废物最少化是乡镇工业污染防治的首选途径

分析了我国工业的污染现状，特点和原因以及污染控制现状，通过对废物最少化的简介和乡镇工业实施废物最小化的可行性分析，以及对我国有关废物最少化法规，政策的分析等，充分证明废物最少化是乡镇工业污染控制的首选途径。     

美国的废物最少化制度及其在中国的应用前景

废物最少化是美国首创的一项减少废物发生、降低废物处理与处置费用,使环境保护与企业生产目标结合起来的制度。本文介绍了废物最少化的定义、形成机制、意义、实施组织体系、实施程序、着手环节、成功要点以及废物最少化的特点,并从应用基础与困难等方面分析了废物最少化在我国的应用前景。     

拉丁美洲和加勒比地区的清洁生产观点

1995年11月，拉丁美洲与加勒比地区废物最少化与清洁生产研讨会在墨西哥城举行．本文描述了规划和举办这次研讨会的来龙去脉，最有关的成果，以及此后墨西哥在促进废物最少化的清洁生产方面所取得的成果．     

“DESIRE”,小企业废物削减示范

１９９３－９４年，实施了由联合国工业发展组织发起，印度国家生产力理事会（ＮＰＣ）执行ＤＥＳＩＲＥ项目，以证实小型工业企业（ＳＳＩＳ）中废物量最少化的潜力，每个行业有４个单位参加这个项目，总确认了４５０个废物最少化方案，尽管有众多组织上的，系统的，态度的，经济的，技术的和政府的障碍，但在１５个月实施期结束时有大约３００项废物最少化措施得以实施或正在取得进展，项目结果包括节约３５８０万卢比（１２０万美     

法国的污染地点：复垦的主要阶段

由工业活动、污染物的无控制排放或危险物运输期间发生的事故所造成的自然地点或城市化地点污染，是法国环境保护关心的重大课题，为了确定所要采取的预防措施或治理措施，至关重要的是要根据导致此类污染的活动或事件的历史分析以及现场调研进行研究，然后可以对导致污染的废物或产品以及受污染的土壤，材料和水体开展工作，这些研究和有关工作往往需要配套实施现有中水文地质调查，或处理废物受污染水体，土壤去污本身正在导致新技     

试论“废物最少化”

本文对“废物最少化”的提出、内涵、定义、各种模式及引入我国环境管理制度体系的必要性和可能性作了系统的论述。     

结合我国特点,控制和治理有机物污染

近十余年来,我国在控制和治理三废污染方面,取得了不少宝贵的经验和成就,特别是在重金属污染(如汞、镉、铬、砷等)、有毒化合物的污染(如氰化物和三氯乙醛等)都已得到初步控制。但是在有机物污染方面,由于我国的经济力量薄弱,我们的工作远落后于实际需要。近几年来乡镇工业的发展,使我国的有机物污染几乎遍及城乡各地。很多河流、水库、池塘等水体以及农田土壤受到有机物的污染,影响人民生活以及渔业和农业生产。     

乡镇企业环境管理

本文论述了我国乡镇企业发展概况,乡镇工业污染现状和环境管理现状,分析了乡镇企业环境管理中存在的问题:1.情况不明;2.乡镇企业规划差;3.污染治理技术的推广不够;4.管理机构不健全。作者在文中提出6点对策:1.开展全国乡镇工业主要污染行业的调查;2.总结管理经验,并加以完善和提高;3.针对乡镇工业各主要污染行业,分别制订具体的管理办法和技术政策,形成一套环境管理法规体系;4.开培训,提高乡镇企业环境管理人员素质;5.建立、健全环境保护管理机构;6.加强乡镇工业污染治理示范工程的研究和建设。     

