污水湿地处理工艺优化组合设计

污水湿地处理系统是利用土壤、作物、微生物自然净化功能的生态工程技术。主要有水面湿地和渗滤湿地两种类型，在天津城市污水土地处理与利用系统研究的基础上，将两种工艺的优点进行优化组合，并应用于大港油田等污水湿地处理工程，运行结果表明：将水面湿地和渗滤湿地工艺优化组合设计的示范工程，具有提高水力负荷、减少运行费用、节省工程投资、处理效果稳定等特点，有利于处理工程的长期稳定运行。     

昆虫病毒增效蛋白的研究进展

杆状病毒是专化性很强的一类双链ＤＮＡ病毒,主要感染无脊椎动物,特别是鳞翅目昆虫．杆状病毒科又分为３个亚组：核型多角体病毒ＮＰＶ（Ｎｕｃｌｅａｒｐｏｌｙｈｅｄｒｏｓｉｓｖｉｒｕｓ）、颗粒体病毒ＧＶ（Ｇｒａｎｕｌｏｓｉｓｖｉｒｕｓ）和非包涵体型杆状病毒（...     

广州大坦沙污水处理厂有机物的去除及其向空气中的排放

对广州大胆浙江省污水处理厂各工艺阶段污水中挥发性有机物的测试表明,进水中主要有害ＶＯＣｓ为苯系物和卤代烃;进水和出水比较,苯,甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯的去除率接近１００％,污水中几种主要卤代烃的去除效率范围为７９％－８９％。     

污水土地处理试验工程慢速渗滤系统对优先有机污染物的净化

本文通过模拟实验及现场考察,研究了天津污水土地处理试验工程中慢速渗滤系统对优先有机污染物的净化效率以及该系统经处理污水后对土壤及作物的影响进行了探讨.     

广州市环境卫生数据库信息系统的建立和研究

本文主要介绍了ＧＺＥＳＭＩＳ研制的意义,目标,系统的基本内容,系统功能分析,特点,开发的软硬件环境。本系统得在Ｗｉｎｄｏｗｓ９８环境下,数据库采用ＭｉｃｒｏＳｏｆｔ Ｆｏｘｐｒｏ系列,空间图形处理软件,采用最新的ＡｕｔｏＤｅｓｋＷｏｒｌｄ专业版;图形制作软件选用ＡｕｔｏＣＡＤ;工作语言软件则采用Ｖｉｓｕａｌ Ｂａｓｉｃ５．０专业版,建立了全中文界面的多媒体环卫管理信息系统。     

网脉葡萄中的低聚Di

从网脉葡萄中分离得到４个低聚Ｄｉ，经波谱鉴定为ｇｎｔｅｉｎＡ，（＋）－ε－ｖｉｎｅｆｅｒｉｎ，ａｍｐｅｌｏｐｓｉｎ Ｅ和ｖｉｔｉｓｉｎ Ａ．Ｖｉｔｉｓｉｎ Ａ通过二维核磁共振波谱对各氢和碳的化学位移作了归属，这些低聚Ｄｉ均为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

利用下水管网系统净化城市污水的中试研究

采用充纯氧及固定化细胞技术在２７５．５ｍ市政下水管网系统中进行了日处理１５００ｍ＾３污水的中试。对单纯充氧、充氧加固定化细胞二种工艺及不同 氧量刊物了比较研究。结果表明，在加固定化细胞条件下，充纯氧（Ｖ（Ｏ２）：Ｖ（Ｈ２Ｏ）＝０．０７８：１）可使流过此段管道的污水的污染物去除６５％以上，基本达到国家污水综合排放二级标准。     

土地处理技术在干旱-半干旱过渡带生态建设中的应用

土地处理系统是在干旱 -半干旱过渡区实现污水无害化、资源化的有效技术。内蒙古霍林河矿区污水土地处理系统设计与运行结果表明 ,该区具备推广土地处理技术的良好条件 ,土地处理系统应以慢速渗滤和污水资源利用型为主 ,实现污水处理与生态环境建设的结合。污水资源的利用有助于增加镶嵌型复合生态系统的稳定性 ,加速人工林的成林郁闭 ,增加林木蓄积量 ,改善干旱、半干旱地区的生态环境     

密切值法在污水土地处理工程选址中的应用

本文对密切值法在污水土地处理工程选址中的应用进行了探讨，通过实例分分析看出该方法科学可行且简易。     

机动车污染模拟和地理信息系统支持

机动车污染是城市大气污染物的重要来源，对街区机动车污染排放量的预测和排放模拟对了解城市街区环境污染状况有重要价值。文章中将ＣＡＲ模式的模拟计算和ＧＩＳ集成在一起，通过ＶｉｓｕａｌＢａｓｉｃ进行了一个样例开发，其中ＧＩＳ功能由ＭａｐＸ控件实现。     

