复合铁铝氢氧化物对As(Ⅴ)的吸附作用

从吸附剂的组成、结构、表面性质、溶液的酸度及砷的存在形式等方面探讨了复合铁铝氢氧化物(Fe5Al2(OH)21.nH2O)对溶液中As(Ⅴ)的吸附.结果表明,该吸附剂具有微晶体的结构特征,孔径小,比表面积大,等电位点pH值为8.3;在pH为4-8的溶液中,对As(Ⅴ)的吸附能力很强,饱和吸附容量Qm分别为:0.7901(pH5),0.5981(pH7)和0.3033 (pH9)mol·kg-1, 常见共存离子不影响砷的吸附.Langmiur方程能很好地描述实验的吸附等温线.吸附态 As(Ⅴ)的解吸量随解吸剂pH值的升高而增大.     

浮石负载纳米零价铁去除水相中的砷(Ⅴ)

废水中的砷是最具毒性的环境污染物之一.为了更好地利用纳米零价铁(Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron,NZVI)修复水体污染,本文进行了浮石负载NZVI去除水相中As(Ⅴ)的研究.利用环境扫描电镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)对浮石负载纳米零价铁(P-NZVI)的形态和粒度进行表征分析,根据批试验和间歇试验探究反应条件对去除效果的影响,并通过对照P-NZVI与As(Ⅴ)溶液反应前后的样品的X射线光电子能谱(XPS),结合XPS Fe2p和XPS As3d窄轨道图谱,探讨P-NZVI对水相中As(Ⅴ)的去除机理.研究结果表明,制备所得NZVI颗粒平均粒径30.6 nm,分散在浮石表面.利用BET-N2法检测得到P-NZVI的比表面积为32.2 m~2·g~(-1)(NZVI含量0.28 g,质量比7.7%).P-NZVI对As(Ⅴ)的去除率随初始pH值、反应温度、As(Ⅴ)初始质量浓度的升高而降低,反应符合准一级和准二级动力学方程.初始As(Ⅴ)浓度为100 mg·L~(-1)时,P-NZVI的平衡时吸附量为35.7 mg·g~(-1).P-NZVI对As(Ⅴ)的去除机理包括吸附、沉淀和共沉淀作用.     

凹凸棒土负载铁盐吸附剂的制备及其对As(Ⅴ)的吸附性能

研究凹凸棒土负载铁盐吸附剂的制备及其对As(Ⅴ)的吸附性能.考察了pH、凹凸棒土热改性温度、粒度、铁盐浓度等因素对吸附As(Ⅴ)性能的影响.结果表明,热改性温度为600℃的凹凸棒土负载铁盐吸附剂吸附As(Ⅴ)效果比200℃和400℃都好,其对As(Ⅴ)的吸附行为符合Freundlich模型.当pH值6.0时,600℃热改性200—400目的凹凸棒土负载0.5 mol·L-1Fe(NO3)3吸附剂的最大吸附量为1.1669 mg·g-1,重复使用时性能稳定,具有处理含As(Ⅴ)废水的应用前景.     

湖南桃江锰矿对溶液中As(Ⅴ)和As(Ⅲ)的去除及迁移行为对比

锰氧化物对砷的去除有着环境和地球化学现实意义,本文通过批实验和柱实验研究湖南桃江锰矿对溶液中As(Ⅴ/Ⅲ)的去除行为差异和迁移行为.Langmuir吸附等温线结果表明,锰矿对As(V)和As(Ⅲ)的理论最大吸附量分别为1.32 mg·g~(-1)和0.30 mg·g~(-1).As(Ⅴ/Ⅲ)在锰矿表面的动力学符合拟二阶动力学模型,表明锰矿吸附As(Ⅴ/Ⅲ)均属于化学吸附,受化学反应速率控制;反应吸附速率常数K_(2[As(Ⅴ)])K_(2[As(Ⅲ)]),表明锰矿对As(Ⅴ)的吸附速率更快.锰矿在氧化As(Ⅲ)时,溶液中As(Ⅲ)减少速率与溶液中Mn浓度变化非常一致,表明砷的氧化行为与锰矿相关.CDE和Thomas吸附模型拟合As(Ⅴ)和As(Ⅲ)的迁移行为表明,Mn~(2+)、Al~(3+)、PO■和SiO■均会降低锰矿的最大吸附量和滞留因子,其中Al~(3+)对As(Ⅲ)的吸附具有较强的拮抗作用,最大吸附量下降至0.002 mg·g~(-1),对As(Ⅴ)的拮抗作用相对较弱,而PO■和SiO■对As(Ⅴ/Ⅲ)在柱实验中的拮抗作用相近.研究为就地处理湖南地表和地下水砷污染提供了新的处理矿物.     

