筛分水平浓度法构建浑河沉积物重金属基准初步研究

以浑河水系表层沉积物为研究对象,应用筛分水平浓度法初步探讨了浑河沉积物中4种重金属(铜、铅、锌和镉)沉积物质量基准推荐值。结果表明,筛分水平浓度法获取的浑河沉积物铜、铅、锌和镉的质量基准分别为46.69、39.18、140.03和0.54mg·kg-1(以干质量计)。通过与不同国家及地区指定的重金属质量基准推荐值以及本地区采用其他方法推导的重金属基准推荐值进行比较,推算出本研究获取的4种重金属沉积物质量基准推荐值接近所有数据的中间值。由于本研究中用于推导沉积物质量基准的数据相对较少,导致获取的沉积物重金属质量基准推荐值存在一定的不确定性。     

沉积物再悬浮-重金属释放机制研究进展

水-沉积物界面重金属迁移和转化行为已成为水环境质量研究的热点。因自然、生物、人为活动等驱动的沉积物再悬浮使得沉积物颗粒吸附和结合的重金属可能通过吸附-解吸平衡和氧化还原反应而释放进入上覆水体。随着外在污染源输入逐步得到控制,沉积物再悬浮释放重金属将成为水体重要的内在污染源而对水环境质量和水生生物产生影响。本文综述了最近几年的相关研究文献,对沉积物再悬浮的动力来源及发生机制、再悬浮-重金属释放机制及主要影响因素进行了阐述,探讨了该领域未来可能的研究方向。相关研究发现,当干扰切应力大于沉积物的临界切应力值时,沉积物再悬浮发生,且再悬浮颗粒量随干扰切应力的增强而增大;再悬浮使还原态沉积物暴露于有氧环境,有机质和硫化物的氧化是沉积物结合态重金属释放的主要机理,而沉积物颗粒电性吸附的重金属则通过解吸进入水体;切应力大小、再悬浮水体理化性质、沉积物理化性质以及微生物活性等因素调控着沉积物吸附态或结合态重金属的释放。本文指出再悬浮沉积物释放重金属的去向（再分配机理）以及再悬浮-重金属释放的动力学过程、沉积物悬浮-重金属释放复合预测模型的建立、沉积物悬浮-释放重金属的生物可利用性及生物毒害评价将是本领域需要进一步研究的重点。     

乐安江沉积物酸碱性及其对重金属释放特性的影响

本文对乐安江沉积物样品的金属总量，酸碱特性进行了测定和不同ｐＨ条件下金属的释放实验，结果表明，乐安江沉积物中Ｃｕ，Ｐｂ，Ｚｎ，Ｃｄ和Ａｓ的浓度均高于一般水体沉积物的本底值，从重金属的移动性分析，存在沉积重金属对水体产生二次污染的可能，沉积物所含重金属随ｐＨ变化产生的金属释放顺序为Ｚｎ〉Ｃｕ〉Ｃｄ，Ｐｂ。     

小浪底水库沉积物中重金属污染及生态风险评价

重金属污染已经成为水环境污染防治的重要内容.研究表明,进入水体中的重金属大部分与悬浮物结合,在水流缓慢时,悬浮物逐渐沉积下来,大大降低了水中重金属元素的浓度.在特定的环境地球化学条件下,水库沉积物中重金属可通过一系列物理、化学和生物过程而释放出来,导致水环境"二次污染",严重威胁水库生态环境安全.因此,研究沉积物中重金属的含量变化规律,评价重金属污染的潜在生态风险,探讨其在水体中的迁移转化过程,对于保护区域水环境质量和防治重金属污染具有重要意义.本实验通过采集小浪底水库表层沉积物样品,对水库沉积物中重金属的含量与分布进行研究,并对其潜在的生态     

