源于大气的氟在水稻不同器官的分布及对糙米含氟量的影响

用开顶式熏气罩熏气的方法，研究了气源氟在水稻不同器官的分布及对糙米含氟量的影响。结果表明：气源氟主要分布于水稻叶片中，根含氟量不受气源氟的影响；籽粒含氟量取决于籽粒器官形成后空气氟浓度，与籽粒器官形成前的空气氟浓度无关；糙米氟含量与水稻抽穗齐穗后所暴露的氟剂量间呈极显著线性相关关系。     

氟化氢对大豆生长和产量的影响

全部大豆熏气试验是在四套开顶式熏气罩内完成。A,B、C和D(CK)的罩内HF浓度分别为0.0036,0.011,0.038和0.0007mg\m~3。根据获得的结果,叶片电导率的变化与叶片生长和吸收氟的环境条件和植物的发育阶段密切有关。发现,叶片的氟含量和吸收速率随熏气时间和浓度同步增加,而最高值出现在HF浓度较高的C处理组。大豆叶片比其他部分要累积更多的氟,而且各处理之间在叶片含氟量方面差异明显,而在根、豆荚和豆粒之间差异不明显。较高浓度的熏气使豆荚数、豆粒数以及豆粒重差异明显增加,当浓度大于0.0036mg/m~3时,可能会较大程度降低大豆的产量。     

氟化氢对大豆生长和产量的影响

全部大豆熏气试验是在四套开顶式熏气罩内完成，A，B、C和D（CK）的罩内HF浓度分别为0.0036,0.011,0.038和0.0007mg/m^3。根据获得的结果，叶片电导率的变化与叶片生长和吸收氟的环境条件和植物的发育阶段密切有关。发现，叶片的氟含量和吸收速率随熏气时间和浓度同步增加，而最高值出现在HF浓度较高的C处理组，大豆叶片比其他部分要累积更多的氟，而且各处理之间地叶片含氟量方面差异明显，而在根、豆荚和豆粒之间差异不明显，较高浓度的熏气使豆荚数，豆粒数以及豆粒重差异明显增加，当浓度大于0.0036mg/m^3时，可能会较大程度降低大豆产量。     

大气氟化物对橡胶树的伤害实验研究

通过熏气模拟试验研究氟化氢气体对橡胶盆栽幼苗的影响。结果表明 :熏气后 ,橡胶苗出现典型受害症状 ,熏气浓度越高 ,受害越严重 ,叶片氟的积累量也越高。幼叶总是先于老叶受害 ,老叶对于氟的累积量高于幼叶 ;随着熏气浓度升高 ,电导率明显增加 ;熏气后 ,气孔发生变形 ,而且熏气浓度越高 ,变形越厉害 ;随叶片受害程度加大 ,叶片失绿 ,叶绿素含量降低。     

大气氟化物对橡胶树的伤害实验研究

通过熏气模拟试验研究氟化氢气体对橡胶盆载幼苗的影响。结果表明：熏气后，橡胶苗出现典型受害症状，熏气浓度越高，受害越严重，叶片氟的积累量也越高。幼叶总是先于老叶受害，老叶对于氟的累积量高于幼叶；随着熏气浓度升高，电导率明显增加；熏气后，气孔发生变形，而且熏气浓度越高，变形越厉害，随叶片受害程度加大，叶片失绿，叶绿素含量降低。     

不同品种水稻对Cu积累分配的差异

以21个水稻品种（包括常规稻、二系杂交稻、三系杂交稻）为材料,通过室内盆栽试验探讨了Cu在不同品种水稻根-茎-叶-籽粒（糙米）中的积累分配的差异。结果表明,供试水稻品种根、茎、叶、籽粒中Cu含量的均值分别是67.35、16.24、8.29、11.62mg·kg-1,多数水稻品种Cu的含量顺序是根茎籽粒（糙米）叶,但也有少部分水稻品种Cu的含量顺序是根籽粒（糙米）茎叶。各器官的Cu含量在不同品种间存在显著差异,其中以根和籽粒Cu含量的差异最大,茎次之,叶最小。常规稻根部Cu含量显著低于杂交稻,而叶中Cu含量显著高于杂交稻,但两者的茎和籽粒中Cu含量没有明显的差异。三系杂交稻根、茎、籽粒Cu含量显著高于二系杂交稻,而叶的Cu含量两者差异不显著。不同遗传背景的水稻各器官对Cu积累也存在不同程度的差异。相关分析结果表明,不同品种水稻相邻器官（根与茎,茎与叶）的Cu含量呈极显著正相关,相间器官（根与叶、籽粒,茎与籽粒）的Cu含量呈显著正相关,地上部各器官Cu的转运系数相互之间呈极显著的正相关。     

大气氟污染的树木监测与评价

本文介绍了采用植物监测与化学静态监测相结合方法,对上海某厂周围大气氟浓度和树叶含氟量进行测定,得出两者相关关系,确定悬铃木生长初期树叶含氟量划分大气氟污染等级指标,并运用生物学办法对影响区进行评价和浓度分区.     

