西安市大气颗粒物中水溶性无机离子的季节变化特征

用离子色谱法对11种无机水溶性离子(Na+,NH4+,K+,Mg2+,Ca2+,F-,Cl-,Br-,NO-2,NO-3和SO2-4)进行分析,探讨大气颗粒物中水溶性无机组分的季节变化与典型污染(灰霾、浮尘、燃烧秸秆和燃放烟花)的理化特性.结果表明,西安市大气中PM2.5和TSP的日均质量浓度分别为167.1和382.0μg·m-3,PM2.5占TSP总质量浓度的44%.PM2.5和TSP中无机水溶性离子组分的年均值分别为75.2μg·m-3和101.7μg·m-3.PM2.5中水溶性离子组分占PM2.5总质量浓度的45%左右,TSP中水溶性离子组分占TSP总质量浓度的30%左右.各种水溶性离子的来源和形成机理不同,其季节变化趋势和粒径分布也不同.典型污染事件期间,颗粒物污染特征与平时相比有很大差异:雾霾时PM2.5和TSP的质量浓度都显著增加,主要污染组分为二次污染离子NH+4,NO-3和SO2-4;浮尘发生时,大气颗粒物中人为污染组分会大大减少,而来自沙尘传输和地面扬尘等的地壳物质显著增加;燃烧秸秆对大气颗粒物中K+和Cl-的影响最大;燃放烟花时K+,Mg2+和Ca2+的质量浓度显著增加.     

京津冀冬季与夏季PM_(2.5)/PM_(10)及其水溶性离子组分区域性污染特征分析

为研究京津冀地区冬、夏两季大气颗粒物质量浓度与水溶性离子组成特征,于2013年2月、7月对北京、天津、石家庄及4个国家大气背景点进行了PM2.5及PM10的采样,分析了质量浓度及9种水溶性离子,结果表明:(1)京津冀地区颗粒物污染冬季重于夏季,冬季污染水平石家庄天津北京,夏季污染天津、北京石家庄,区域内PM2.5与PM10之间有很好的相关性,相关系数r冬季为0.8796,夏季为0.8424,说明整个区域颗粒物污染有较为相近的来源,大气颗粒物污染表现出区域性特征;(2)京津冀地区PM2.5及PM10中的9种水溶性离子浓度规律为NO-3、SO2-4、NH+4Cl-、Ca2+K+、Na+F-、Mg2+.该地区水溶性离子污染冬季最重为石家庄,夏季则为北京;(3)在京津冀地区二次离子NO-3、SO2-4、NH+4是主要的污染离子,3种离子质量浓度总和在PM2.5、PM10中冬季分别占48.9%、27.8%,夏季分别占58.7%、48.5%.二次离子主要集中在PM2.5中,其对细离子浓度的升高起到直接作用,且二次离子的构成关系也在发生变化.整个区域向硝酸型污染转变,二次离子的季节分布也呈现区域特征,冬季NO-3离子质量浓度比重最大.夏季则为SO2-4;(4)粒径越小富集水溶性离子的能力越强,在PM1中分布了50%以上的水溶性离子,73.9%—94.8%的水溶性离子分布在PM2.5中.     

北京冬季一次重污染过程PM2.5中水溶性无机盐的变化特征

为了解北京冬季重污染过程大气颗粒物化学特性,利用高时间分辨率实时在线细粒子快速捕集及化学成分分析系统(RCFP-IC)对2011年2月18—24日发生的一次重污染过程PM2.5中水溶性无机离子浓度变化进行了在线观测.结合颗粒物质量浓度、气态污染物浓度及气象资料,对此次污染过程中污染物的化学成分变化特征进行了详细分析.结果表明,此次北京冬季重污染4 d中颗粒物污染严重;总水溶性无机离子平均质量浓度151.31μg·m-3,占PM2.5相对比例54%,其中NO3-、SO24-和NH4+质量浓度占总水溶性无机离子质量浓度91%,二次离子污染非常严重;硝酸根氧化率(NOR)和硫酸根氧化率(SOR)结果显示NO3-与SO24-主要通过非均相反应生成,水溶性无机盐存在形态以NH4HSO4和(NH4)2SO4为主;重污染期K+和Cl-质量浓度显著升高,Mg2+和Ca2+质量浓度下降;阳、阴离子电荷比(C/A)重污染平均值为0.8,细粒子偏酸性.     

