河流中的BOD模型及其应用

本文将入流点源或主要支流作为一条新河段 并将分布水源的影响范围视为整条河流,既可避免S—P方程无法反映沿河污染排放态的缺陷.又可解决BOD修正模型计算繁杂的缺陷.建立在此基础上的各种BOD分布模型,具有较好的回归性和可操作性,反映了有机物随时间和空间的迁移转化.这些模式的提出,可为评价和选择污染物控制方案,制订排放标准,提供一个定量的科学依展     

太原市城中村采暖期大气中PM_(2.5)中多环芳烃污染特征

本文研究了太原市未纳入城市集中供热的城中村大气中PM2.5的多环芳烃的污染特征,并对其来源进行讨论,同时对样品的前处理过程和高效液相色谱的分析条件进行优化.实验结果表明:城中村大气污染属于典型燃煤污染,尾气污染也占有一定比例.     

城市河流水体沉积物中多环麝香的污染状况

对广州市珠江主干、东江以及上海市苏州河等城市河流水体沉积物中多环麝香的调查表明,苏州河沉积物中多环麝香含量为85.43-677.03μg·kg -1,珠江主干水体沉积物中多环麝香含量为7.27-167.35μg·kg -1,东江沉积物中多环麝香为7.08-62.5μg·kg -1,呈现明显的点源污染特点.表明城市河流遭遇了严重的生活污水污染.     

河流底泥污染及其控制与修复

水体底泥污染是世界范围内的一个环境问题。污染物通过大气沉降、废水排放、雨水淋溶与冲刷进入水体,最后沉积到底泥中并逐渐富集,使底泥受到严重污染。在河流环境中,河床沉积底泥以推移和悬浮形式输送,很大程度上导致了上覆水和沉积底泥的相互物理作用。河流有强有力的自然环境,在河流系统中趋向有利于沉积底泥的解吸作用,从而将会影响上覆水的水质。因此,在水质管理计划中,应该将已污染的沉积底泥作为一个污染源予以考虑,沉积底泥是河流污染的一个重要方面。文章根据近年来国内外对河流底泥污染的控制、处理、修复及利用的文献资料,分析了河流底泥的污染现状及主要类型,包括重金属、NP营养物质、难降解有机物和持久性有毒污染物等,指出了目前在底泥污染修复中存在的问题。针对河流底泥污染控制与修复技术,介绍了除控制外源污染物外的物理修复、化学修复和生物修复等几种主要的修复方法和技术,分析了各种方法的利弊以及适用情况。在阐述了堆肥、建材利用、低温热解、湿地及栖息地建设、修复废弃地和建设填方等利用方式后,提出具体的控制和修复应因地制宜,综合各种恢复技术及利用方式,以达到控制及修复污染的河流底泥,恢复河流生态系统之目的。     

工业过程二恶英的排放特征及其控制技术

工业排放是环境中二恶英(PCDD/Fs)最主要的人为排放源. 2010年我国九部委联合发布PCDD/Fs污染防治指导意见，之后出台多项政策要求对主要行业持久性有机污染物(POPs)开展污染防治.在一系列防治措施下，PCDD/Fs的工业排放水平有所下降，整体取得良好成效.本文针对固体废弃物焚烧、钢铁生产、有色金属生产和水泥窑协同处置四类主要行业的PCDD/Fs排放研究进展进行综述，阐述了不同行业PCDD/Fs排放量、排放特征及其变化趋势，比较分析了目前四类主要行业针对PCDD/Fs排放的控制技术及其效果，并对烟气中PCDD/Fs污染控制技术的发展方向进行了展望.本文可为更加深入地了解工业排放PCDD/Fs的研究现状以及污染控制技术提供参考.     