小清河口及邻近海域表层沉积物重金属污染及生态风险特征

本文基于6个航次的生态调查,研究了莱州湾小清河口及邻近海域表层沉积物5种重金属的含量分布及生态风险特征.结果表明,沉积物中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd和Hg的平均含量分别为17.95、22.08、63.99、0.15、0.08 mg·kg~(-1),均小于国家海洋沉积物质量一类标准.其中Hg的含量高于渤海典型河口,甚至大部分海湾表层沉积物Hg含量.重金属Cu和Pb含量随时间整体呈先升高后降低趋势,区域间差异不显著;重金属Zn、Cd和Hg含量在2010年后呈下降趋势,且河口区域含量明显高于近海区域(P0.05).地累积指数(Igeo)评价结果表明,沉积物重金属污染累积程度依次为:HgPbZnCdCu,整体污染较轻,重金属Hg在河道和河口区域污染累积程度较高.沉积物质量基准(SQGs)评价结果表明,重金属Pb和Cd基本不产生生物不利效应,Cu、Zn和Hg偶尔产生生物不利效应.平均沉积物质量基准商(m-ERM-Q)评价结果显示,总体上研究区沉积物重金属产生潜在生态毒性的可能性较低,河道与河口区域产生重金属生态毒性可能性为21%,其中Hg对重金属复合污染风险贡献较大,生态污染隐患较重.     

浙江省海盐县河流水体表层沉积物重金属生态风险评价

以浙江省海盐县水体监测断面位置处表层沉积物为研究对象,分析了表层沉积物中As、Hg、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Ni和Cd这8种重金属元素含量和形态分布,采用地累积评价法(Igeo)、潜在生态危险指数(IR)、沉积物质量基准(SQC)、平均效应区间中值商法(m ERM-Q)和形态分析等方法评价了重金属的生态风险。研究结果表明:海盐县沉积物中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn均呈现不同程度的污染,以Zn污染最为普遍。地累积评价指数法评价结果显示,大部分水体沉积物重金属呈轻度到偏重度污染,其中Zn和Cd呈轻度以上污染的分别达16和10处。潜在生态危害指数评价结果显示,单个重金属的潜在生态风险指数(Er)由大到小的排列顺序为CdHgAsCuPbNiZnCr,Cd是研究区域内主要的生态风险元素; IR评价结果显示,采样点HN6、HN11和HN20的IR分别为263、193和269,生态风险等级达中等级别。SQC评估结果显示,不同采样点处沉积物中重金属污染水平不同,且对水生生物影响不同; m ERM-Q亦显示各采样点位沉积物中重金属均有不同程度的生态风险。研究区域沉积物中Cr主要以不可迁移态存在,而其他重金属则主要为可提取态,需要重视环境改变后沉积物中重金属的二次污染问题。     

海河流域沉积物中典型重金属的生态风险评估及验证

沉积物重金属污染及其生态风险评估日益受到关注,而沉积物质量基准是开展生态风险评估的有力工具。本研究通过物种敏感度分布法(species sensitivity distributions, SSD)和急慢性毒性比(acute to chronic ratios, ACR)推导了镍、铜、锌、镉和铅的沉积物质量基准(sediment quality guideline, SQG)。在获得合理的重金属沉积物慢性毒性数据的基础上,采用S-Logistic模型拟合镍、铜、镉和铅的慢性SSD曲线,采用S-Gompertz模型拟合锌的慢性SSD曲线。得到镍、铜、锌、镉和铅沉积物质量基准低值(sediment quality guideline low value, SQGlow)分别为18.6、69.9、107、1.26和38.4 mg·kg~(-1),应用ACRs,得到相应的沉积物质量基准高值(sediment quality guideline high value, SQGhigh)分别为167、226、556、10.1和384 mg·kg~(-1)。与加拿大和澳大利亚重金属沉积物基准值具有一定的可比性。选择花翅摇蚊(Chironomus kiiensis)、伸展摇蚊(Chironomus tentans)和霍甫水丝蚓(Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri)3种底栖生物作为受试生物,验证基准值对海河流域沉积物重金属毒性的预测能力。结果表明,利用SQGs预测沉积物毒性的总准确率为76.2%,3种底栖生物验证准确率从高至低为:花翅摇蚊>伸展摇蚊>霍甫水丝蚓。     

应用多变量脸谱图进行河流与湖泊表层沉积物重金属污染状况的综合对…

依据沉积学原理和水体沉积物重金属的环境地球化学特征，将地积累指数与改进的多变量ｈｅｒｎｏｆｆ脸谱图相结合，选择江西德兴铜矿附近的乐安江表层沉积物以及德国西南部Ｍａｎｎｈｅｉｍ和Ｗｏｒｍｓ周围若干湖泊的表层沉积物作为研究对象开展不同地域、不同类型水体沉积物中重金属积累的对比分析和污染状况的综合性定量评介，多变量脸谱图能清晰地反映出两区域沉积物中重金属的污染特征和空间分布模式。     