硅钙镁肥对不同母质稻田土壤水稻Cd吸收累积的影响及其差异研究

为研究硅钙镁肥(GF)对不同母质稻田土壤水稻Cd吸收累积的影响及其差异,选取黄泥田(板页岩母质发育水稻土)和麻砂泥(花岗岩母质发育水稻土)进行水稻盆栽试验,分析各生育时期土壤pH值与CEC变化、土壤溶液中Cd浓度、水稻各部位(根、茎、叶、谷壳和糙米) Cd含量及水稻全株总累积量、水稻根表铁膜Cd、Fe含量与总累积量.结果表明:稻田土壤施用GF显著降低了土壤溶液Cd浓度;施用GF显著提升了土壤pH和CEC;施用GF降低了水稻根、茎、叶、谷壳与糙米中的Cd含量,显著降低水稻全株Cd累积量.稻田土壤施用GF促进了水稻根表铁膜的形成,增加了各生育时期DCB-Fe、降低了DCB-Cd含量,抑制了Cd由根部向上迁移;稻田土壤施用GF,黄泥田与麻砂泥水稻糙米Cd含量降低至0.11 mg/kg和0.15 mg/kg,均低于国家标准.相关性分析表明,土壤pH与土壤溶液Cd浓度、水稻糙米Cd含量呈显著(P0.05)或极显著负相关(P0.01),水稻根表铁膜Fe累积量与DCB-Cd、根与糙米Cd含量呈极显著负相关(P0.01); GF使叶对糙米Cd再转运贡献率降低5.88%(黄泥田)和12.80%(麻砂泥).稻田土壤施用GF可有效阻控水稻对Cd的吸收累积,且麻砂泥效果优于黄泥田.     

不同生育期镉胁迫对两种水稻的生长、镉吸收及糙米镉含量的影响

采用分阶段加镉水培试验,对杂交水稻“威优1126”和常规水稻“浙辐802”不同生育期对Cd胁迫的生长反应及其对Cd吸收、积累与分配特性进行了比较研究。结果表明,水稻对Cd胁迫的反应因生育期不同而异,幼穗分化之前(前期),镉毒害主要表现为降低光合生产力;幼穗分化至抽穗期(中期)主要抑制幼穗的分化与发育过程;抽穗之后(后期)主要阻碍碳水化合物和NP养分向穗部迁移和转化。从对产量形成影响来看,幼穗分化—抽穗期是水稻对Cd胁迫反应最敏感时期。水稻吸Cd速率为中期>后期>前期。糙米中Cd的含量受水稻植株吸收Cd的总量和茎叶Cd向籽粒转移效率的双重影响。杂交稻对Cd的吸收能力与常规水稻相近,但Cd在地上部分累积的比例比常规水稻高4.9%~21.8%,籽粒部分的镉与茎叶部分镉的比例比常规稻高49%~95%,糙米Cd含量比常规稻高33%~72%。从减产效应和对稻米卫生品质损害来看,杂交水稻对环境Cd污染比常规水稻更加敏感。     

水稻中氟虫双酰胺及其代谢产物的超高效液相色谱残留分析方法

采用超高效液相色谱法分析了氟虫双酰胺及其代谢产物在田水、土壤、稻秆、糙米和稻壳中的残留.水样以乙酸乙酯为萃取溶剂,液-液分配净化;土壤样品以丙酮为提取剂,液-液分配净化;水稻样品经乙腈提取,NH2-Carb柱净化.对水稻和环境中的氟虫双酰胺及其代谢产物进行不同水平的添加回收率实验,方法的回收率在78.2%—104.8%之间,相对标准偏差为1.1%—4.4%.氟虫双酰胺及其代谢产物的最小检出量在0.004—0.02 ng,其在稻田水中的最低检测浓度为0.0008—0.0009 mg.L-1,在土壤、稻秆、糙米、稻壳中的最低检测浓度为0.001—0.003 mg.kg-1.     

