雷州半岛旱地砖红壤非点源氮、磷淋溶损失模拟研究

大量施用化学肥料所引起的养分淋失和环境污染正逐渐受到人们的重视。通过土柱模拟氮、磷素养分淋溶试验．研究了不同施肥处理下砖红壤氮、磷素淋溶损失特点。试验结果表明，随着尿素用量的增加，渗漏水中NH4^＋-N质量浓度和TN淋失量也相应增加，而NO3^--N的质量浓度变化幅度较大，渗漏水中氮素淋失形态主要是以NO3^--N为主。由于土壤磷素很难移动，所以TP累积淋失量非常少，氮、磷肥混施对非点源氮、磷素的淋失都有影响，其中过量磷肥配合尿素施用可以增加土壤中NH4^＋-N、NO3^- -N、TN的淋失程度。     

滇池湖滨缓冲带和农田土壤无机磷分布及淋失特征

为了明晰滇池湖滨土壤磷素分布状况,评估其淋失特征,对昆明市滇池南部湖滨缓冲带及农田Ⅰ(邻近缓冲带)和农田Ⅱ(离农田Ⅰ约1.5 km)剖面土壤理化性质、磷素分布特征及其与地下水关系进行研究。结果表明:湖滨缓冲带土壤有机碳和全氮含量均显著高于农田土壤,缓冲带土壤浅表地下水中COD和总磷含量也显著高于农田Ⅱ。湖滨缓冲带土壤0~40 cm土层全磷含量与农田土壤的差异不显著,但有效磷(Olsen-P)含量显著低于农田土壤。Ca-P是滇池湖滨土壤无机磷的主要组分,占无机磷总量的63%~69%。湖滨缓冲带土壤O-P含量及其占无机磷总量比例显著高于农田土壤,而Al-P和Fe-P含量及其占无机磷总量比例则显著低于农田土壤,表明缓冲带建设已经导致湖滨土壤无机磷组分及分布呈现明显分异。相关分析显示,湖滨浅表地下水埋深与其COD和总磷含量呈极显著负相关关系,同时表层(0~20 cm)土壤Olsen-P、Al-P和Fe-P含量与地下水总磷含量也存在显著或极显著负相关关系。这表明土壤表层是滇池湖滨区土壤磷素淋失的主要层次,而浅表地下水埋深是影响湖滨区土壤磷素淋失的重要因素之一。     

亚热带稻田土壤有效磷饱和容量及氮磷淋失

随着施肥量的增加和农业土壤磷的不断积累,农田磷有明显向土壤深层淋失的现象.前人研究表明我国亚热带区在高强度农业生产和大量施用化肥的作用下,已成为农业面源污染和环境富营养化最为严重的地区.本文拟以中国亚热带区典型代表性稻田为研究对象,通过典型区域耕作土壤调查、室内模拟测定、原状土柱试验和田间定位观测等方法相结合,评估亚热带耕作土壤磷素淋失环境风险.研究表明:1)稻田土壤有效磷饱和容量区域差异较大;2)长沙红壤稻田土壤有效磷饱和容量(47.6 mg/kg)显著高于湘阴湖积物稻田(39.2 mg/kg);3)施用牛粪可显著提高稻田土壤pH值,更够防止稻田土壤酸化和控制污染稻田土壤重金属的活性.     

微胶囊EDTA对2种土壤中铅释放的影响

选用不同铅污染程度及pH值的土壤,采用连续批浸提实验和土柱淋溶实验,比较研究微胶囊EDTA（Cap-EDTA）和未微胶囊化EDTA（Ncap-EDTA）对不同土壤溶液中pH值和铅离子浓度动态变化影响,以及土壤渗滤液中铅离子淋失特征。结果表明：施加2种不同形式的EDTA,可极显著地增加土壤溶液中铅离子浓度,Cap-EDTA能控制土壤溶液中铅浓度的突增幅度,且使土壤溶液中的铅持续保持在适度浓度的时间更长。同一种土壤不同处理间土壤pH值的变化趋势基本一致,无显著差异。施用2种不同形式EDTA可极显著地增加土壤渗滤液中铅离子含量,土壤铅累积淋失量呈对数曲线上升,但施用Cap-EDTA处理能显著降低土壤中铅的初始淋失量和淋失总量。在相同浓度及形式的EDTA下,高铅浓度和高pH值的土壤铅更易活化和淋失。因此,在进行污染土壤植物修复的EDTA调控时,采用微胶囊化EDTA,能降低其带来的污染地下水风险。     