高指数晶面二氧化钛对砷、锑的共吸附去除

砷(As)和锑(Sb)作为有毒元素,造成的环境污染严重威胁人类健康.目前,由于缺乏对共存体系下砷锑表面化学性质的研究以及高效的吸附材料,砷、锑的共去除是环境领域面临的一大挑战.本文以高指数晶面{201}二氧化钛(HTi O_2)为吸附剂,研究砷锑在其表面的吸附行为.Langmuir吸附等温线结果表明,As(Ⅲ)、Sb(Ⅲ)、As(Ⅴ)、Sb(Ⅴ)在HTi O_2表面的最大吸附量分别为0.407、0.861、0.197、0.181 mmol·g~(-1).砷、锑在HTi O_2表面的吸附动力学符合拟二级动力学方程,说明化学吸附是控制吸附速率的关键因素.p H边共吸附实验表明,HTi O_2对As(Ⅲ)的吸附基本不受p H的影响;对Sb(Ⅲ)的吸附随p H的升高先增大后减小;对As(Ⅴ)和Sb(Ⅴ)的吸附随p H的升高逐渐降低.Zeta电位结果表明,砷锑吸附后HTi O_2表面带负电,说明砷、锑在HTi O_2表面形成带负电的稳定内层配合物.本研究为水体中砷锑的共吸附去除提供了新信息.     

纳米铁用于饮用水中As(Ⅲ)去除效果

主要考察实验室合成制得的纳米铁对毒性高,迁移能力强,在厌氧地下水中作为砷的主要存在形式的As(Ⅲ)去除效果.通过批实验探讨吸附动力学,以及pH和纳米铁投加量对As(Ⅲ)的去除影响.反应1 h时,0.25 g纳米铁对起始质量浓度为910μg·L-1 As(Ⅲ)的去除率高达99%以上;反应遵循准一级反应动力学方程,标准化后的速率常数ksA为1.64mL·m-2·min-1.研究结果表明,具有高反应活性的纳米铁将成为饮用水中砷去除非常有效的吸附材料.     

绿藻胞外聚合物对无机砷生物累积特征的影响

绿藻对无机污染物的净化作用受其自分泌胞外聚合物EPS影响.以EPS释放量高的蛋白核小球藻为绿藻代表,通过24 h短期As(Ⅲ)和As(V)的模拟水体暴露实验,研究绿藻对无机砷的生物累积特征及EPS影响.结果表明,在0—40 mg·L~(-1) As(Ⅲ)和As(V)暴露浓度范围,蛋白核小球藻细胞内的砷累积速率随暴露浓度的增加而升高,其动力学拟合结果符合Michaelis-Menten酶促反应动力学方程. EPS与无机砷存在界面相互作用影响,无机砷暴露浓度升高可促进小球藻EPS分泌, EPS与砷累积速率之间呈现正相关线性关系(R~2 0.900),主要影响成分是溶解态EPS.完整藻细胞与脱除胞外聚合物的活体细胞相比, As(Ⅲ)、As(V)暴露的最大吸附累积量分别增加30.6%和14.2%,而最大胞内累积量降低49.0%和31.0%. EPS与无机砷的微界面交互作用影响绿藻对砷污染的净化修复.     

