, and initial concentration of phosphamidon on the photocatalytic degradation efficiency using Ag-doped ZnO nanorods as a photocatalyst have been discussed. The results revealed that Ag-doped ZnO nanorods with a diameter of 30?nm showed highest photocatalytic activity at a surface density of 1?g?dm^?3. The catalyst doped with 0.2?mol% Ag is effective for the degradation of phosphamidon with visible light. This opens a new possibility to decompose pesticides that are present in wastewater.