污水厂污泥制轻质陶粒研究现状及应用前景

作为污水处理厂的副产物，污泥必须进行适当的处理。在介绍了国内外污水厂污泥制轻质陶粒的研究现状的基础上，从陶粒制备工艺、技术可行性、经济效益和环境效益等方面探讨了污水厂污泥制轻质陶粒的应用前景。     

上海市受纳污水河流中多溴联苯醚的生态风险评价

以上海市某污水处理厂出水及其受纳河流为研究对象,测定了19种多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)同系物的浓度和分布特征,估算了污水处理厂PBDEs的年度排放负荷,并初步评价了受纳污水河流PBDEs的生态风险水平.结果表明,污水、河流水体及沉积物中PBDEs的总浓度分别为5050 pg.L-1、1310 pg.L-1和3.8 ng.g-1干重,其中BDE-209为主要成分.在排污口下游,PBDEs并没有随距离的增加而明显降低.该污水厂每年通过污水排放的五溴、八溴和十溴联苯醚分别为2.2、5.1和56.2 g.生态风险评价表明,目前该污水厂污水受纳河流中PBDEs导致的生态风险较低.     

汞在城市污水处理厂的赋存特征及质量平衡——甲基汞

以焦作市第一污水处理厂各工艺单元的进出物料为研究对象,通过样品中甲基汞和溶解态甲基汞含量的测定,初步探讨了甲基汞在污水处理厂物料中的赋存特征和迁移过程.结果发现,污水处理厂进水中甲基汞和溶解态甲基汞的含量分别在6.73—49.53 ng·L-1和0.55—8.14 ng·L-1之间,日均值分别为21.34±13.88 ng·L-1和2.55±2.36 ng·L-1.污水厂外排水中甲基汞含量在0.42—1.15 ng·L-1之间,满足《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GBl8918—2002)中规定的烷基汞含量限值(10 ng·L-1)要求.污水厂对原污水中甲基汞和溶解态甲基汞的去除率分别达到了96.3%和85.1%,甲基汞的去除主要发生在二级处理工艺单元(氧化沟+二沉池).与污水厂进水相比,出水中溶解态甲基汞所占甲基汞的比率显著升高(15.4%±11.4%升至48.3%±17.9%)(P<0.001),甲基汞占总汞的比率也有显著升高(1.9%±1.2%升至3.9%±1.2%)(P<0.001).沉砂池、二沉池、浓缩池和压滤机房污泥中甲基汞含量分别为7.65±4.35、13.53±6.54、10.48±8.17、8.80±6.48 ng·g-1,占总汞的比率分别为0.9%±0.5%、0.3%±0.1%、0.2%±0.2%、0.2%±0.1%.各处理单元污泥中甲基汞含量均不稳定,日变异系数均达到了45%以上.污水处理厂进出物料中甲基汞的质量平衡计算表明,每天离开污水处理厂的甲基汞比进入污水处理厂的甲基汞减少了1889 mg,占进水中甲基汞质量的88.5%.甲基汞的损失主要发生在二级处理工艺单元,可能有两个方面的原因,一是甲基汞在氧化沟和二沉池中的吸附和沉积,二是甲基汞在污水处理过程中发生了去甲基化.     

城市污水处理厂进水水质规律分析及应用

利用城市污水处理厂的实际运行数据,分析水质变化情况及水质指标关联度,总结水质水量的变化规律,为后续污水处理提标改造提供定量依据。结果表明,该污水厂进水流量、NH₃-N、TN和TP等指标季节因素起决定性影响,季节因素对COD、BOD₅的影响较小。通过对城市污水处理厂进水水质分析,掌握污水厂进水情况,可为污水处理厂设计和运行提供基础数据,也可为其他类似工程提供可供借鉴的思路。     

悬挂链曝气工艺应用于中小城镇污水治理

通过对悬挂链曝气工艺特点和应用情况的分析,总结了针对中小城镇污水处理厂的设计与建设经验。结合我国国情,提出悬挂链曝气工艺为中小城镇污水处理厂的建设提供了一个良好的选择。     

城市污水厂氨气的来源及排放因子研究

通过对城市污水处理厂进行现场调查和分析,选取广州市猎德污水处理厂的格栅、沉砂池、A-B工艺的曝气池、组合交替式(unitank)生化池、污泥浓缩池及脱水机房采集气样,同时在A-B工艺的曝气池、unitank生化池及A-B工艺的沉淀池采集水样,采用模拟实验测试这些污水处理单元的氨挥发速率,并结合理论计算,研究氨气的来源和排放因子.结果表明,A-B工艺的曝气池和unitank工艺的生化池为城市污水处理厂的主要氨排放源.城市污水处理厂污水的氨气平均挥发速率为21.06μg.m-.2s-1,在此基础上计算出其氨气平均排放因子为0.28 g.m-3,其中A-B工艺曝气池的氨排放因子较高,为0.205 g.m-3;unitank生化池的氨排放因子为0.033 g.m-3;A-B工艺沉淀池的氨排放因子较低,为0.0085 g.m-3.     