不同施肥水平下菜地耕层土壤中氮磷淋溶损失特征

采用负压式土壤溶液取样器采集不同施肥水平(常规、减量20%和减量30%施肥处理,即N1、N2和N3)下城郊菜地耕层土壤(10、20和30 cm)的淋溶液,分析了总氮(TN)、硝态氮(NO_3~-)、铵态氮(NH_4~+)、总磷(TP)和溶解态磷(DP)浓度,旨在研究不同施肥水平下菜地不同耕层土壤中氮素与磷素的淋溶损失特征。研究结果:(1)不同施肥水平下,菜地耕层土壤TN、NO_3~-、NH_4~+、TP和DP淋溶质量浓度范围分别为5.24~292、3.47~271、0.16~9.47、1.66~20.6和1.63~17.7mg·L~(-1),平均质量浓度分别为38.9~113、36.0~105、1.01~2.13、3.75~12.7和3.55~11.8 mg·L~(-1);(2)氮素主要以NO3-形式发生淋溶损失,作物生长初期是菜地耕层土壤氮素淋溶损失的主要时期;减量施肥30%能有效降低耕层土壤氮素的淋溶损失,其TN和NO_3~-的淋溶质量浓度较常规施肥处理分别显著降低了58.4%和59.0%(P0.05);不同深度耕层土壤中TN和NO3-淋溶质量浓度没有显著性差异(P0.05);(3)磷素主要以DP形式发生淋溶损失,耕层土壤中TP和DP的淋溶质量浓度为20 cm10 cm30 cm(P0.05);减量20%和减量30%施肥均能有效降低耕层土壤中磷素的淋溶损失,减量20%施肥处理TP和DP的淋溶质量浓度分别显著下降了27.8%和27.6%(P0.05),而减量20%施肥处理TP和DP的淋溶质量浓度分别显著降低了44.6%和43.8%(P0.05)。结果表明,城郊菜地耕层土壤中氮素和磷素养分存在一定的淋失风险,减量施肥措施能有效降低菜地耕层土壤中氮素与磷素的淋溶损失,是降低耕层土壤氮磷淋失风险的有效措施。     

太湖地区侧渗水稻土连续施磷处理下稻田磷的径流损失

太湖地区侧渗水稻土稻田磷素动态特征及其潜在环境效应的田间测试结果表明,水稻地上部收获带走的磷量平均为47.5kg·hm-2;土壤表层0—10cm富集的磷、整个稻季径流流失的溶解态磷、颗粒态磷和总磷与施磷量呈线性相关关系。水稻生长季由径流损失的总磷量约在1.3～5.1kg·hm-2,损失量随施磷量的增加而增加。过量施肥会增加磷素径流流失风险,在当地施磷量30kg·hm-2条件下,水田磷素流失量相对很小。太湖地区侧渗水稻土稻季建议施磷量为50kg·hm-2。     

集约化蔬菜地土壤磷素累积特征及流失风险

以南京市郊集约化蔬菜长期种植基地为对象,采集蔬菜种植年限分别为3~5、15~20、25~30 a的土壤,测定土壤全磷(TP)、速效磷(Olsen-P)、水溶性磷(CaCl2-P)、生物有效磷(NaOH-P)的含量,并对0—20 cm土层磷素吸附特性进行分析,通过研究土壤磷吸附饱和度(DPS)、最大缓冲容量(MBC)来对土壤磷素流失风险进行评估。结果表明,在0—20 cm土层,除NaOH-P外,其余各形态磷(TP、Olsen-P、CaCl2-P)都随种植年限延长呈增加趋势。不同种植年限土壤TP、Olsen-P、CaCl2-P、NaOH-P主要积累在0—20 cm土层,且随着土层深度的增加土壤磷的累积量逐渐降低。DPS随种植年限延长而升高,种植年限25~30 a的菜地0—5 cm土层DPS超过土壤磷素流失环境敏感指标临界值(25%),其MBC也最低,表明随着蔬菜种植年限的延长土壤磷素流失风险加剧,且流失风险主要体现在0—5 cm土层。     