氢化物原子荧光光谱法测定水中痕量砷（Ⅲ）和砷（Ⅴ）

应用氢化物发生无色散原子荧光法测定水中痕量As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ).在pH5.6—6.0时,As(Ⅲ)与KBH_4作用生成气态氢化物(AsH_3),被原子荧光仪测定.在此酸度下,AS(Ⅴ)不发生反应.在2NHCl溶液中,用硫脲和抗坏血酸还原As(Ⅴ)为As(Ⅲ),同法测总砷,用差减法求得As(Ⅴ).方法检出限0.1ppb,相对标准偏差4.6—5.8％,回收率93—104％.     

铁基改性椰壳生物炭对砷的吸附效果及机制研究

目前针对生物炭修复重金属污染的水体、土壤方面的研究虽然很多,但是对其吸附污染物的机制研究却较少。为了提高生物炭对砷的吸附能力,以农业废弃物椰壳为原料,在300℃下利用硫酸及硫酸铁制备铁基改性生物炭,采用SEM-EDS、FTIR、XRD及XPS等手段对椰壳生物炭(CSB)、硫酸改性生物炭(SCSB)以及铁基改性生物炭(SFCSB)表面结构与特征进行表征,通过pH值影响实验、等温吸附实验和动力学吸附实验对CSB、SCSB及SFCSB 3种生物炭吸附砷(As)的效果进行比较。结果表明,硫酸及硫酸铁共同改性使生物炭的比表面积增大了1.56倍,表面官能团新增亚甲基(–CH_3)和羧基(–COO),SFCSB表面的Fe吸附As(Ⅴ)后在Fe2p能级生成了Fe_2O_3和FeOOH,证明铁基改性成功。SFCSB对As(Ⅴ)的吸附符合Elovich动力学模型及Langmiur等温吸附模型,当pH=5时,SFCSB对砷的最大吸附量为14.65 mg·g~(-1),与未改性的CSB相比吸附量提高了238倍。SFCSB对As(Ⅴ)的吸附方式为物理化学吸附,吸附机制包括生物炭表面正电荷与阴离子之间的静电吸引、O–H–As氢键结合、砷氧阴离子与铁氧化物的配位体效应和表面羟基官能团络合等。研究表明,铁基改性椰壳生物炭是一种高效的除砷吸附剂。该研究从农业废弃物利用和环境修复的角度出发,为制备更高效、能深度净化污染的生物炭提供参考,也为吸附机制的探讨提供理论依据。     

土著细菌对江汉平原浅层含水层沉积物中砷迁移的影响

对江汉平原水文地质调查发现,该地区地下水砷含量已远超国家饮用水标准。以沉积物培养的土著细菌混合液为生物材料,以江汉平原高砷含水层沉积物为研究对象,在实验室内模拟地下水系统,研究厌氧环境条件下,不同生物量土著细菌和pH值对沉积物中砷迁移转化的影响,以及土著细菌活动下砷在不同沉积物中的迁移转化。结果表明,不同生物量菌悬液都能促进沉积物中As的释放,增加总As和As(III)的浓度,但150mL处理组,在研究后期,总As和As(III)的浓度呈现减缓趋势;在初始生物量一定的条件下,沉积物中As含量越高,细菌活动下总As相对释出量就越低,而且As(III)占所释出总As的比值就越高,但两个高砷含量沉积物组的差异较小;在初始pH值为5、7和9的培养条件下,细菌都能加速砷的迁移,但pH值为5的处理组(简称pH5处理组)最弱,在前8天,pH9处理组较pH7处理组的低,随后超过pH7处理组。研究表明,土著细菌悬液能加速As从沉积物中释出,并且释出的As以As(III)为主;在耐受的弱碱性环境条件下,细菌对砷的迁移和转化随环境的pH值增加而增强。     

Migration of manganese and iron during the adsorption-regeneration cycles for arsenic removal