用排放情景分析系统研究北京市机动车污染问题

针对北京市动车污染非常严重，机动车排放控制涉及的方面较多，解决起来比较复杂的特点，开发了城市机动车排放情况分析系统，以国内外的先进理论和技术为基础，采用系统化的方法研究这个问题，对北京市未来车污染控制的几种情况进行了分析和比较，证明了北京市目前实施新排放标准，采用车辆定期报废制度对控制污染的巨大作用，提出进一步强化I／M制度，完善在用车监测维修体系等控制机动车污染的具体方法。     

河湖相连水系水体污染控制技术与策略

太湖流域上游洮滆水系河湖相连,湖荡密布。以滆湖—太滆运河、漕桥河—太湖为例,分析了该区域水系特征、生态状况、水环境污染现状及存在的主要问题,提出河湖相连水系污染治理控制方案。通过加强流域污染物的源头控制,削减污染负荷,控污与生态修复相结合,提高湖荡自然净化能力和生态系统自我修复能力,拦截并净化水系入湖污染物,为入湖河流提供清洁水源;对入湖河流集水区各类污染源进行治理,拦截和控制沿线污染物进入入湖河流,建成清水河道,提高入湖河流自然净化能力,使污染物在入湖河流运移过程中进一步削减,在河湖连结处等关键水域构建强化净化污染物的生态拦截工程,再次削减入湖污染物,并对水系各污染控制要素进行系统调控和优化配置,在上游地区构建太湖污染防控和水环境保护的安全屏护体系。     

人为活动对城市湖泊沉积物重金属污染的影响——以武汉墨水湖为例

人类活动使得大量的重金属向水环境中排放,导致了城市湖泊严重的重金属污染.为了研究中国的工业化、城市化发展对城市水体重金属污染的影响,以武汉墨水湖为例,测定了沉积物中几种常见痕量重金属Zn、Pb、Ni、Cu、Cr的含量和富集系数,并运用主成分分析对重金属的污染来源进行了初步探讨.结果表明,墨水湖表层沉积物重金属污染程度较重,主要受人为输入的影响;5种重金属在全湖区域上具有比较高的富集系数,尤以排污口为甚,排污口是重金属富集的主要区域.主成分分析表明,Pb可能主要来自于暴雨径流面源,而Cr可能主要来自于工矿企业的点源排放,其他3种金属则有着大小相当的点、面源输入贡献。以上结果表明,城市化和工业化进程已经给城市湖泊带来了很高的重金属污染负荷.     

广州城区“雨水-雨水径流-河涌”污染链的特征

正在点源污染被逐步控制后,城市地面雨水径流已成为城市河流与湖泊等水体主要污染源.国内相关研究起步于20世纪80年代,之后在北京、上海、西安、珠海、澳门、天津、广州等城市开展.雨水、雨水径流及河涌的污染过程已经形成了一个完整的污染链,即雨水携带大气颗粒物降至地面,随之形成的雨水径流又携带地表污染物进入城市河涌,从而恶化河涌水质;然而,对"雨水-雨水径流-河涌"整个污染链的研究尚鲜见文献报道.     

中国北方典型城市空气中苯系物的污染特征

为了研究中国北方典型城市大气中苯系物的污染状况和季节变化特征,于2008年4月—2009年1月间,选取沈阳和天津共11个监测点位分别采集大气样品,并利用三级冷阱预浓缩-GC-MS方法进行分析.结果表明,天津的苯系物污染浓度比沈阳高,这是因为天津的机动车保有量远远大于沈阳,机动车尾气排放量大.苯系物的污染程度与不同季节的气候变化密切关联,两城市均表现为春秋两季污染严重,冬夏两季污染较轻.城市不同功能区采样点的比较和苯与甲苯(B/T)的比值以及各苯系物之间的相关性分析表明,两城市苯系物污染浓度均受到局部排放源的明显影响,但在大部分地区交通源仍为主要排放源.     

Optimal investment in pollution control capital in a neoclassical growth context

A neoclassical growth model is employed to study the optimal division of investment between pollution control capital and directly productive capital while simultaneously treating the saving rate as a policy variable to be varied to the optimal. The model treats pollution as a flow positively related to aggregate output, negatively related to the stock of pollution control capital, and having a negative effect on utility. Under the assumptions chosen, the optimal policy is an unbalanced one of specializing investment first in directly productive capital and subsequently in pollution control capital.     