城市森林大气PM2.5中水溶性无机离子的观测

PM2.5中水溶性无机组分的浓度及时空分布等已开展了大量的研究.这些研究主要集中在污染较重的地区或者敏感区,比如居民区或者道路边等.而关于我国城市森林生态系统对大气PM2.5及其组分的影响还未开展系统的研究.研究PM2.5中的水溶性离子组分在城市森林系统中的时空分布特征将有助于了解生态系统与大气颗粒物之间的相互影响,对大气污染治理及城市绿化都具有参考意义.因此,本研究对北京市的4个采样点PM2.5中水溶性无机离子组分进行了观测.     

我国4个大气背景点环境空气颗粒物(PM_(2.5)、PM_(10))中水溶性离子分布特征

为研究国家大气背景点颗粒物质量浓度与水溶性离子组成特征,于2013年2月、7月、9月、12月分别对4个国家大气背景点进行了PM2.5及PM10的采样,通过超声萃取-IC法测定了样品中的9种水溶性离子(F-、Cl-、NO-3、SO2-4、Na+、NH+4、K+、Mg2+、Ca2+)质量浓度,结果表明:(1)可吸入颗粒物浓度水平一、二季度重于三、四季度,PM2.5、PM10年均值分别为17μg·m-3、32μg·m-3,与其他主要国家和地区背景区域浓度相当,背景点大气状况良好;(2)PM2.5中水溶性离子比重全年波动不大,为35.5%—42.2%,浓度排序为SO2-4、NH+4、NO-3Ca2+、Cl-、K+、Na+F-、Mg2+,第一季度PM10中Ca2+浓度显著升高,控制风沙尘将有效降低PM10的浓度;PM2.5及PM10中的9种水溶性离子在不同季节的浓度分布规律与颗粒物浓度类似,一季度较高,三、四季度较低;(3)二次离子是背景点区域的主要水溶性离子,浓度值与其他主要国家和地区相当.NO-3、SO2-4的物质的量浓度与NH+4存在显著相关性,相关系数r为0.7539,斜率小于1,水溶性离子中酸性离子的量比铵根离子略占优势,对气溶胶酸度产生重要贡献.     

中国主要大气污染物的时空分布特征研究

应用统计学和GIS对2014年3月─2015年2月期间190个监测城市的NO2、PM10、PM2.5和SO2的监测数据进行时空特征分布分析,结果表明,中国大气污染主要来源于采暖排放、机动车排放、工业排放与风沙天气。各污染物呈明显的区域性分布。污染物浓度总体趋势是北方地区高于南方地区。河北南部以及山东东部等重工业密集且人口密度大的地区污染较为严重。而中西部及东南部等工业发展相对落后人口较为稀少的地区污染较轻。PM10污染呈明显的季节变化,采暖期PM10主要来源于燃煤排放和机动车尾气排放,非采暖期受风沙天气影响显著,且在春、秋的风沙时期保持较高的值。采暖期PM2.5、SO2和NO2的浓度上升明显,其中SO2受到采暖期的影响最为显著。NO2主要来源于工业排放以及汽车尾气排放,因而工业布局密集且交通发达的城市污染较为严重。采暖期与非采暖期NO2、PM10、PM2.5和SO2的浓度对比变化显著,采暖期燃煤对空气质量的影响巨大。     

北京市大气PM_（2.5）中四种水溶性阴离子的水平变化比较

了解北京市城区和郊区大气细颗粒物中的四种水溶性阴离子F-、Cl-、SO42-、NO3-的浓度水平,并分析影响其水平高低的因素。使用聚四氟乙烯滤膜分别采集北京市城区和郊区大气中的PM2.5,用纯水提取后采用离子色谱法测定水溶性阴离子质量浓度。采样期间北京市大气PM2.5、F-、Cl-、SO42-和NO3-质量浓度几何均数分别为55.36、0.02、0.46、6.72和1.09μg·m-3,四种水溶性阴离子质量浓度总和占PM2.5质量浓度的19.14%;同一季节（春季）郊区监测点大气PM2.5、SO42-和NO3-质量浓度显著高于城区监测点;城区大气PM2.5与四种水溶性阴离子质量浓度秋季高于春季,但差异无统计学意义;大气PM2.5与Cl-、SO42-和NO3-质量浓度均高度相关。Cl-、SO42-、NO3-是北京市大气PM2.5的重要组成成分。     

