长期不同施肥措施对红壤水稻土有机碳和养分含量的影响

将红壤丘陵地区的荒地开垦为水田不仅可以防治土壤侵蚀,而且能增加土壤肥力,提高农田生产力.本文研究了红壤荒地垦殖为稻田,长期定位施肥15年后不同施肥措施下水稻土的有机碳和养分含量特征.结果表明:不同施肥措施包括不施肥条件下,15年水稻垦殖都提高了土壤肥力.不同施肥措施水稻土的pH提高了0.9～1.3个单位.耕层土壤有机碳含龟达到8.19～1O.13 g·kg-1,全氮含量达到0.89～1.20 g·kg-1,有机碳与全氮含最都有明显提高,且有机碳和全氮含量之间相关性极显著.水稻土耕层全磷含量在0.25～0360 g·kg-1之间,有效磷含量在2.2～20.9 mg·kg-1之间,化学磷肥的培肥效果好于有机肥(猪粪),有机无机磷肥配施能显著提高土壤全磷和有效磷库.土壤全钾还未有明显变化,土壤速效钾含量在40.4～142.5 mg·kg-1之间,不同施肥措施除氮钾肥处理外都造成了土壤速效钾含量下降,秸秆还田到目前为止对于土壤速效钾含量还没有明显作用.     

中国东部区域土壤活性有机碳分布特征及其影响因素

土壤活性有机碳是反映土壤有机碳响应环境条件变化的敏感指标。为了解大尺度区域土壤活性有机碳分布特征,选取中国东部区域72个土壤样本,分析其溶解性有机碳(DOC)和土壤水溶性有机碳(WSOC)的分布特征并探讨了自然因素以及土地利用方式对二者的影响,为土壤碳循环、改进土地利用管理和解释温室气体排放提供基础数据和科学依据。结果表明,不同土壤类型中,暗棕壤[(94.56±12.17)mg·kg~(-1)]和黄棕壤[(90.81±19.49)mg·kg~(-1)]的DOC质量分数显著高于红壤[(73.76±13.620)mg·kg~(-1),P0.05],棕壤WSOC质量分数[(63.83±20.49)mg·kg~(-1)]显著高于红壤[(50.54±4.50)mg·kg~(-1),P0.05];不同温度带下,中温带、暖温带和北亚热带土壤DOC含量分别为中亚热带的1.25、1.13和1.24倍(P0.05),中温带、暖温带和北亚热带WSOC含量分别比中亚热带高出20.18%、16.33%和24.12%(P0.05);不同湿度带中,半湿润区土壤DOC和WSOC含量分别是湿润区的1.12倍和1.21倍(P0.05)。不同地貌类型下,平坝区土壤DOC质量分数[(87.13±14.31)mg·kg~(-1)]显著高于丘陵区[(78.61±14.90)mg·kg~(-1),P0.05],且其最低值[(75.78±14.47)mg·kg~(-1)]位于海拔高度150~200 m区域内;土壤WSOC含量在不同地貌类型下无显著差异(P0.05)。不同成土母质中,黄土母质发育的土壤DOC质量分数[(95.70±21.07)mg·kg~(-1)]显著高于花岗岩发育的土壤[(76.99±13.67)mg·kg~(-1),P0.05]。不同土地利用方式中,林地土壤DOC含量为水田土壤的1.21倍(P0.05)。逐步回归分析结果表明,年平均气温和年平均降水量是土壤DOC空间变异的主控因子;而土壤WSOC的变异仅受年平均气温的影响。综上,在该尺度下,气候会显著影响土壤DOC和WSOC的含量分布。     