红色黏土对磷的吸附性能及其机理初探

研究了采自江西鹰潭和江苏宜兴2地荒地亚层(20～40 cm)11种红色黏土的理化性质,比较了其对2种不同质量浓度(35和50 mg.L-1)磷酸二氢钾溶液中磷的吸附性能。结果表明,11种红色黏土对35和50 mg.L-1磷标准溶液的磷吸附量分别为0.52～0.86和0.52～1.18 mg.g-1,其中采自江苏的S9土样对2种浓度磷标准溶液的磷去除率均达90%以上;红色黏土中的铁、铝氧化物是除磷的主要控制因素,溶液中的磷主要与红色黏土中铁、铝氧化物相结合形成难溶性Fe-P和Al-P,土壤氧化铝含量与除磷效果呈显著正相关。可以通过向红色黏土及其他吸附剂中加入适量的铁、铝氧化物以提高对磷的吸附性能。     

土壤磷素解吸模型及其特征值的作物效应

土壤有效磷数量和强度及其缓冲系数是评价土壤磷素供应能力的重要指标。通过解吸实验、盆栽和田间试验研究土壤磷解吸特性及其与供试蔬菜的效应。38个磷素解吸实验表明,土壤镉解吸模型的修正式能很好地模拟土壤磷素解吸动态特征,有32个回归模型达到显著水平。土壤磷解吸模型可同时求得表征土壤磷有效性的磷可解吸数量Q和土壤溶液初始磷浓度Cli及其缓冲系数b。盆栽试验表明,土壤磷解吸特征值Q和Cli与空心菜(Iponoea aqatica)和菜心(Brassica parachinensis)吸P量有显著水平的抛物线型关系,且与土壤类型无关。田间试验表明,Q值与供试蔬菜鲜重产量亦有显著水平的抛物线型关系,可求得试验条件下空心菜和莴苣(Lactuca sativa)磷肥施用的Q值临界指标分别为11mg/kg和13mg/kg。解吸模型研究为评价土壤磷素有效性提供了一种新方法。     

外源硅对碱性土壤磷位及磷有效性的影响

磷位是表达土壤磷素有效性的强度指标,是决定土壤磷素有效性的首要因素。以分析施硅对土壤磷位的影响为切入点,探讨施硅影响土壤磷素有效性的土壤化学机制,有利于促进硅肥的合理施用及土壤磷素的科学调控,对于减少磷矿资源开采及磷肥施用、防治农田面源污染具有重要意义。试验选取辽宁省沈阳市康平县水田耕层土壤为研究对象,设置4个硅酸钾处理,添加量分别为0、30、60、120 mg·kg~(-1)(以SiO_2计),分别记作Si0、Si30、Si60、Si120;在中和硅酸钾碱性和消除伴随离子影响的基础上,开展室内培养和水稻盆栽试验,研究外源硅对土壤磷位和苗期水稻吸磷量的影响。结果表明:加硅极显著提高了土壤浸提液中氢离子活度(P0.01),Si30、Si60、Si120处理分别比对照提高了26.02%、25.59%和146.77%;加硅同时极显著提高了H_2PO_4~-离子活度(P0.01),Si60、Si120处理分别比对照提高了30.25%和99.26%;加硅促进了水稻植株对磷的吸收,随加硅量的增加,3个施硅处理吸磷量分别比对照处理提高了16.41%、19.20%和69.07%;加硅条件下土壤磷位和植株吸磷量间存在显著负相关关系,说明磷位能较好地反映土壤磷的生物有效性。研究表明,施硅可提高土壤溶液中H_2PO_4~-的活度,降低土壤磷位,提高土壤供磷强度,土壤磷位可作为指示土壤磷植物有效性的指标。     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Importance of greater interdisciplinarity and geographic scope when tackling the driving forces behind biological invasions