北京市大气PM2.5中四种水溶性阴离子的水平变化比较

了解北京市城区和郊区大气细颗粒物中的四种水溶性阴离子F-、Cl-、SO42-、NO3-的浓度水平,并分析影响其水平高低的因素。使用聚四氟乙烯滤膜分别采集北京市城区和郊区大气中的PM2.5,用纯水提取后采用离子色谱法测定水溶性阴离子质量浓度。采样期间北京市大气PM2.5、F-、Cl-、SO42-和NO3-质量浓度几何均数分别为55.36、0.02、0.46、6.72和1.09μg·m-3,四种水溶性阴离子质量浓度总和占PM2.5质量浓度的19.14%;同一季节(春季)郊区监测点大气PM2.5、SO42-和NO3-质量浓度显著高于城区监测点;城区大气PM2.5与四种水溶性阴离子质量浓度秋季高于春季,但差异无统计学意义;大气PM2.5与Cl-、SO42-和NO3-质量浓度均高度相关。Cl-、SO42-、NO3-是北京市大气PM2.5的重要组成成分。     

北京市大气PM_(2.5)中四种水溶性阴离子的水平变化比较

了解北京市城区和郊区大气细颗粒物中的四种水溶性阴离子F-、Cl-、SO42-、NO3-的浓度水平,并分析影响其水平高低的因素。使用聚四氟乙烯滤膜分别采集北京市城区和郊区大气中的PM2.5,用纯水提取后采用离子色谱法测定水溶性阴离子质量浓度。采样期间北京市大气PM2.5、F-、Cl-、SO42-和NO3-质量浓度几何均数分别为55.36、0.02、0.46、6.72和1.09μg·m-3,四种水溶性阴离子质量浓度总和占PM2.5质量浓度的19.14%;同一季节(春季)郊区监测点大气PM2.5、SO42-和NO3-质量浓度显著高于城区监测点;城区大气PM2.5与四种水溶性阴离子质量浓度秋季高于春季,但差异无统计学意义;大气PM2.5与Cl-、SO42-和NO3-质量浓度均高度相关。Cl-、SO42-、NO3-是北京市大气PM2.5的重要组成成分。     

天津市近地层PM2．5的垂直分布特征

大气细颗粒物PM2.5是导致城市能见度降低的重要原因之一,研究低层大气细颗粒物的垂直分布特征,利于了解边界层内污染物的大气物理化学反应机制,能为大气污染综合治理决策提供新的科学数据.2006年8月16日-2007年8月31日期间以天津市255 m气象塔为观测平台,分别在40 m、120 m和220 m 3个不同高度进行大气污染物PM2.5质量浓度和气象要素的同步观测.对观测资料的分析表明:PM2.5质量浓度季节变化规律非常明显,冬季最高,春季最低.PM2.5日变化特征非常明显,呈明显的双峰变化规律:冬季峰值最大、春季最小.边界层内PM2.5质量浓度在各个高度存在明显差异,受逆温层影响,四个季节的早晨第一个峰值出现时间随高度增加均存在滞后现象,PM2.5从地面扩散到220 m大约需要2 h.各个观测高度PM2.5质量浓度随风向变化不大,得到天津市细粒子主要是由本地源生成的结论.     

On the behaviour of the residence time at the bottom of the mixed layer

To understand why the findings of Deleersnijder et al. [(2006), Environ Fluid Mech 6: 25–42]—the residence time in the mixed layer in not necessarily zero at the pycnocline—are consistent with those of Delhez and Deleersnijder [(2006), Ocean Dyn 56:139–150]—the residence time in a control domain vanishes at the open boundaries of this control domain—, it is necessary to consider a control domain that includes part of the pycnocline, in which the eddy diffusivity is assumed to be zero. Then, depending on the behaviour of the eddy diffusivity near the bottom of the mixed layer, the residence time may be seen to exhibit a discontinuity at the interface between the mixed layer and the pycnocline. If such a discontinuity exists, the residence time is non-zero in the former and zero in the latter. This is illustrated by analytical solutions obtained under the assumption that the eddy diffusivity is constant in the mixed layer.     

Observations on the function of the glands of the foot of the pediveliger of Ostrea edulis during settlement

The use during settlement of secretions of the 9 different types of gland in the foot of the pediveliger of Ostrea edulis L. was examined experimentally. During settlement, there is a progressive decrease in the crawling speed of the larva and a strengthening of its bond with the substratum. Both changes are related to (a) a change from ciliary to muscular pedal locomotion; (b) the increasing acidity and viscosity of the mucoid secretions used; (c) the secretion of a byssus thread by the glands of the byssus duet; (d) changes in the form and composition of this byssus. At the termination of settlement, the entire contents of 2 types of gland are discharged. Their secretions give rise to the cement which permanently fixes the larva to the substratum. The 9 types of gland are utilised sequentially in a manner closely related to the 6 phases recognised in settlement behaviour.     