不同土地利用方式对土壤有机碳及其组分影响研究

测定了5种土地利用方式下（人工草地、围封样地、一年耕地、弃耕地、自由放牧样地）土壤有机碳、土壤微生物生物量碳、易氧化态碳和轻组有机碳组分含量特征,比较分析土地利用变化对典型草原土壤起源下土壤有机碳组分的变化。结果表明,1）人工草地土壤有机碳含量为（14．98±3．47）g·kg-1,围封样地的为（12．41±6．40）g·kg-1,一年耕地的为（12．20±5．59）g·kg-1,弃耕样地的为（10．39±5．08）g·kg-1,自由放牧样地的为（9．45±3．19）g·kg-1。人工草地土壤有机碳含量明显高于其他样地,围封样地和一年耕地的含量相似,自由放牧样地的含量最小。2）土壤微生物生物量碳、易氧化态碳和轻组有机碳的含量在不同土地利用方式下的变化趋势与土壤有机碳含量的变化趋势基本一致。土壤有机碳及其组分含量在土壤剖面上,随着土层深度的增加而逐渐降低。3）土壤微生物生物量碳、易氧化态碳和轻组有机碳的平均分配比率在不同类型样地范围分别为0．24％～0．66％、0．002％～0．019％和0．05％-0．25％,显示出各组分对土壤环境变化的敏感度不同,其中土壤微生物生物量碳更能反映土壤有机碳的早期变化,可以作为表征土壤有机碳变化和土壤肥力的敏感指标。     

粤北山区近25年来耕地表层土壤有机碳变化分析

以粤北山区典型区的连州市为例,利用第二次土壤普查资料和2007年耕地地力调查样点分析结果,对研究区耕地表层（0~20 cm）土壤有机碳质量分数和有机碳密度的变化特征进行了分析。结果表明：25年以来,连州市耕地表层有机碳质量分数和密度有所增加,分别从1982年的16.3 g·kg-1、40.88 t·hm-2上升到2007年的17.37 g·kg-1、43.31 t·hm-2。土壤有机碳随土壤类型的不同而变化复杂,土壤有机碳呈上升趋势的有潴育型水稻土、淹育型水稻土、渗育型水稻土,而沼泽型水稻土、潜育型水稻土和矿毒田呈下降趋势,主要旱地土壤类型（黄壤、红壤、红色石灰土、酸性紫色土）表层土壤有机碳质量分数呈上升趋势。从土地利用类型综合考量,水田、旱地表层土壤有机碳质量分数和密度都呈上升趋势,其中水田的有机碳质量分数和密度分别由80年代初期的18.30 g·kg-1、44.80 t·hm-2上升到2007年的18.78 g·kg-1、46.21 t·hm-2;旱地的有机碳质量分数和密度分别由80年代初期的10.46 g·kg-1、29.27 t·hm-2上升到2007年的13.17 g·kg-1、34.67 t·hm-2。粤北山区耕地表层土壤总体上表现为碳汇。     

吉林西部盐碱田土壤蔗糖酶活性和有机碳分布特征及其相关关系

盐碱水田生长期对大气具有碳汇作用,研究其碳循环机制对全球碳减排和全球气候变化有着重要作用和意义。为进一步探究盐碱水田生态系统碳循环过程中土壤酶对有机碳的影响,选取吉林西部盐碱水田区为对象,细化生长期的不同阶段,分别于未种植水稻时、水稻幼苗期、分蘖期、抽穗期、结实期前往吉林西部典型灌区前郭县进行0~10、10~20、20~30、30~40、40~50 cm分层采样,并马上回实验室用总有机碳分析仪测定有机碳含量,用3,5—二硝基水杨酸比色法测定土壤蔗糖酶活性,研究水稻不同生长时期土壤蔗糖酶活性及土壤有机碳在0~50 cm土层的分布特征,探讨蔗糖酶活性与土壤有机碳的关系。结果表明:表层土壤蔗糖酶活性最高,在不同生长期其活性均随着土壤剖面深度的增加显著降低,并且酶活性主要集中在0~20cm的土层中;抽穗期和结实期0~10 cm土层土壤有机碳含量分别为1.30和1.31 g·kg-1,低于10~20 cm土层1.57和1.51 g·kg-1,其余时期土壤有机碳含量随着土壤剖面深度的增加显著降低。经相关分析表明,土壤蔗糖酶活性与土壤有机碳间呈显著正相关关系,其中幼苗期蔗糖酶活性与有机碳含量的相关系数最高为0.97。吉林西部盐碱水田土壤蔗糖酶活性的剖面分异与土壤有机碳含量密切相关,土壤蔗糖酶活性对土壤有机碳库有显著的影响。     