Unlocking ecosystem based adaptation opportunities in coastal Bangladesh

Coastal ecosystems generate diverse services, such as protection, production of food, climate regulation and recreation across the globe. These services are vital for extremely vulnerable coastal areas for enhancing present and future adaptation capacity under changing climate. Bangladesh has long coastline which provides opportunities to large population for multiple resource uses; and threats from extreme natural disasters. The CBACC-Coastal Afforestation is the priority initiative of Bangladesh NAPA that has come in actions under first LDCF adaptation project. The project has focused to reduce climatic vulnerability through enhancing resilience of coastal forests and adaptive capacity of communities. With a total of 6,100 ha of new mangrove plantation and introducing 10 important mangrove species in existing monoculture areas, the project increased protective and carbon rich forest coverage, and also functional capacity of coastal vegetation to adapt to current and future climatic shocks. Concurrently, the project developed co-benefit regime for community based adaptation through innovating integrated land uses for livelihoods of adjacent households. A new land use model (Forest, Fish and Fruit-Triple F) has been implemented to restore fallow coastal lands into community based livelihood adaptation practices. The Triple F practice has reduced inundation and salinity risks and freshwater scarcity in cultivation of agricultural crops and fish. The rational land uses improved household adaptation capacity of landless households through short-, mid- and long-term income generation. The project lesson has further focus to justify the land use innovation for harnessing potential opportunities of ecosystem based adaptation in coastal Bangladesh.     

欧盟土壤环境评价监测项目及其对我国农用地质量监测的启示

＂十二五＂期间,我国国土资源调查评价的重点任务之一是建立农用地质量监测体系。当前我国农用地质量变化监测技术仍然处于研究探索阶段,欧盟土壤环境评价监测项目是较为成熟的监测项目,可为中国农用地质量监测工作提供借鉴。文章分别就欧盟土壤环境评价监测的相关研究和国内学者对农用地质量监测的研究进行了综述,认为欧盟土壤环境评价监测项目在指标选取、监测网络建立、数据更新技术等方面建立了较为成功的机制。未来中国农用地质量监测工作可在关注土壤环境质量、分类土壤退化原因、针对性地选取指标、应用DPSIR模型、确定监测点的方法、充分利用原有监测网络和监测数据等方面借鉴欧盟经验。     

Social cost–benefit analysis of Karnataka Watershed Development (KAWAD) project,Karnataka, India

This paper presents results of a social cost–benefit analysis (CBA) of afforestation and soil moisture treatment of common lands under an integrated watershed development programme in Karnataka State, India. The aim of the study was to find out if soil moisture conservation and afforestation measures were justified in terms of economic efficiency. The assessment was undertaken by calculating the economic internal rate of return (EIRR) for five village common lands in two watersheds, Uparhalla and Chinnahagari, in central Karnataka. Focused group discussions were organised, using a semi-structured questionnaire and various stakeholders, including project implementing agencies, self help groups and other community-based organisations. The attractiveness of the programme in both watersheds for landless and land owners was high in three out of five sampled villages, with an EIRR ranging from 19% to 91%, while two villages in Chinnahagari watershed had extremely low EIRR, reflecting poor management of soil moisture and afforestation interventions and lack of institutional cohesion to sustain investments made to develop common lands. Therefore, the CBA conducted in the KAWAD project, except for two villages, shows that the investment made to develop common lands should yield substantial economic returns in the long term under a business as usual scenario.     

土地整理的区域生态环境影响评价研究

开展土地整理是协调人地关系、实现耕地保护目标的重要途径之一。由于土地整理是对土地资源及其利用方式的再组织和再优化过程,是一项复杂的系统工程,其整理过程改变了地表生态系统,必然对生态环境造成影响。近年来,土地整理项目对所在区域产生的生态环境影响日益受到关注和重视。从生态学的角度来看,土地整理的实施必然产生相应的生态环境效应,对项目区及其背景区域的水资源、土壤、植被、大气、生物等环境要素及其生态过程产生诸多直接或间接、有利或有害的影响。综观当前的研究现状,对于这些影响尚缺乏定量化的评价标准、指标及方法。针对该领域的研究现状及应用需要,该文以生态学理论为基础,在特定的时空范围内,从生态系统层次上建立起由生物丰度指数、植被覆盖指数、水网密度指数、土地侵蚀指数、土地适宜性指数组成的评价指标体系,确定了各项评价指标的详细内容及计算方法,在此基础上采用指数和法构建了生态环境状况指数（EI）模型,并制定了相应的评价标准。通过计算土地整理项目实施前后的EI进行比较分析,为定量化评价土地整理项目的区域生态环境影响提供了依据。该文结合山东宁阳县的土地整理实践进行了评价应用和检验,取得了较为理想的结果。该研究为土地整理区域生态环境影响的定量化评价进行了有益的探索。     