豪猪消化系统的解剖研究

为了了解豪猪的消化生理,为豪猪的人工饲养技术研究提供基础依据,以达到高效饲养豪猪的目的,笔者对豪猪的消化器官进行了系统解剖研究.结果表明:豪猪的胃为单室胃.盲肠很发达,这与其能够消化植物纤维有关.豪猪肝脏很发达,其重量为402 g,是其体重的4.59%,肝脏分叶多而明显.     

刍议医院资产管理的现状及其对策

医院的固定资产和流动资产是医院赖以生存和发展的基础,是一项非经营性国有资产．目前公立医院固定资产、流动资产管理现状不容乐观,针对这种状况,首先分析问题形成的原因,然后提出管理的措施或建议,从而使资产管理工作规范化、制度化、科学化,使有限的卫生资源发挥出最大的社会效益和经济效益．参3．     

Mining of the forest and the time path of the price of timber

The paper analyzes the effect of transportation (site specific) costs and the effect of mining (depletion) of the forest on the time path of the price and of the net price of timber in two forestry models. The models differ in that one has zero costs and the other has positive costs. The analyses yield the standard mining theory results for certain cases. They also yield extentions of these results for cases with growth of the harvested trees and/or regeneration on the harvested land. The paper concludes, as one would expect, that the theory of the mine is useful in analyzing the time path of the price of timber.     

Adjusting the economy to the new energy realities of the second half of the age of oil

Our research indicates that, due to the depletion of conventional, and hence cheap, crude oil supplies (i.e. peak oil), increasing the supply of oil in the future would require exploiting lower quality resources (i.e. expensive), and thus will most likely occur only at high prices. This situation creates a system of feedbacks where economic growth, which requires more oil, would require high oil prices that will undermine that economic growth. We conclude that the economic growth of the past 40 years is unlikely to continue unless there is some remarkable change in how we manage our economy.     

Splitting the tail of the displacement kernel shows the unimportance of kurtosis

Animals disperse in space through different movement behaviors, resulting in different displacement distances. This is often described with a displacement kernel where the long-distance dispersers are within the tail of the kernel. A displacement with a large proportion of long-distance dispersers may have impact on different aspects of spatial ecology such as invasion speed, population persistence, and distribution. It is, however, unclear whether the kurtosis of the kernel plays a major role since a fatter tail also influences the variance of the kernel. We modeled displacement in landscapes with different amounts and configurations of habitats and handled kurtosis and variance separately to study how these affected population distribution and transition time. We conclude that kurtosis is not important for any of these aspects of spatial ecology. The variance of the kernel, on the other hand, was of great importance to both population distribution and transition time. We argue that separating variance and kurtosis can cast new light on the way in which long-distance dispersers are important in ecological processes. Consequences for empirical studies are discussed.     

Stimulation of fat-body production in the polyps of the coralPocillopora damicornis by the presence of mutualistic crabs of the genusTrapezia

A mutualism exists between the xanthid crabs of the genusTrapezia and their host corals,Pocillopora damicornis. It has previously been established that these obligate coral residents benefit the coral hosts by defending them against echinoderm predators and by increasing the survival of polyps located deep between the coral branches. In turn, the corals apparently benefit the crabs by producing lipid-filled structures on which the trapezid crabs feed; these fat bodies may contain some of the lipid which in previous studies of coral metabolism has been termed excess. It was determined by experiments conducted at the Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology that the presence of crabs in colonies ofP. damicornis stimulates the polyps to produce the lipid-filled fat bodies; removal of crabs causes corals to cease producing fat bodies. A structure very similar to the fat bodies ofP. damicornis has been reported inAcropora durvillei. Both of these coral genera ordinarily possess xanthid-crab mutualists. This association between branching corals and crustaceans may have evolved because corals of these genera provide shelter among their branches and because these shallow-water corals are evidently capable of releasing lipid which is excess to the corals' metabolic needs, but which can be utilized by the crabs.     

三峡库区消落带土壤中铅污染调查

报道了三峡库区长江干流及小江支流消落带土壤中重金属铅含量背景值的调查结果。结果表明，目前土壤未被重金属铅污染。