植物油工业环境污染防治

近年来,不断提高的环境保护意识已迫使从事植物油加工业的厂商大大改变它们的废物处置方法。由政府污染控制主管部门颁布的废物处置法律、条例、限制和极限,要求采取严格的措施,以最大限度减少或防止大气污染、废料引起的污染和水污染。为了履行政府的环境保护法规,植物油工业必须尽一切努力开发新技术。 允许处置的油厂废物的质量因国而异。这是影响处置费用以及装置和处理设备的投资费用的一个重要因素。政府、立法机构和植物油工业及其管理部门之间的密切合作,对于有效解决对广泛环境保护所需要的技术、法律和控制措施给予资助的各种可能性是必要的。     

水管理和工业:匈牙利的实例

匈牙利复杂的水资源问题涉及严重污染的地表水和危险性不断增加的地下水。因此在匈牙利及其邻国,有效的节水和污染控制方法至关重要。为节水和污染控制服务的活动最有效的是工业管理,包括厂内管理。在过去二十年中,这一活动已得到了发展。 由于认识到工业水管理的重要性,国家水主管部门已建立了一个覆盖法律和经济方面以及技术法规的体制框架,并引入了教育和培训课程。环境和水管理部的设立,以及此前不协调的水管理和环境保护职能的一体化,将为水资源管理、污染控制、工业水管理、废物管理和空气污染控制领域之间的合作提供新的机会。     

论乡镇工业排污收费

本文介绍了乡镇工业排污费的征收现状及特点；根据１９８９年全国乡镇工业污染源调查数据对乡镇工业排污费应征值作了测算，并从对乡镇工业、社会、财政收入和农村环境保护的影响以及征收可行性等方面进行了论证；在此基础上，对乡镇工业排污费实征率低的原因作了分析，提出了乡镇工业排污费征收、管理和使用的有关建议。     

江苏省环境库兹涅茨特征分析

选取江苏省 1 988— 2 0 0 2年经济与环境数据 ,建立了单位GDP污染排放量模型和人均GDP污染排放量模型 ,分析各类典型环境指标与GDP增长的关系。研究发现 ,江苏省的单位GDP污染排放量总体呈现下降趋势 ,表明技术进步和产业结构的调整已产生了明显的环境效益 ;同时发现经济发展与环境污染水平的关系总体上符合库兹涅茨曲线 (EKC)特征。由此得出结论 :江苏省目前仍处于工业发展期 ,环境污染物排放量EKC的转折点尚未达到 ,因此 ,江苏环境污染控制的投入有必要保持较高的水平。     

Role of rural solid waste management in non-point source pollution control of Dianchi Lake catchments, China

In recent years, with control of the main municipal and industrial point pollution sources and implementation of cleaning for some inner pollution sources in the water body, the discharge of point source pollution decreased gradually, while non-point source pollution has become increasingly distressing in Dianchi Lake catchments. As one of the major targets in non-point source pollution control, an integrated solid waste controlling strategy combined with a technological solution and management system was proposed and implemented based on the waste disposal situation and characteristics of rural solid waste in the demonstration area. As the key technology in rural solid waste treatment, both centralized plant-scale composting and a dispersed farmer-operated waste treating system showed promise in rendering timely benefits in efficiency, large handling capacity, high quality of the end product, as well as good economic return. Problems encountered during multi-substrates co-composting such as pathogens, high moisture content, asynchronism in the decomposition of different substrates, and low quality of the end product can all be tackled. 92.5% of solid waste was collected in the demonstration area, while the treating and recycling ratio reached 87.9%, which prevented 32.2 t nitrogen and 3.9 t phosphorus per year from entering the water body of Dianchi Lake after implementation of the project.     

Fly ash exploited in pavement layers in environmentally friendly ways

Increased care about the environment is currently evidenced by governmental, industrial, and consumer concern for ozone depletion, solid and liquid waste disposal, and pollutants. This concern has led to an increase in marketing of the “environmentally friendly” aspects of products. In the past, fly ash was generally released into the atmosphere, but pollution control equipment mandated in recent decades now requires that it is captured prior to release. In order to upgrade expansive soils as construction materials, fly ash, which is a waste material, has been selected and successfully used for stabilizing expansive clays in the Thrace region. The strength characteristics of the stabilized soils were measured. Depending upon the soil type, the effective fly ash content for improving the engineering properties of the soil varied between 8% and 12%. Using fly ash in roadwork projects will help the environment reducing the deposited amounts.     