A Biophysical Toolbox for assessment and management of land and water resources in rural catchments in Northern Thailand

With rapid intensification of agricultural catchments in Northern Thailand a suite of environmental issues has surfaced. The Integrated Water Resources Assessment and Management (IWRAM) project was instigated in response to these issues. The project developed a Decision Support System (DSS) for the exploration of biophysical and socio-economic impacts of water resource use options. The IWRAM-DSS is comprised of a ‘Biophysical Toolbox’ that can be implemented alone and an ‘Integrated Toolbox’ that links socio-economic models with the Biophysical Toolbox to explore economic trade-offs and impacts of various scenarios. The Biophysical Toolbox is comprised of three modules—the CATCHCROP crop model, a hydrologic module based upon the IHACRES rainfall-runoff model, and a Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) approach modified to suit conditions in Northern Thailand. This paper describes the Biophysical Toolbox and runs forest conversion, land management, and climate scenarios to demonstrate the potential of this tool in exploring the environmental effects of land and water management options.     

Conserving Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function through Limited Development: an Empirical Evaluation

Abstract:  Suburban, exurban, and rural development in the United States consumes nearly 1 million hectares of land per year and is a leading threat to biodiversity. In response to this threat, conservation development has been advanced as a way to combine land development and land conservation while providing functional protection for natural resources. Yet, although conservation development techniques have been in use for decades, there have been few critical evaluations of their conservation effectiveness. We addressed this deficiency by assessing the conservation outcomes of one type of conservation development project: conservation and limited development projects (CLDPs). Conducted by land trusts, landowners, and developers, CLDPs use revenue from limited development to finance the protection of land and natural resources. We compared a sample of 10 CLDPs from the eastern United States with their respective baseline scenarios (conventional development) and with a sample of conservation subdivisions—a different conservation development technique characterized by higher-density development. To measure conservation success, we created an evaluation method containing eight indicators that quantify project impacts to terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems at the site and in the surrounding landscape. The CLDPs protected and managed threatened natural resources including rare species and ecological communities. In terms of conservation benefits, the CLDPs significantly outperformed their respective baseline scenarios and the conservation subdivisions. These results imply that CLDPs can offer a low-impact alternative to conventional development and a low-cost method for protecting land when conventional conservation techniques are too expensive. In addition, our evaluation method demonstrates how planners and developers can incorporate appropriate ecological considerations when designing, reviewing, and evaluating conservation development projects.     

Parcels versus pixels: modeling agricultural land use across broad geographic regions using parcel-based field boundaries

Land use and land cover (LULC) change occurs at a local level within contiguous ownership and management units (parcels), yet LULC models primarily use pixel-based spatial frameworks. The few parcel-based models being used overwhelmingly focus on small geographic areas, limiting the ability to assess LULC change impacts at regional to national scales. We developed a modified version of the Forecasting Scenarios of land use change model to project parcel-based agricultural change across a large region in the United States Great Plains. A scenario representing an agricultural biofuel scenario was modeled from 2012 to 2030, using real parcel boundaries based on contiguous ownership and land management units. The resulting LULC projection provides a vastly improved representation of landscape pattern over existing pixel-based models, while simultaneously providing an unprecedented combination of thematic detail and broad geographic extent. The conceptual approach is practical and scalable, with potential use for national-scale projections.     

半干旱黄土区退耕还林十年植被恢复变化分析——以陕西吴起县为例

黄土高原退耕还林（草）政策实施已逾10 a,了解植被恢复变化状况及存在的问题,对于制定和完善生态环境治理方略具有重要意义。以吴起县为例,基于实地调查及遥感等数据,对退耕还林（草）以来植被覆盖度、主要植被类型变化及不同立地条件下植被恢复变化的差异进行了定量分析。结果表明：2000年至2009年,植被覆盖度大于30%的面积在全县总面积中的比例由不足1%上升至91.96%;其中缓坡立地类型上的乔灌林地类型面积增长最为显著,而阳向陡坡等恶劣生境下的植被恢复缓慢;有林地、灌木林地及疏林地均呈现规模增大趋势,属扩张状态;中覆盖度草地、低覆盖度草地、坡耕地及耕地呈现规模减少趋势,属缩减状态。