粤北山区近25年来耕地表层土壤有机碳变化分析

以粤北山区典型区的连州市为例,利用第二次土壤普查资料和2007年耕地地力调查样点分析结果,对研究区耕地表层(0~20 cm)土壤有机碳质量分数和有机碳密度的变化特征进行了分析。结果表明:25年以来,连州市耕地表层有机碳质量分数和密度有所增加,分别从1982年的16.3 g·kg-1、40.88 t·hm-2上升到2007年的17.37 g·kg-1、43.31 t·hm-2。土壤有机碳随土壤类型的不同而变化复杂,土壤有机碳呈上升趋势的有潴育型水稻土、淹育型水稻土、渗育型水稻土,而沼泽型水稻土、潜育型水稻土和矿毒田呈下降趋势,主要旱地土壤类型(黄壤、红壤、红色石灰土、酸性紫色土)表层土壤有机碳质量分数呈上升趋势。从土地利用类型综合考量,水田、旱地表层土壤有机碳质量分数和密度都呈上升趋势,其中水田的有机碳质量分数和密度分别由80年代初期的18.30 g·kg-1、44.80 t·hm-2上升到2007年的18.78 g·kg-1、46.21 t·hm-2;旱地的有机碳质量分数和密度分别由80年代初期的10.46 g·kg-1、29.27 t·hm-2上升到2007年的13.17 g·kg-1、34.67 t·hm...     

基于长期试验资料对中国农田表土有机碳含量变化的估算

分析了文献报道的我国26个长期试验站点29个长期试验的农田土壤有机碳变化情况,并据此分析了近20年来我国农田土壤表层有机碳储量的可能变化范围。收集的长期试验涉及水稻土、红壤、黑土、棕壤、潮土等15种土壤类型。选择每一长期试验的不施肥对照(0类)、有机碳含量增长最慢或下降最快(I类)、增长最快或下降最慢(II类)、纯化肥NPK平衡施肥(III类)4种处理进行分析,分别代表极端耗竭、不合理施肥、增长潜力和常见施肥情景下的土壤有机碳含量(储量)变化。结果表明,对照土壤的有机碳含量变化速率平均为-0.06g·kg-1·a-1;I、II、III类处理情景下土壤有机碳含量变化率分别为-0.008g·kg-1·a-1、0.29g·kg-1·a-1和0.05g·kg-1·a-1。据此推算,在极端耗竭情景下,过去20年全国农田表土有机碳贮量减少419Tg;在I、II或III类处理情景下,农田表层土壤有机碳储量变化分别为下降99Tg、增加1.56Pg和增加208Tg。II类和III类处理情景的有机碳储量变化量差值表明,我国农田表层土壤具有较大的固碳潜力。     

丘陵区坡面土壤有机碳及颗粒有机碳分布特征

测定了紫色丘陵区疏林地、荒草地和坡耕地三种土地利用方式下土壤有机碳和颗粒有机碳含量,探讨不同利用方式与坡位下土壤有机碳和土壤颗粒有机碳的分布特征.结果表明:不同土地利用方式下上坡位和中坡位土壤有机碳和颗粒有机碳含量均为疏林地＞坡耕地＞荒草地,而在下坡位两者含量变化差异较大;不同土地利用方式下各坡位土壤剖面有机碳含量均是在0～5 cm层富集,颗粒有机碳的含量也表现出一定在剖面分异性;不同土地利用方式土壤颗粒有机碳分配比例为(0.74±0.01)～(0.34±0.02),不同土地利用方式之间土壤颗粒有机碳分配比例差异较小.相关分析表明,不同利用方式下土壤有机碳、全氮和颗粒有机碳含量之间均呈显著的相关性.     

广东省土壤硒空间分布及潜在环境风险分析

利用广东省260个土壤剖面数据,开展区域尺度下的土壤总硒（Se）质量分数的空间分布研究。结果表明,研究区内土壤硒含量变异性较强,符合对数正态分布特征,其几何质量分数为0.23 mg·kg-1,高于全国平均水平。表层土壤硒基线质量分数范围为0.13到0.41 mg·kg-1,处于硒缺乏与中等含量水平之间。土壤硒的空间分布格局与区域成土母质密切相关,表现为：高硒质量分数的土壤主要位于石灰岩和砂页岩区域,而低硒质量分数的土壤主要位于紫色页岩和花岗岩地区。土壤硒缺乏可能是影响研究区人体健康的重要问题。此外,研究区由土壤退化和土壤侵蚀引发的流入周边水体的土壤硒每年可高达23 t。     