Fe-Mn binary oxide incorporated into porous diatomite (FMBO-diatomite) was prepared in situ and regenerated in a fixed-bed column for arsenite [As(III)] and arsenate [As(V)] removal. Four consecutive adsorption cycles were operated under the following conditions: Initial arsenic concentration of 0.1 mg·L^-1, empty bed contact time of 5 min, and pH 7.0. About 3000, 3300, 3800, and 4500 bed volumes of eligible effluent (arsenic concentration≤0.01 mg·L^-1) were obtained in four As(III) adsorption cycles; while about 2000, 2300, 2500, and 3100 bed volumes of eligible effluent were obtained in four As(V) adsorption cycles. The dissection results of FMBO-diatomite fixed-bed exhibited that small amounts of manganese and iron were transferred from the top of the fixed-bed to the bottom of the fixed-bed during As(III) removal process. Compared to the extremely low concentration of iron (<0.01 mg·L^-1), the fluctuation concentration of Mn²⁺ in effluent of the As(III) removal column was in a range of 0.01–0.08 mg·L^-1. The release of manganese suggested that manganese oxides played an important role in As(III) oxidation. Determined with the US EPA toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP), the leaching risk of As(III) on exhausted FMBO-diatomite was lower than that of As(V).     

Removal of arsenic by Acidothiobacillus ferrooxidans bacteria in bench scale fixed-bed bioreactor system

In the present study arsenic contaminated simulated water and groundwater was treated by the combination of biological oxidation of tri-valent arsenite [As (III)] to penta-valent arsenate [As (V)] in presence of Acidothiobacillus ferrooxidans bacteria and its removal by adsorptive filtration in a bioreactor system. This method includes the immobilisation of A.ferrooxidans on Granulated Activated Carbon (GAC) capable of oxidising ferrous [Fe (II)] to ferric [Fe (III)]. The Fe (III) significantly converts the As (III) to As (V) and ultimately removed greater than 95% by the bed of GAC, limestone, and sand. The significant influence of Fe (II) concentration (0.1–1.5?gL^?1), flowrate (0.06–0.18?Lh^?1), and initial As (III) concentration (100–1000?µgL^?1) on the arsenic removal efficiency was investigated. The simulated water sample containing the different concentration of As (III) and other ions was used in the study. The removal of other co-existing ions present in contaminated water was also investigated in column study. The concentration of arsenic was found to be <10?µgL^?1 which is below Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) as per WHO in treated water. The results confirmed that the present system including adsorptive-filtration was successfully used for the treatment of contaminated water containing As (III) ions.     

The coupling of sand with ZVI/oxidants achieved proportional and highly efficient removal of arsenic

• Simply doping sands with ZVI achieved an even activation of ZVI by oxidants. • Sand doping facilitated proportional As trapping along the ZVI/oxidants column. • ZVI/sand/oxidants are highly efficient for arsenic removal. • ZVI/sand/oxidants reduced significantly the Fe²⁺ leaching and effluent turbidity. • More than 54% of arsenic was reduced to As(III) in ZVI/sand/oxidants system. The coupling of zero-valent iron (ZVI) with common oxidants has recently achieved very rapid and highly efficient removal of Heavy metals from wastewater. However, the uniform activation of ZVI throughout the column and the proportional removal of target contaminants are urgently required for the prevention of premature filter clogging and the extension of the effective column operational time. In this study, we successfully achieved this objective by simply doping granular sand with ZVI at appropriate weight ratios. When pure ZVI packed column was spiked with oxidants, the majority of As trapping occurred between the column inlet and the first sampling point. In a packed column with a 1:20 mixture of ZVI and sand, the average As removal efficiency was 36 (1st), 13.1 (2nd), 18.5 (3rd), 19.2 (4th) and 5.9% (5th outlet). The overall arsenic removal performance of the composite filling system of ZVI/sand was equally as efficient as that of the previous pure ZVI-packed system. Moreover, the leaching of Fe was significantly reduced with an increased sand ratio, resulting in clearer water with less turbidity. The results of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) demonstrated that more than 54% of the arsenic was reduced to As(III). X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed the extensive corrosion of the ZVI surface, which resulted in various species of iron oxyhydroxides responsible for the highly efficient sequester of arsenic through reduction, adsorption, and coprecipitation.     