Optimization model for a wolf-ungulate system

Public outcries against predator control create a need to devise management policies that optimally balance the cost (managerial and environmental) of predator control against the benefit of ungulate harvesting. To address this problem, an optimization procedure utilizing stochastic dynamic programming is described. Through this approach, optimal feedback strategies for a wolf-ungulate system in Alaska are estimated. The dynamic predator-prey model used in the analysis is based on parameter estimates from data collected over an eight-year period in Denali (Mt. McKinley) National Park. Stability analysis of the system revealed that stability properties depend on predator search efficiency. The effects of random fluctuations in winter severity and alternative objective functions are considered in the estimation of optimal feedback strategies. Optimal moose harvesting strategies appear to be dependent on wolf control costs. If no wolf control cost is assessed, optimal moose harvest is independent of wolf density. Optimal wolf control strategies are completely insensitive to moose density. The strategies are compared to current and simplified management policies.     

The existence of optimal strategy in the exploitation of limited biocenoses

Optimal strategy in the control of multicomponent biocenoses that are described adequately by an autonomous discrete model has been investigated. It is shown that for any such biocenosis there exists at least one stationary optimal strategy in terms of discounted reward. The optimal strategy is described for communities of competing species, together with the method of its derivation.     

Optimal monitoring and control under state uncertainty: Application to lionfish management

State variables in many renewable resource management problems, such as the abundance of a fish stock, are imperfectly observed over time. In systems characterized by state uncertainty, decision makers often invest in monitoring to learn about the level of a stock. We develop a stochastic bioeconomic model of marine invasive species management under state uncertainty. The decision maker in our model simultaneously evaluates optimal investment in monitoring and population control. Using a recently-devised method for solving continuous-state Partially Observable Markov Decision Processes (POMDPs), we find that the ability to learn through monitoring can alter the role of population control in the optimal policy function, for example by reducing control intensity in favor of monitoring. Optimal monitoring depends on the management context, including in our application lionfish population structure. The rich transient dynamics of our model depend critically on the relationship between the initial conditions for information and invader abundance.     

Uncertainty, learning, and the optimal management of wildlife

Wildlife management is limited by uncontrolled and often unrecognized environmental variation, by limited capabilities to observe and control animal populations, and by a lack of understanding about the biological processes driving population dynamics. In this paper I describe a comprehensive framework for management that includes multiple models and likelihood values to account for structural uncertainty, along with stochastic factors to account for environmental variation, random sampling, and partial controllability. Adaptive optimization is developed in terms of the optimal control of incompletely understood populations, with the expected value of perfect information measuring the potential for improving control through learning. The framework for optimal adaptive control is generalized by including partial observability and non-adaptive, sample-based updating of model likelihoods. Passive adaptive management is derived as a special case of constrained adaptive optimization, representing a potentially efficient suboptimal alternative that nonetheless accounts for structural uncertainty.     

Sport and commercial fishing conflicts: A theoretical analysis

A recreational sector is added to a standard commercial fishing optimal control model to identify public decision variables which should be considered when determining optimal population levels and allocating harvestable fish between sport and commercial users. Both linear and nonlinear models are presented. A predator-prey relationship is also considered. Results derived from the models indicate that shortcomings exist with current economic inputs to policy making because of failure to consider relevant bioeconomic relationships. Future research topics to remedy this are discussed.     

多目标优化方法在城市污水厂汇水区污染源总量控制规划中的应用

在城市污水处理厂汇水区实行污染源总量控制,应该避免与城市污水处理厂重复治理.针对这个问题,提出难降解有机物控制的多目标准则指标,建立了多目标优化模型.     

Interdependence of ecological risk and economic profit in the exploitation of renewable resources

A new stochastic optimal control approach is introduced which quantifies the risk of extinction of a population associated with its optimal exploitation. In addition the maximization of the profit can be performed subject to the constraint that the mentioned risk does not exceed a given limit. As a first example for this general method an exponentially growing population is investigated. The interdependence of the risk and the profit is discussed. This model reveals the possibility of reducing the risk considerably without a substantial decrease of profit.     

The optimality and feasibility of uniform air pollution controls

An optimal control problem is developed which minimizes both the social damages of pollution concentrations and the private costs of emission abatement subject to a differential equation relating emissions and concentrations. A specific use of the model is to analyze the optimality and feasibility of uniform controls on emissions and concentrations across an air shed.     

Pollution control is a two-sector dynamic general equilibrium model

This paper examines the problem of pollution control is an economy which produces two commodities which have different polluting characteristics. The model sheds light on the change is the optimal combination of commodities such as public transportation as opposed to private transportation, detergents and soap, returnable and nonreturnable bottles, and so on.