Invasive non-native species are important drivers of ecosystem change, yet the driving forces of biological invasions themselves are poorly understood. Such information is essential to ensure policies focus on the most relevant drivers, and that future scenarios capture the full range of potential outcomes for invasive non-native species. I carried out a bibliometric analysis of articles published from 2000 to 2020 that address either invasive non-native species or biodiversity and ecosystem services and that also mention 1 or more drivers of ecosystem change. I examined 5 indirect drivers (demographic, economic, governance, sociocultural, and technological) and 6 direct drivers (climate change, invasive non-native species, land-use or sea-use change, natural hazards, pollution, and resource extraction). Using the Web of Science core collection of citation indexes, I undertook searches of article titles and keywords and retrieved 27,462 articles addressing invasive non-native species and 110,087 articles dealing with biodiversity or ecosystem services. Most research to date on biological invasions as well as on biodiversity and ecosystem services has focused on anthropogenic direct drivers of ecosystem change rather than indirect drivers. Yet currently, less than 18% of articles addressing biological invasions examined drivers of ecosystem change, a similar level to that found over 20 years ago for biodiversity or ecosystem services. Knowledge of the drivers of biological invasions is limited, emphasizes tractable drivers over those that require an interdisciplinary approach, and is biased toward developed economies. Drivers generally deemed important for biological invasions, such as governance and resource extraction, accounted for less than 2% of research effort. The absence of a systematic understanding of the forces that drive invasive non-native species and how they interact means that attempts to mitigate or forecast biological invasions are likely to fail. To address biological invasions requires a much better orientation of national and international research on drivers in relation to both their actual importance as well as their policy relevance.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Mitigating the effects of climate change on the nests of sea turtles with artificial irrigation

For sea turtles, like many oviparous species, increasing temperatures during development threaten to increase embryonic mortality, alter offspring quality, and potentially create suboptimal primary sex ratios. Various methods are being implemented to mitigate the effects of climate change on reproductive success, but these methods, such as breeding programs, translocations, and shading, are often invasive and expensive. Irrigation is an alternative strategy for cooling nests that, depending on location, can be implemented relatively quickly and cheaply. However, multiple factors, including ambient conditions, nest substrate, and species characteristics, can influence irrigation success. Additionally, irrigation can vary in duration, frequency, and the volume of water applied to nests, which influences the cooling achieved and embryonic survival. Thus, it is critical to understand how to maximize cooling and manage risks before implementing irrigation as a nest-cooling strategy. We reviewed the literature on nest irrigation to examine whether artificial irrigation is feasible as a population management tool. Key factors that affected cooling were the volume of water applied and the frequency of applications. Embryonic responses varied with species, ambient conditions, and the timing of irrigation during development. Nest inundation was the key risk to a successful irrigation regime. Future irrigation regimes must identify clear targets, either primary or adult sex ratios, that maximize population viability. Monitoring population responses and adjusting the irrigation regime in response to population characteristics will be critical. Most studies reported on the manipulation of only one or two variables, further research is required to understand how altering multiple factors in an irrigation regime influences the cooling achieved and embryonic responses.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