Arsenic (V) removal from groundwater by GE-HL nanofiltration membrane: effects of arsenic concentration, pH, and co-existing ions

A laboratory-scale investigation was performed to study arsenic (As (V)) removal by negatively charged GE-HL nanofiltration (NF) membrane in simulated drinking water. Effects of As (V) concentration (0–200 μg·L^?1), pH, and co-ions and counter-ions were investigated. The NF membrane presented good stability, and the rejection rates exceeded 90%. The rejection rates of As (V) decreased with the increase of As (V) concentration, while it increased with the increase of pH (reached 96% at pH 6.75). Moreover, a negative relationship was observed between the co-existing ions of Cl^?, Na⁺, SO ₄ ^2? , and Ca²⁺ and the removal of As (V), in which bivalent ions presented more significant effects than monovalent ions.     

Applying chemical sedimentation process in drinking water treatment plant to address the emergent arsenic spills in water sources

Arsenic (As) spills occurred more frequently and sometimes polluted water sources in recent years in China. It is as urgent need to develop emergency treatment technologies to address the arsenic threat for large-scale water treatment plants. In response, we developed a chemical sedimentation technology to remove arsenic contaminants for water treatment plants. Bench-scale experiments were conducted to investigate the efficiency of arsenic removal and the influencing factors of the chemical sedimentation treatment process. The influencing factors included the choice and dosage of coagulants, the valence of arsenic and pH value of solution. The As(V) contaminants can be almost completely removed by ferric or alum coagulants. The As(III) contaminants are more recalcitrant to chemical sedimentation, 75% for ferric coagulant and 40% for alum coagulant. The quantitative results of arsenic removal load by different ferric or alum coagulants were presented to help determine the parameters for arsenic treatment technology. The dominant mechanism for arsenic removal is static combination, or adsorption of negative arsenic species onto positive ferric hydroxide or alum hydroxide flocs. The efficiency of this treatment technology has also been demonstrated by a real production test in one water treatment plant with arsenic-rich source water and one emergency response. This technology was verified to be quick to set-up, easy to operate and highly efficient even for high concentration of arsenic.     

铁锰结核对As(Ⅲ)的吸附和氧化特性研究

研究As(Ⅲ)在土壤中的铁锰结核上的吸附和氧化特征,对理解土壤中As(Ⅲ)的含量变化和制定有效的治理措施有至关重要的作用.以东北地区代表性土壤-棕壤中提取的铁锰结核作为试验材料,采用一次平衡法,对As(Ⅲ)在铁锰结核上的吸附和氧化特性,及其动力学特征进行了研究.研究结果表明,反应是包括吸附和氧化反应的复杂过程.初始质量浓度在1～15 mg·L~(-1)的范围内时,随着初始质量浓度的提高,吸附量随之增大,Mn的释放量增加,初始质量浓度在15～30 mg·L~(-1)的范围内时,吸附量的增加缓慢,Mn的释放量也接近平衡,吸附曲线可用Langmuir方程及Freundlich方程拟合(r>0.97),铁锰结核对As(Ⅲ)具有较强的吸附性能,最大吸附量达到了3 000 mg·kg~(-1).动力学实验中,反应在24 h内趋于饱和,可用Freundlich模型描述.氧化反应后释放到溶液中的As(V)质量浓度随时间变化先升高后降低,大多数的As(V)都被吸附在了铁锰结核表面,说明铁锰结核对砷具有很好的吸附和解毒作用.Mn的释放量在6 h时基本达到平衡.释放到溶液中的Mn质量浓度与时间符合Elovich动力学方程.     