The uptake of hydrogen fluoride by a forest

A mathematical model of hydrogen fluoride (HF) deposition and accumulation of fluoride in a Eucalyptus rostrata forest has been developed. The model is based on tree physiology and meteorological principles. The data base for the model was derived from a literature survey of the physiological characteristics of E. rostrata and similar eucalyptus species and from current knowledge of meteorological processes in plant canopies.Comparison of the mathematical simulations with measurements in the vicinity of a source of HF (an aluminium reduction plant) shows that (1) the pattern of seasonal fluoride accumulation in leaves agrees with that seen in the field, and (2) the vertical pattern of accumulation inside tree leaves agrees with field observations. The simulations indicate that 50% of the released HF was deposited within 81 km of the source and that the concentration of HF in the air 81 km from the source was reduced to 2% of the concentration 1 km from the source. However, a very large forest area (20 600 km²) was required to achieve these reductions.     

Worldwide contamination of water by fluoride

Fluoride contamination in water is a major problem across the globe, with health hazards such as dental and skeletal fluorosis. Most earlier studies are confined to local or regional scales. As the problem has serious socioeconomic implications, there is a need for a global perspective. Thus, here we review worldwide research for nearly a century on fluoride contamination in water. We investigated the distribution of fluoride contamination in water, its sources, mobilization and association. The major findings are: (1) Anomalous fluoride concentration in groundwater is mainly confined to arid and semiarid regions of Asia and North Africa. (2) The geogenic sources of fluoride in water are mainly fluorine-bearing minerals in rocks and sediments, whereas anthropogenic sources of fluoride in water are mainly pesticides and industrial waste. (3) Fluoride mobilization from geogenic sources is mainly controlled by alkalinity and temperature. (4) Fluoride occurrence in water is associated with ions such as sodium, arsenic chloride and bicarbonate. There are few associations of fluoride in water with calcium and magnesium.     

Water management affects arsenic and cadmium accumulation in different rice cultivars

Paddy rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a staple food and one of the major sources of dietary arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd) in Asia. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of four water management regimes (aerobic, intermittent irrigation, conventional irrigation and flooding) on As and Cd accumulation in seven major rice cultivars grown in Zhejiang province, east China. With increasing irrigation from aerobic to flooded conditions, the soil HCl-extractable As concentrations increased significantly and the HCl-extractable Cd concentrations decreased significantly. These trends were consistent with the As and Cd concentrations in the straw, husk and brown rice. Water management both before and after the full tillering stage affected As and Cd accumulation in the grains. The intermittent and conventional treatments produced higher grain yields than the aerobic and flooded treatments. Cd concentrations in brown rice varied 13.1–40.8 times and As varied 1.75–8.80 times among the four water management regimes. Cd and As accumulation in brown rice varied among the rice cultivars, with Guodao 6 (GD6) was a low Cd but high-As-accumulating cultivar while Indonesia (IR) and Yongyou 9 (YY9) were low As but high-Cd-accumulating cultivars. Brown rice Cd and As concentrations in the 7 cultivars were significantly negatively correlated. The results indicate that As and Cd accumulated in rice grains with opposite trends that were influenced by both water management and rice cultivar. Production of ‘safe’ rice with respect to As and Cd might be possible by balancing water management and rice cultivar according to the severity of soil pollution.     

杭嘉湖蚕桑区主要大气氟污染源及治理现状

对杭嘉湖蚕桑区大气氟主要污染源——砖瓦厂氟的排放状况及各种含氟烟道废气治理装置的治理效果进行了较为深入的调查分析,认为砖瓦厂含氟废气不经烟道排放较为严重。目前砖瓦厂所采用的各种含氟废气治理装置中,旋流板塔装置除氟效率较佳,可使废气氟的排放浓度降至5mg/m~3以下,基本上能消除下风向300m以远的大气氟污染对蚕桑的严重危害。     

Temporal changes in the fluoride levels of jaws of European deer in industrial regions of Western Pomerania,Poland

The factories processing natural phosphates and apatites in Poland release into the atmosphere considerable amounts of fluorine compounds. Fluoride is known to accumulate in the hard tissues of animals and humans. This paper describes the determination of fluoride in mandibles of deer in the years 1982 and 1990. In recent years, the establishments have restricted their output and modernized the technology of phosphate fertilizer production. The fluoride content in jaws has decreased, particularly in those animals having their habitat in the vicinity of the two factories.     