一种适合我国中小城镇污水处理技术 --天津市津南区环兴污水处理厂工程设计介绍

以天津市津南区环兴污水处理厂为例,介绍一种适合我国中小城镇污水处理技术的工艺流程、各构筑物的工艺设计特点与主要设备;环兴污水处理厂设计水量为3万t/d ,设计进水水质主要指标为CODCr:4 5 0mg/L ;BOD5:2 0 0mg/L ;出水水质优于《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》中的二级标准,已稳定运行1年     

天津市东郊污水处理厂生物脱氮工艺设计

天津市东郊污水处理厂是新建投产的一座大型城市污水处理厂，其设计处理能力为４０００００ｍ￣３／ｄ。该厂引进了国外先进设备和技术，６００００ｍ￣３／ｄ污水采用前置缺氧脱氮的Ａ／Ｏ工艺进行了深化处理。本文全面论述了Ａ／Ｏ工艺曝气他的设计，并就设计参数取值、池型设计、进出水形式，回流方式和缺氧区与好氧区的容积比等进行了分析探讨。     

浙江省典型污水处理厂中氯苯类化合物的赋存特征及风险评估

氯苯类化合物(chlorobenzene,CBs)是一类具有高毒性、难降解和易富集性的有机氯化合物,持续受到广泛关注.污水处理厂在城市水污染控制中发挥着重要作用,然而,目前关于污水处理厂中的CBs研究十分有限,其消减规律与排放特征仍不清楚.本研究系统分析了浙江省两家典型污水处理厂中CBs的赋存特征、去除效率及排放潜在风险.发现CBs在各污水处理厂污水中普遍存在,但污染水平较低,出水中CBs的总浓度范围为17.4—75.1 ng·L^-1,远低于我国相关排放标准.二氯苯是进出水中CBs的主要组成成分,占比49.3%—64.1%.厌氧处理及污泥吸附沉淀对CBs的去除效果相对较好,但现有污水处理工艺对CBs的总体去除效果不佳,部分处理单元还存在CBs含量上升情况.基于环境影响度(ambient severity,AS)和风险熵值(risk quotients,RQs)评估结果表明,所研究污水处理厂排放水中CBs对人体健康以及生态风险较小(AS <1,RQs <0.1).研究结果有助于深入了解CBs在污水处理系统中的环境行为和排放风险,也为优化污水处理工艺、进一...     

天津市污水以及再生水处理过程中的雌/孕激素干扰效应（Estrogen and Progesterone Interference Effect of Sewage and Reclaimed Water Treatment Process in Tianjin）

应用重组基因酵母检测了天津市4个污水处理厂以及2个再生水厂13个水样的雌/孕激素干扰效应.其中3个污水处理厂的进水检出了雌激素诱导活性,最高检测值为10.7ngEEQ·L-1;所有水样均未检测出孕激素诱导活性,但都检测出不同程度的孕激素抑制活性,其中检出了雌激素诱导活性的污水处理厂的进水具有相对较强的孕激素抑制活性.4个污水处理厂均不能完全去除孕激素抑制活性物质,去除率在44%～78%之间.微滤和臭氧氧化两种工艺结合对孕激素抑制活性物质的去除效率略优于MBR反应器.2个再生水厂出水加氯后孕激素抑制活性均有所增强.     

污水湿地处理工艺优化组合设计

污水湿地处理系统是利用土壤、作物、微生物自然净化功能的生态工程技术。主要有水面湿地和渗滤湿地两种类型，在天津城市污水土地处理与利用系统研究的基础上，将两种工艺的优点进行优化组合，并应用于大港油田等污水湿地处理工程，运行结果表明：将水面湿地和渗滤湿地工艺优化组合设计的示范工程，具有提高水力负荷、减少运行费用、节省工程投资、处理效果稳定等特点，有利于处理工程的长期稳定运行。     

城市污水处理厂EIA中替代方案实例分析

环境影响评价中的替代方案主要包括建设项目的工艺技术，选址的可替代方案，以及项目环保措施的多方案比较，城市污水处理厂环评项目中该部分内容有其自身的特点，文章结合多个城市污水厂项目环评经验，以3个建设部审批的大型城市污水处理厂为例进行了替代方案探讨与实例分析。     

广州市某A2/O工艺城镇污水处理厂出水对大型溞的生殖毒性作用

城镇污水处理厂废水中存在大量生物毒性物质,但该废水对动物的生殖能力影响研究还十分缺乏。利用大型溞暴露实验,检测广州市某采用A~2/O工艺的城镇污水处理厂出水的急性毒性和生殖毒性。48 h急性毒性实验表明,所有水样均未表现出急性毒性效应。慢性生殖毒性(14 d)测试结果表明:(1)从进水到缺氧池出水均能显著提高第一胎产溞数量;(2)进水和沉砂池出水显著增加受试期总产溞数量;(3)从厌氧池到出水工艺段受试溞的第一胎产溞时间均推后;(4)好氧池出水的毒性显著降低,但仍然对大型溞具有生殖毒性。研究表明,好氧池(A~2/O)工艺能够显著去除具有大型溞生殖毒性的物质,但污水处理厂废水的生殖毒性仍需要引起关注。     

沈阳北部城市污水处理厂设施运营对天津环保产业的几点启示

依据沈阳城市污水处理厂设施运营的经验,提出以城市污水处理厂建设为切入点,以排污制度为政策支柱,以重组环保产业集团为龙头,充分利用股票市场融资功能发展天津环保产业的模式。     

Does pyrogenicity protect burning plants?