乌梁素海盐度变化对沉积物重金属有效性的影响

乌梁素海内源污染源底泥释放的重金属对其水生态环境影响较大,为探索沉积物重金属在不同盐度条件下的释放规律以及沉积物中重金属总量、形态含量、迁移性大小及自身性质、沉积物理化性质对沉积物中重金属释放的影响,于2010-2016年每年8月采集18个水体样品,现场测定水体盐度,并在2016年8月采集10个表层沉积物样品测定沉积物重金属总量,采用BCR逐级提取法对沉积物中重金属Cu、Pb、Zn和Cr的4种形态进行提取,并进行静态释放试验以分析其在不同盐度浓度条件下的释放特征,监测和实验结果表明,乌梁素海水体盐度在2010-2016年8月期间逐年增大,呈现出由淡水湖向微咸水湖转变的趋势。重金属的总量、形态含量及其迁移性大小影响沉积物中重金属的释放量,沉积物中Cu、Pb、Zn和Cr的形态含量均以残渣态为主,其中Pb的残渣态含量最多,总量和释放量均最少,重金属酸可提取态含量较少,重金属迁移性的大小为ZnCuPbCr,而Zn的释放量大小与其在沉积物中的迁移活性及总量呈正相关关系。同时沉积物有机质含量、p H及含水率也均可影响沉积物重金属的释放,其中Pb的金属性最弱,溶解度相应较低,释放量最少。随着盐度的增加,沉积物中Zn、Cu和Pb释放量增加,Cr的释放量则先增大后减小,虽然4种重金属释放量虽然均较小,但其释放量增幅变化很大,存在较大的湖泊水生态环境风险。     

乐安江沉积物酸碱特性及其对重金属释放特性的影响

本文对乐安江沉积物样品的金属总量、酸碱特性进行了测定和不同pH条件下金属的释放实验.结果表明,乐安江沉积物中Cu,Pb,Zn,Cd和As的浓度均高于一般水体沉积物的本底值.从重金属的移动性分析,存在沉积物重金属对水体产生二次污染的可能.沉积物所含重金属随pH变化产生的金属释放顺序是Zn>Cu>Cd.Pb.     

Inorganic and organic contaminants in sediments from an urban playa and associated toxicity among Hyalella azteca

Playa wetlands are important components of the Southern High Plains (USA) landscape as they are the major aquatic surface feature. Chemical contaminants associated with playas have been documented, particularly for grassland and agricultural watersheds, but not for playas in urban settings. The objectives of this study were to determine concentrations of inorganic and organic contaminants in sediments from an urban playa within the I-20 Wildlife Preserve and Jenna Welch Nature Study Center in Midland, TX, and evaluate toxicity of these sediments to Hyalella azteca. Concentrations of most trace elements were below sediment quality guidelines with exceptions of lead, cadmium, and arsenic. Concentrations of organic contaminants, particularly PAHs, DDT, DDE, and malathion, were above sediment quality guidelines at various locations within the playa. Decreased survival was observed among H. azteca exposed to sediment from a single location when compared those exposed to reference sediments. This location also produced maximum observed concentrations for five of seven trace elements, potentially due to its location at the lowest elevation within the playa. This study documented concentrations of contaminants in sediments of an urban playa associated with past and present land uses in its urban setting, including those from automotive emissions and historical pesticide use.     

Distributions of heavy metals in the sediments of South Korean harbors

Bottom sediments of harbors in the South Korea have been long suspected for metal contamination due to ship-based and urban-based activities for the past several decades. A number of areas have been suspected to impair ecosystem services to the local residents and drawn complaints from main stakeholders. Twelve contamination suspected harbors were subject to evaluate the level of contamination of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Pb and Hg. The level of sediment contamination for each metal was evaluated comparing the relative enrichment of a given metal to pollution-insensitive aluminum. Regional background concentration of a given metal was also determined based on its down core measurement and sediment texture. Ecological risk posed by the presence of heavy metals was evaluated using the sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) developed by United States National Ocean and Atmosphere Administration (US NOAA) as benchmarks for evaluating sediment chemistry to aquatic organisms. Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb and Hg in the surface sediment were found to be higher than a factor of 1.5 than background sediments, and the overall metal contaminations of surface sediment can be regarded as medium-high- to high-priority sites in the sense of SQGs.     