北京市规模化畜禽养殖场污染调查与防治对策研究

在对北京市规模化畜禽养殖场粪尿、废水产生、排放情况进行调查监测的基础上 ,提出了针对性污染防治对策。     

SARS-CoV-2 variants and environmental effects of lockdowns,masks and vaccination: a review

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is continuously evolving and four variants of concern have been identified so far, including Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Delta variants. Here we review the indirect effect of preventive measures such as the implementation of lockdowns, mandatory face masks, and vaccination programs, to control the spread of the different variants of this infectious virus on the environment. We found that all these measures have a considerable environmental impact, notably on waste generation and air pollution. Waste generation is increased due to the implementation of all these preventive measures. While lockdowns decrease air pollution, unsustainable management of face mask waste and temperature-controlled supply chains of vaccination potentially increases air pollution.

     

Integral approach to industrial effluent quality control in favour of preventing the Rijeka bay pollution

Abstract

INA‐Petrochemical Industry Omi?alj, Yugoslavia is currently producing low density polyethylene, vinyl chloride monomer and ethylene dichloride.

Because of a potentially great hazard for environmental pollution, particularly by low molecular weight chlorinated hydrocarbons, the company has been putting significant effort into its anti‐pollution programme.

Modern technology, polyfunctional organization and proper control of all waste materials has enabled, thus far, no evident or noticable impact on the environment.

Wastewater treatment from the source to final discharged effluent and environmental control results are described.     

Towards a sustainable future: a holistic inquiry of waste management behaviors of Singapore households

ABSTRACT

In 2018, Singapore produced a 7.7 million tonnes of waste, which is a significant amount of waste for a small nation-state. In line with the Sustainable Development Goal (SDGs) targets 11.6 and 12.5 of the 2030 Agenda, which addresses cities’ waste generation and management impacts, we ask the question of why Singapore households are not more proactively engaged in waste minimization, despite the presence of local waste minimization public campaigns. This study is the first known study to comparatively apply and test three major theories – social psychological, social-structural, and sociocultural theories, to explain household waste management behavior in Singapore. A national survey followed by regression analysis of 303 households was conducted. In our findings, we firstly describe current trends in household waste management behaviors. Secondly, we compared each applied theory’s ability to predict households’: (1) reuse and (2) recycling of a variety of household items; and (3) recycling frequency. We obtained partial evidence supporting the role of future-orientedness and environmental identity on householders’ variety reuse and recycling. Social-structural (age cohort x income, education) and situational variables (the convenience thesis), also predicted various waste minimization behaviors. Finally, householders’ knowledge of what is recyclable affected all forms of waste minimization behaviors. In view of the study’s findings, we propose a need for targeted planning and policy interventions for different segments of the Singapore population, and different short- and longer-term measures to initiate and achieve sustained household waste minimization.     

浙江省永康市乡镇炼铝行业环境污染现状及对策

乡镇炼铝业是永康市主干行业之一，主要分布在古山、桥下两镇。调查结果表明，其生产过程产生的废气中，氟化物、二氧化硫、粉尘等标污染负荷比分别为６２９３％，２５２４％和１１８３％，废渣发生量约为０５ｔ／ｔ，废气、废渣已对环境产生污染，并危害人体健康。本文在调查研究基础上，提出了治理对策。     

土壤镉污染防治对策的研究

本文概述了国内外土壤镉污染治理技术成果，比较了各种不同技术的使用条件及特点，并简要说明了其原理。针对天津市镉污染现状，对一些镉污染防治对策进行了研究，并提出可行性建议和措施。