Groundwater fluoride and dental fluorosis in southwestern Nigeria

This study was carried out to assess the fluoride levels of groundwater from open wells, consumed by the residents of three communities located in two distinct geological terrains of southwestern Nigeria. Fluoride concentration was determined using spectrophotometric technique, while analysis of other parameters like temperature, pH and total dissolve solids followed standard methods. Results of the analysis indicated that groundwater samples from Abeokuta Metropolis (i.e., basement complex terrain) had fluoride content in the range of 0.65?±?0.21 and 1.20?±?0.14. These values were found to be lower than the fluoride contents in the groundwater samples from Ewekoro peri-urban and Lagos metropolis where the values ranged between 1.10?±?0.14-1.45?±?0.07 and 0.15?±?0.07-2.20?±?1.41?mg/l, respectively. The fluoride contents in almost all locations were generally higher than the WHO recommended 0.6?mg/l. Analysis of Duncan multiple range test indicated that there is similarity in the level of significance of fluoride contents between different locations of same geological terrain at p?≤?0.05. It was also observed that fluoride distribution of groundwater samples from the different geological terrain was more dependent on factors like pH and TDS than on temperature. The result of the analyzed social demographic characteristics of the residents indicated that the adults (between the age of 20 and >40?years) showed dental decay than the adolescent (<20?years). This signifies incidence of dental fluorosis by the high fluoride content in the drinking water of the populace. Further investigation on all sources of drinking water and other causes of tooth decay in the area is suggested.     

Environmental effects on mineral accumulation in rice grains and identification of ecological specific QTLs

Optimizing the beneficial mineral elements in rice grains is of interest for rice breeders. To study the environmental effects on mineral accumulation in rice grains, we grew a double-haploid (DH) population derived from the cross between cultivars Chunjiang 06 (CJ06, a japonica rice) and TN1 (an indica rice) under two different ecological environments (Lingshui and Hangzhou, China) and determined the content of Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, P, and Zn in brown rice. These contents show transgressive variation among the DH lines. Subsequently, the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for mineral accumulation in rice grain were mapped on the chromosomes using CJ06/TN1 population. For the 7 mineral elements investigated, 23 and 9 QTLs were identified for Lingshui and Hangzhou, respectively. Of these, 24 QTLs were reported for the first time in this study and 8 QTLs are consistent with previous reports. Only 2 QTLs for Mg accumulation have been detected in both environments, indicating that mineral accumulation QTLs in rice grains are largely environment dependent. Additionally, co-localizations of QTLs for Mn and Zn, Mg and P, and Mg and Mn accumulation have been observed, implying that these loci might be involved in the accumulation of different elements. Furthermore, the QTLs for the accumulation of Fe, K, Mg, Mn, P, and Zn were mapped to a region close to each other on chromosomes 8 and 9, suggesting that clusters of genes exist on chromosomes 8 and 9. Further characterization of these QTLs will provide a better understanding of the molecular mechanism responsible for mineral accumulation in rice grains.     

Potable groundwater quality in some villages of Haryana, India: focus on fluoride

The fluoride concentration in ground water was determined in ten villages of Rohtak district of Haryana state (India). The fluoride concentration in the underground water of these villages varied from 0.034-2.09 mg/l. Various other water quality parameters, viz., pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved salts, total hardness, total alkalinity sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, carbonate, bicarbonate, chloride and sulfate were also measured. A systematic calculation of correlation coefficients among different physicochemical parameters indicated considerable variations among the analyzed samples with respect to their chemical composition. Majority of the samples do not comply with Indian as well as WHO standards for most of the water quality parameters measured. Overall water quality was found unsatisfactory for drinking purposes. Fluoride content was higher than permissible limit in 50% samples.     

Nickel accumulation in paddy rice on serpentine soils containing high geogenic nickel contents in Taiwan

We investigated the extractability of nickel (Ni) in serpentine soils collected from rice paddy fields in eastern Taiwan to evaluate the bioavailability of Ni in the soils as well as for demonstrating the health risks of Ni in rice. Total Ni concentrations in the soils ranged were 70.2–2730 mg/kg (mean, 472 mg/kg), greatly exceeding the natural background content and soil control standard in Taiwan. Available Ni concentration only accounts for <10% of total soil Ni content; 0.1 N HCl-extractable Ni was the more suitable index for Ni bioavailability in the soil to rice than was diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)-extractable Ni. The accumulation ability of rice roots was much higher than that of its shoots; however, compared with those reported previously, our brown and polished rice samples contained much higher Ni concentrations, within the ranges of 1.50–4.53 and 2.45–5.54 mg/kg, respectively. On the basis of the provisional tolerable Ni intake for adults recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), daily consumption of this rice can result in an excessive Ni intake.