Distributions of heavy metals in the sediments of South Korean harbors

Bottom sediments of harbors in the South Korea have been long suspected for metal contamination due to ship-based and urban-based activities for the past several decades. A number of areas have been suspected to impair ecosystem services to the local residents and drawn complaints from main stakeholders. Twelve contamination suspected harbors were subject to evaluate the level of contamination of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Pb and Hg. The level of sediment contamination for each metal was evaluated comparing the relative enrichment of a given metal to pollution-insensitive aluminum. Regional background concentration of a given metal was also determined based on its down core measurement and sediment texture. Ecological risk posed by the presence of heavy metals was evaluated using the sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) developed by United States National Ocean and Atmosphere Administration (US NOAA) as benchmarks for evaluating sediment chemistry to aquatic organisms. Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb and Hg in the surface sediment were found to be higher than a factor of 1.5 than background sediments, and the overall metal contaminations of surface sediment can be regarded as medium–high- to high-priority sites in the sense of SQGs.     

A Geochemical and Biological Basis for Marine Sediment Quality Guidelines

This document describes a basis for the establishment of marine sediment quality guidelines for regulatory applications. It outlines a geochemical basis for identifying potential anomalies in the presence of inorganic contaminants in marine sediments and a biological or ecotoxicological basis for determining concentrations unlikely to result in adverse biological effects. These approaches are discussed in an exploratory fashion. It is intended that both approaches could be combined in a manner that takes account of sedimentary nature and composition as a conceptual and practical approach to the establishment of guidelines for regulatory applications associated with the protection of the marine environment.     

A Geochemical and Biological Basis for Marine Sediment Quality Guidelines

This document describes a basis for the establishment of marine sediment quality guidelines for regulatory applications. It outlines a geochemical basis for identifying potential anomalies in the presence of inorganic contaminants in marine sediments and a biological or ecotoxicological basis for determining concentrations unlikely to result in adverse biological effects. These approaches are discussed in an exploratory fashion. It is intended that both approaches could be combined in a manner that takes account of sedimentary nature and composition as a conceptual and practical approach to the establishment of guidelines for regulatory applications associated with the protection of the marine environment.     

An assessment of metal contamination in the shelf sediments at the southern exit of Bosphorus Strait,Turkey

Concentrations and areal distribution of Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn were determined in the surficial sea bottom sediments along the coastal areas of Istanbul at the southern exit of the Bosphorus Strait, ?stanbul, Turkey. The pollution status of shelf sediments was evaluated by employing pollution indicators (enrichment factors, geo-accumulation, and ecological risk indexes) and sediment quality guidelines (threshold effect level/probable effect level, effect range median (ERM)/effect range low). The results demonstrated that Cd, Cr, Zn, Cu, and Pb were enriched minor to moderate. The net sediment transport patterns show terrestrial inputs in front of the short streams. Another polluted region is at the western margin of the southern Bosphorus exit, where sediment transport is mainly controlled by the secondary currents driven by the Bosphorus jet, and depending on a sand ridge extending offshore. Based on the sediment quality guidelines, Cu, Pb, As, and Cr were likely the most dangerous chemicals to pose environmental risk, and may show toxic biological results. The areal distribution of ecotoxicological index (m-ERM-Q) suggested that 20% of the sediment sample sites fall in the medium–high priority zone and scattered at some specific areas along the coast.     