青藏高原表土有机碳、全氮含量分布及其影响因素

青藏高原土壤生态系统碳氮库容量巨大,其有机碳库、全氮库及碳氮排放,对大气中CO2、CH4、N2O等温室气体浓度影响较大,进而影响全球气候变化。为揭示青藏高原地区不同植被类型、不同海拔的表土碳氮元素含量分布及其影响因素,于2013年7—8月在青藏高原公路沿线设置75个采样点,采集表土,并根据采样点植被覆盖情况将其划分为高寒草甸、高山草原、荒漠、灌丛、林地和盐碱地等6种类型。对青藏高原6种类型表土有机碳、全氮含量进行了测定,采用最小显著差异法比较了不同植被类型表土有机碳、全氮含量及碳氮比值差异的显著性,并通过Pearson相关和逐步回归分析方法对其影响因素进行了探讨。结果表明:青藏高原不同植被类型表土有机碳和全氮含量具有一定差异,其中以高寒草甸表土有机碳、全氮质量分数最高,平均质量分数分别为42.82 g?kg~(-1)、3.08 g?kg~(-1),荒漠最低,平均质量分数分别为1.38 g?kg~(-1)、0.23 g?kg~(-1)。就碳氮比值而言,除林地个别样点碳氮比值高于25.00以外,其他植被类型土壤碳氮比值均分布在4.00~25.00范围内,且研究区土壤碳氮比平均值均高于中国土壤碳氮比的平均水平。由逐步回归分析可知,青藏高原土壤碳氮含量受多种环境因子的协同影响,环境因子对土壤有机碳的重要性排序为土壤碱度pH值黏粒含量,影响土壤全氮的环境因子重要性排序为土壤碱度黏粒含量pH值,影响土壤碳氮比值的环境因子主要为月均气温。     

Applications of chitosan in food,pharmaceuticals, medicine,cosmetics, agriculture,textiles, pulp and paper,biotechnology, and environmental chemistry

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Chitosan is a biopolymer obtained from chitin, one of the most abundant and renewable materials on Earth. Chitin is a primary component of cell walls in fungi, the...     

Seaweed for climate mitigation,wastewater treatment,bioenergy, bioplastic,biochar, food,pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics: a review

The development and recycling of biomass production can partly solve issues of energy, climate change, population growth, food and feed shortages, and environmental pollution. For instance, the use of seaweeds as feedstocks can reduce our reliance on fossil fuel resources, ensure the synthesis of cost-effective and eco-friendly products and biofuels, and develop sustainable biorefinery processes. Nonetheless, seaweeds use in several biorefineries is still in the infancy stage compared to terrestrial plants-based lignocellulosic biomass. Therefore, here we review seaweed biorefineries with focus on seaweed production, economical benefits, and seaweed use as feedstock for anaerobic digestion, biochar, bioplastics, crop health, food, livestock feed, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Globally, seaweeds could sequester between 61 and 268 megatonnes of carbon per year, with an average of 173 megatonnes. Nearly 90% of carbon is sequestered by exporting biomass to deep water, while the remaining 10% is buried in coastal sediments. 500 gigatonnes of seaweeds could replace nearly 40% of the current soy protein production. Seaweeds contain valuable bioactive molecules that could be applied as antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiviral, antifungal, anticancer, contraceptive, anti-inflammatory, anti-coagulants, and in other cosmetics and skincare products.

     

Lead,cadmium, copper,zinc, iron,and calcium in human hair as a function of gender,age, smoking,and hair dyeing

Hair samples were collected randomly from 110 subjects (55 male and 55 female) ranging in age from (<15–60) years. Each subject was asked to complete a personal questionnaire describing his/her sex, age, general health, smoking, use of hair dyes, occupational area, and living habits. Concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Fe, and Ca in human hair samples were evaluated using atomic absorption spectrometry. Results indicated that concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn in the hair of smokers were higher than those in the hair of non-smokers, whereas, Fe and Ca concentrations in hair of smokers were lower than those in hair of non-smokers. Moreover, the concentrations of these elements are higher in dyed hair compared with undyed hair.     