Positive and Negative Effects of a Threatened Parrotfish on Reef Ecosystems

Species that are strong interactors play disproportionately important roles in the dynamics of natural ecosystems. It has been proposed that their presence is necessary for positively shaping the structure and functioning of ecosystems. We evaluated this hypothesis using the case of the world's largest parrotfish (Bolbometopon muricatum), a globally imperiled species. We used direct observation, animal tracking, and computer simulations to examine the diverse routes through which B. muricatum affects the diversity, dispersal, relative abundance, and survival of the corals that comprise the foundation of reef ecosystems. Our results suggest that this species can influence reef building corals in both positive and negative ways. Field observation and simulation outputs indicated that B. muricatum reduced the abundance of macroalgae that can outcompete corals, but they also feed directly on corals, decreasing coral abundance, diversity, and colony size. B. muricatum appeared to facilitate coral advancement by mechanically dispersing coral fragments and opening up bare space for coral settlement, but they also damaged adult corals and remobilized a large volume of potentially stressful carbonate sediment. The impacts this species has on reefs appears to be regulated in part by its abundance—the effects of B. muricatum were more intense in simulation scenarios populated with high densities of these fish. Observations conducted in regions with high and low predator (e.g., sharks) abundance generated results that are consistent with the hypothesis that these predators of B. muricatum may play a role in governing their abundance; thus, predation may modulate the intensity of the effects they have on reef dynamics. Overall our results illustrate that functionally unique and threatened species may not have universally positive impacts on ecosystems and that it may be necessary for environmental managers to consider the diverse effects of such species and the forces that mediate the strength of their influence. Efectos Positivos y Negativos de un Pez Loro Amenazado Sobre Ecosistemas Arrecifales     

Form-specific fragances fromOphrys insectifera L. (Orchidaceae) attract species of different pollinator genera. Evidence of sympatric speciation?

Two closely related forms ofOphrys insectifera were observed in the field to attract different pollinator species selectively.O. i. ssp.insectifera attracted males of two species ofArgogorytes (Sphecidae, Hymenoptera Aculeata) andO. i. ssp.aymoninii attractedAndrena combinata males (Andrenidae, Apoidea, Hymenoptera Aculeata). A third form,O. aff.i. ssp.insectifera, attracted none of these three species. Volatile compounds from flowers and inflorescences of the three forms (originating from Öland, Sweden, and Aveyron, France) were collected, using entrainment, enfleurage, and solvent extraction techniques, and identified by gas chromatography — mass spectrometry. Scent differences between the three forms were confirmed in the amounts of aliphatic hydrocarbons (C₁₁–C₁₉), methyl esters (C₁₄–C₁₈), short chain aliphatic 1-alcohols (C₆–C₁₂), and monoterpene alcohols (C₁₀).     

Effects of Coffee Management on Deforestation Rates and Forest Integrity

Knowledge about how forest margins are utilized can be crucial for a general understanding of changes in forest cover, forest structure, and biodiversity across landscapes. We studied forest‐agriculture transitions in southwestern Ethiopia and hypothesized that the presence of coffee (Coffea arabica)decreases deforestation rates because of coffee's importance to local economies and its widespread occurrence in forests and forest margins. Using satellite images and elevation data, we compared changes in forest cover over 37 years (1973–2010) across elevations in 2 forest‐agriculture mosaic landscapes (1100 km² around Bonga and 3000 km² in Goma‐Gera). In the field in the Bonga area, we determined coffee cover and forest structure in 40 forest margins that differed in time since deforestation. Both the absolute and relative deforestation rates were lower at coffee‐growing elevations compared with at higher elevations (?10/20% vs. ?40/50% comparing relative rates at 1800 m asl and 2300–2500 m asl, respectively). Within the coffee‐growing elevation, the proportion of sites with high coffee cover (>20%) was significantly higher in stable margins (42% of sites that had been in the same location for the entire period) than in recently changed margins (0% of sites where expansion of annual crops had changed the margin). Disturbance level and forest structure did not differ between sites with 30% or 3% coffee. However, a growing body of literature on gradients of coffee management in Ethiopia reports coffee's negative effects on abundances of forest‐specialist species. Even if the presence of coffee slows down the conversion of forest to annual‐crop agriculture, there is a risk that an intensification of coffee management will still threaten forest biodiversity, including the genetic diversity of wild coffee. Conservation policy for Ethiopian forests thus needs to develop strategies that acknowledge that forests without coffee production may have higher deforestation risks than forests with coffee production and that forests with coffee production often have lower biodiversity value. Efectos de la Administración Cafetalera sobre las Tasas de Deforestación y la Integridad de los Bosques     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.