Assessment of persistent organic pollutants in soil and sediments from an urbanized flood plain area

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and phenolic compounds (PCs) are persistent organic compounds. Contamination of these potentially toxic organic pollutants in soils and sediments is most studied environmental compartments. In recent past, studies were carried out on PAHs, OCPs and PCs in various soils and sediments in India. But, this is the first study on these pollutants in soils and sediments from an urbanized river flood plain area in Delhi, India. During 2018, a total of fifty-four samples including twenty-seven each of soil and sediment were collected and analyzed for thirteen priority PAHs, four OCPs and six PCs. The detected concentration of ∑PAHs, ∑OCPs and ∑PCs in soils ranged between 473 and 1132, 13 and 41, and 639 and 2112 µg/kg, respectively, while their concentrations in sediments ranged between 1685 and 4010, 4.2 and 47, and 553 and 20,983 µg/kg, respectively. PAHs with 4-aromatic rings were the dominant compounds, accounting for 51 and 76% of total PAHs in soils and sediments, respectively. The contribution of seven carcinogen PAHs (7CPAHs) in soils and sediments accounted for 43% and 61%, respectively, to ∑PAHs. Among OCPs, p, p’-DDT was the dominant compound in soils, while α-HCH was found to be dominated in sediments. The concentrations of ∑CPs (chlorophenols) were dominated over ∑NPs (nitrophenols) in both the matrices. Various diagnostic tools were applied for the identification of their possible sources in soil and sediments. The observed concentrations of PAHs, OCPs and PCs were more or less comparable with the recently reports from various locations around the world including India. Soil quality guidelines and consensus-based sediment quality guidelines were applied for the assessment of ecotoxicological health effect.

     

Metal contamination of active stream sediments in upper Weardale,northern Pennine Orefield,UK

In the Upper Weardale area the headwaters of the River Wear bisect the Northern Pennine Orefield, where Pb-Zn-F-Ba vein-type mineralisation has been exploited since the Roman Conquest. The area contains evidence of open pit, underground and hydraulic mining of base metal ores, associated mineral processing and smelting, exploitation of ironstones during the industrial revolution, recent extraction of fluorite and active quarrying. The aim of this study was to determine the extent of modern sediment contamination arising from these past activities. Samples of active stream sediments were collected from all major drainage channels at 1 km intervals. The sediments were analysed for Pb, Zn, Ba, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Cr, As, Sb, Ag and compared to data from earlier regional geochemical surveys of low order drainage samples using ArcView software. The significance of contamination levels was assessed using the Ontario aquatic sediment quality guidelines. Our results indicate widespread contamination of some major drainages by Pb, Mn, Zn and As at concentration levels anticipated to significantly affect use of the sediments by benthic organisms. Furthermore, Pb contamination shows persistence in stream sediments downstream towards agricultural areas of the floodplain and drinking water abstraction points, above which interaction with colliery mine water discharges may occur.     

Mercury distribution in the sediments of Ambarlı Port Area,Sea of Marmara (Turkey)

The purpose of this study is to investigate historical and current mercury (Hg) contamination in the surface and core sediments of the Ambarl? Port area. Textural parameters, total organic carbon (TOC), ²¹⁰Pb and total Hg (THg) contents were measured. Mercury contamination of the sediments was assessed on the basis of the enrichment factor (EF), anthropogenic factor (AF), index of geoaccumulation (Igeo) and corresponding sediment quality guidelines. Most surface sediment samples were also non-toxic with mercury concentrations below the effects range-low (ERL) value, but mercury levels at five stations were between ERL and effects range-median (ERM) values, where occasional adverse effects concerning risk analysis are expected. The EF and Igeo analysis showed that there was no significant mercury enrichment and contamination in the core sediment before the 1650s, but values increased from then onwards to 2009 (being especially accelerated in line with port activities from 1989), disclosing a serious ecotoxicological risk to sediment-inhabited marine organisms.     

Heavy metal contamination in river water and sediments of the Swarnamukhi River Basin,India: risk assessment and environmental implications

The concentration of heavy metals was analyzed each of 20 river water, suspended sediments and bed sediments along the stretch of Swarnamukhi River Basin. River water is not contaminated with heavy metals except Fe and Mn. Contamination factor in sediments shows considerable to very high degree contamination with Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn. The sources of these metals could be residential wastes, sewer outfall, fertilizers, pesticides (M-45 + carbondine) and traffic activities apart from natural weathering of granitic rocks present in the basin area. Principal component analyses indicate the interaction between metals in different media. The comparison of metals (Cu, Pb and Zn) in bed sediments of Swarnamukhi River with the Indian and world averages indicates that the values obtained in the basin are above the Indian averages and far below to the world averages. Average shale values and sediment quality guidelines point toward the enrichment and contamination of Cu, Cr, Pb and Zn to several fold leading to eco-toxicological risks in basin.