Metal passivity as mechanism of metal carcinogenesis: Chromium,nickel, iron,copper, cobalt,platinum, molybdenum

For the transition metals chromium, nickel, iron, copper, cobalt, platinum, and molybdenum, mechanisms of stable bonding in biochemistry (emphasis on carcinogenic mechanisms), chemistry, industrial chemistry, as well as epidemiological, occupational, orthopedic (implant devices) effects related to carcinogenesis, were reviewed. Hypothetically, the propensity to stable bonding (inertness), which ensures the metals’ performance capacity for consumers and industrial application, relates to their carcinogenicity. For chromium, a relationship between industrial/chemical and biological reactivity was noted for the tendency of Cr(III) ions to cause hydrolysis previous to stable bonding, as occurs during anodic passivation, leather tanning, and as indicated in biochemical studies pertaining to a mechanism of DNA condensation, which was suggested as a carcinogenic mechanism. The involvement of metal hydrolysis in both anodic passivation and biochemistry was noted also for nickel, iron, and platinum; the DNA interaction of platinum (cis-platin) is known to depend on hydrolysis. For nickel, issues of potential (V) were found important in both passivation and carcinogenicity. Comparably, the passivity behavior of cobalt and copper was found atypical, and their carcinogenicity yet unclear. Molybdenum, contained in passivated metallic implants, may relate to implant-associated carcinogenesis. Occupational carcinogenic effects were indicated for chromium, nickel, iron, and cobalt as caused by both reactive and passivated metal species. Exposure to acids and chronic respiratory irritation/infection/inflammation in workers were important cofactors in metal carcinogenesis. For wood and leather workers exposed to dust, the assumed presence in dust of metal particles abraded from alloys (sawing or cutting blades) may be a carcinogenic exposure hazard.     

Concentrations of V,Cr, Mn,Fe, Ni,Co, Cu,Zn, As and Cd in mesopelagic crustaceans from the North East Atlantic Ocean

Specimens of oceanic decapods, mysids and euphausiids, collected from the North East Atlantic Ocean during July 1985, were analysed for V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, As and Cd. Measurement of the metals was carried out using two techniques: inductively-coupled plasma-source mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and atomic absorption (AAS). With the exception of the iron data, good agreement was observed between the data from the two techniques. Baseline-metal data are presented for the species measured, along with any effects of animal size on metal concentration. The data presented for oceanic animals from different trophic levels are important in studies of metal fluxes and for the assessment of markers within the food web in the oceans.     

Fragmentation of Phragmites Habitats, Minimum Viable Population Size, Habitat Suitability, and Local Extinction of Moths, Midges, Flies, Aphids, and Birds

Results from populations of insects and birds inhabiting Phragmites habitats were used to analyze effects of fragmentation. Flush-crash cycles of the stem-boring moth Archanara geminipuncta (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) showed regionally concurrent, local extinctions despite an originally enormous population size (more than 180,000 adults), emphasizing the importance of metapopulation dynamics. Further, A. geminipuncta could be considered a keystone species, since shoot damage facilitated more than twenty species of herbivores, saprovores (of the caterpillars' feces), and their parasitoids. The gall midge Lasioptera arundinis could survive only in side shoots induced by shoot damage of A. geminipuncta .
Small Phragmites stands had thinner shoots (due to a water or nutrient deficiency) and shoots with more leaves (due to a better light supply) than large stands, thereby influencing species-specific demands for habitat suitability and nutritiousness of reed tissue. In other words significance of habitat fragmentation could not be assessed by area alone. For example, two chloropid flies depending on thin, yellowish shoots survived only in small habitats or in the unmown edges of large habitats.
Local persistence of Phragmites herbivores depended on much larger population sizes than could be expected from a population size sufficient to maintain genetic variation. At least 11,000 adults of the gall midge Giraudiella inclusa (or more than 84,000 galls) were necessary to avoid local extinction.
With regard to conservation management of reed habitats, nature reserves should consist of old and unmown reeds, have fewer disturbed (particularly, fewer mown) habitat edges, measure more than two hectares (priority should go to the largest remaining fragments), and be surrounded by nearby reed habitats providing reservoir populations and diverse shoot types.