Arsenic and chromate removal from water by iron chips—Effects of anions

The purpose of this study is to estimate the removal efficiency of As and Cr (VI) by one kind of industrial waste — iron chips, as well as to estimate the effects of typical inorganic anions (sulfate, phosphate, and nitrate), and typical organic anions (citrate, oxalate, and humate) on As or Cr (VI) removal. The results showed that 98% of As (V) and 92% of As (III) could be removed from aqueous phase by the iron chips within 60 min. Compared with As species, Cr (VI) was removed much more rapidly and efficiently with 97% of Cr (VI) being removed within 25 min. The removal efficiency for arsenic was in the order: As (III) (sulfate), As (III) (nitrate) or As (III), As (III) (humate), As (III) (oxalate), As (III) (citrate), As (III) (phosphate), and for chromate was in the order: Cr (VI) (sulfate), Cr (VI) (phosphate) or Cr (VI) (nitrate) or Cr (VI) (oxalate), Cr (VI), Cr (VI) (citrate), Cr (VI) (humate). In all the treatments, pH level increased with time except for As (III), the removal of which was either without anions or in the presence of humate or nitrate.     

砷浓度、形态及碳酸氢盐对蜈蚣草吸收砷的影响

为了探讨超富集植物蜈蚣草在处理高砷地下水方面的可行性,研究了水培条件下砷的浓度、形态和碳酸氢盐(HCO-3)对超富集植物蜈蚣草吸收砷的影响。实验中使用了浓度为0.1～100mg·L-1的As(III)和As(V)溶液。HCO-3处理中,HCO-3浓度范围为0.5～20mmol·L-1,As(III)或As(V)的浓度为5mg·L-1。结果表明,在水培条件下,蜈蚣草具有明显的耐高砷特征。当介质砷含量高达100mg·L-1时,砷的去除率可达到80%,且对As(III)的吸收效率高于As(V)。植物体内砷形态研究表明,蜈蚣草体内2种形态砷的含量与外源砷形态有一定的关系,As(V)处理条件下,植物体中的As(V)比例较As(III)处理高。高浓度的HCO-3(20mmol·L-1)处理对蜈蚣草地上部分生物量没有明显影响,但是抑制了地下部分的生长,并且对砷的吸收表现出明显的抑制作用。     

砷浓度、形态及碳酸氢盐对蜈蚣草吸收砷的影响

大同盆地是典型的高砷地下水分布区。利用从地方性砷中毒严重病区山阴县采集的高砷地下水样品,用稀释培养法实验研究了外加砷源对地下水中微生物数量的影响;同时基于生物学可培养法和16S rDNA序列比对法,选取代表性高砷水样,研究了耐砷菌的种群特征。结果表明,外加砷源对地下水中微生物数量影响显著,高浓度砷会抑制大部分微生物生长,使微生物数量减少;低浓度砷对微生物生长具有一定促进作用。通过多次分离、纯化从3个不同砷含量地下水样中分离到多株砷抗性菌,经鉴定属于主要为Bacillus、Pseudomonas、Paenibacillus、Aeromonas、Enterobacter5个属。从RDP(Ribosomal Database Project)分析显示3个水样可培养微生物组成不同,都有生存能力强能够耐低浓度NaAsO₂的Bacillales,优势耐砷菌是γ-proteobacteria,其中Enterbacter具有耐高浓度NaAsO₂的能力。     

利用稀土基无机合成材料去除饮用水中砷的研究

本文研制了一种新型除砷吸附剂,即基于稀土金属铈的无机铈铁吸附剂,并对该吸附剂的除砷效果进行了评价．活性氧化铝和新型研制的铈铁吸附剂对Ａｓ(Ⅴ)吸附平衡比较实验结果表明:活性氧化铝除砷的最佳 ｐＨ为 ３．５－５．５,最大吸附量为８６ｍｇ Ａｓ(Ⅴ)·ｇ－１;而铈铁吸附剂的ｐＨ适用范围广,在ｐＨ３－７的范围内具有较高的除砷性能,最大吸附量可达１６．０ｍｇＡｓ(Ⅴ)·ｇ－１,该吸附材料对Ａｓ(Ⅴ)的吸附基本符合Ｆｒｅｕｎｄｌｉｃｈ型等温方程式,硬度、盐度和氟离子不干扰吸附过程,但磷酸根离子干扰材料对Ａｓ(Ⅴ)的吸附、铈铁无机吸附材料在饮水除砷中具有比较大的应用前景．