Pyrogenic plants dominate many fire-prone ecosystems. Their prevalence suggests some advantage to their enhanced flammability, but researchers have had difficulty tying pyrogenicity to individual-level advantages. Based on our review, we propose that enhanced flammability in fire-prone ecosystems should protect the belowground organs and nearby propagules of certain individual plants during fires. We base this hypothesis on five points: (1) organs and propagules by which many fire-adapted plants survive fires are vulnerable to elevated soil temperatures during fires; (2) the degree to which burning plant fuels heat the soil depends mainly on residence times of fires and on fuel location relative to the soil; (3) fires and fire effects are locally heterogeneous, meaning that individual plants can affect local soil heating via their fuels; (4) how a plant burns can thus affect its fitness; and (5) in many cases, natural selection in fire-prone habitats should therefore favor plants that burn rapidly and retain fuels off the ground. We predict an advantage of enhanced flammability for plants whose fuels influence local fire characteristics and whose regenerative tissues or propagules are affected by local variation in fires. Our "pyrogenicity as protection" hypothesis has the potential to apply to a range of life histories. We discuss implications for ecological and evolutionary theory and suggest considerations for testing the hypothesis.     

Multi-index integrated assessment and analysis of town-sewage treatment priorities in China

Water quality is one of the most serious problems of environment and national sustainable development strategy now facing China. After hard work over the last several decades, urban-sewage treatment in China is now relatively well developed. It now affords mainly higher levels of sewage collection and treatment, as well as pollution-load control. The characteristic rapid urbanization now occurring in China is still increasing and developing dramatically, and involves large numbers of people. However, in towns, sewage treatment infrastructure is inadequate, and a high percentage of the sewage generated there is not effectively collected and treated. The sewage and pollution load of such towns have become the most important reason for environmental water problems in China. To understand the priorities of sewage treatment in such towns, and their spatial distribution in China, we conducted two nationwide investigations of water use and sewage discharge in towns. Based on the integrated analytic hierarchy process (AHP), assessment indices and a framework of town-sewage treatment priorities in China were constructed. Then, we assessed and analyzed the priorities of towns regarding three aspects of sewage treatment: environmental stress, economic capability, and infrastructure. The results showed that the southeast coastal areas and north China had higher demand for sewage treatment than other areas. The demand in eastern and western areas had obvious differences in spatial distribution, but had nearly no differences within those areas. The towns having the greatest demand for high-priority sewage treatment were concentrated in regions with high economic capability and intense water resource utilization.     

Rapid assessment of postfire plant invasions in coniferous forests of the western United States.

Fire is a natural part of most forest ecosystems in the western United States, but its effects on nonnative plant invasion have only recently been studied. Also, forest managers are engaging in fuel reduction projects to lessen fire severity, often without considering potential negative ecological consequences such as nonnative plant species introductions. Increased availability of light, nutrients, and bare ground have all been associated with high-severity fires and fuel treatments and are known to aid in the establishment of nonnative plant species. We use vegetation and environmental data collected after wildfires at seven sites in coniferous forests in the western United States to study responses of nonnative plants to wildfire. We compared burned vs. unburned plots and plots treated with mechanical thinning and/or prescribed burning vs. untreated plots for nonnative plant species richness and cover and used correlation analyses to infer the effect of abiotic site conditions on invasibility. Wildfire was responsible for significant increases in nonnative species richness and cover, and a significant decrease in native cover. Mechanical thinning and prescribed fire fuel treatments were associated with significant changes in plant species composition at some sites. Treatment effects across sites were minimal and inconclusive due to significant site and site x treatment interaction effects caused by variation between sites including differences in treatment and fire severities and initial conditions (e.g., nonnative species sources). We used canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) to determine what combinations of environmental variables best explained patterns of nonnative plant species richness and cover. Variables related to fire severity, soil nutrients, and elevation explained most of the variation in species composition. Nonnative species were generally associated with sites with higher fire severity, elevation, percentage of bare ground, and lower soil nutrient levels and lower canopy cover. Early assessments of postfire stand conditions can guide rapid responses to nonnative plant invasions.     

海水利用后排水对城市污水处理厂生物处理的影响

对沿海城市海水利用后，含海水污水对城市污水处理厂生物处理系统可能造成的影响进行了研究、试验，结果表明。当海水比例不超过35％时，不会对生物处理系统造成严重冲击，处理出水能够达标排放。     

华南地区11种高等水生维管植物净化城镇污水效益评价

采用定标、单项评分和综合评价的方法，从净化能力、抗逆性、管理、资源化程度和景观５方面，对华南地区筛选出的１１种高等维管植物净化城镇污水效益进行了评价。结果表明：黑藻、假马齿苋和水筛对污水的净化能力与风眼莲相当，而综合效能优于风眼莲。评价结果为城镇污水的处理提供了新的资料。