旱地长期定位施肥对土壤剖面硝态氮分布与累积的影响

在 １５ ａ长期定位试验基础上研究了黄土高原旱地长期施用不同用量和配比的氮、磷肥对土壤剖面中硝态氮分布和累积的影响。结果表明：长期大量施用氮肥，在土壤剖面 １００～１８０ ｃｍ之间形成硝态氮累积层，峰值出现在 １４０ ｃｍ处，最大值为 ６７．９２ｍｇ／ｋｇ（单施 Ｎ １８０ ｋｇ／ｈｍ~２）； 配合施用磷肥可以降低土壤剖面硝态氮质量分数，根据试验，提出了旱地合理施肥的氮磷肥用量。     

氮肥管理对植物镉吸收的影响

农业土壤镉(Cd)污染是中国面临的一个严峻的环境问题。由于Cd是一种有毒有害的重金属元素并且非常容易被植物吸收利用,因此使得土壤生态环境和作物安全生产面临很大的挑战。氮(N)是植物生长必需的大量营养元素,在农业生产中氮肥施加是一项重要的农艺措施。文章综述了氮肥管理对Cd污染土壤中植物Cd吸收的影响,并从氮肥对土壤中Cd有效态影响、对植物抗氧化系统影响和分子机制3个方面阐述氮肥影响植物Cd吸收的机理。当前研究结果表明:氮肥管理影响了植物Cd吸收,不同形态氮肥对不同植物及不同土壤条件下的植物Cd吸收的影响差异明显,氮肥通过对植物的生理特性和土壤理化性质产生作用进而影响植物Cd的吸收。因此,可以根据不同土壤和植物种类,合理调控氮肥施用,达到修复土壤和作物安全生产的目标。今后应注重对复杂环境变量条件下氮肥最佳调控方法的探索,进一步深入研究氮肥施用条件下植物根际微环境理化性质、植物生理特性和植物Cd含量的相互作用关系,找出氮肥影响植物Cd吸收的关键生理过程和关键控制基因,进而指导在Cd污染土壤中氮肥的精准施加。     

氮肥对菜园土壤硝态氮淋溶流失的影响

过量施用N肥可导致土壤中硝态氮的大量积累,对环境构成威胁.笔者通过盆栽试验收集测定土壤渗漏水硝态氮浓度,研究了不同施氮水平对土壤氮素淋溶流失浓度的影响.结果表明,在较大施氮量范围内,施氮量与土壤渗漏水硝态氮浓度之间呈非线性关系,但在中低施氮量时则表现为线性关系,可以应用"双速率转折点"概念评价菜园土壤硝态氮流失潜力.当施氮量超过双速率转折点X0后,土壤淋溶排水中硝态氮浓度将以非线性形式急剧增加.从环保角度看,氮用量不应超过X0.空心菜和菜心栽培试验表明氮肥X0分别为每盆N 0.31 g和0.32 g,二者间的氮肥用量X0差异很小.以环保为目标的氮肥用量X0和以产量为目标的经济施氮量的差异与土壤质地有关.     

施用化肥对农业生态环境的负面影响及对策

论述了肥料的过量使用对我国的农业生态环境质量的负面影响，提出了合理施用化肥防治环境污染的对策。认为过量施用化肥引起土壤酸化和板结、重金属污染、硝酸盐污染和土壤次生盐渍化，从而导致土壤肥力下降，并且造成水体富营养化，淋溶污染地下水，致使作物品质下降，硝酸盐含量超标，并通过食物链危害人体健康。此外，认为化肥对大气环境的影响主要集中在氮肥上，氨挥发和NOx、CH4及CO2的释放，不仅能引起温室效应，而且还能够引起臭氧层的破坏。提出了相应的对策：增加科技教育的投入，提高农民的科学文化素质，提高全民的环境意识；合理施肥；结合国家的调控政策，在粮食产量与环境保护、作物产量与产品品质之间找到平衡点。     

施用控释氮肥对早稻田面水氮素动态变化和水稻产量的影响

湖南是中国重要的水稻(OryzasativaL.)产区,随着农业现代化的发展,施用更多化肥成为水稻增产的主要途径,这不仅造成资源浪费,更加重了农业面源污染风险。通过水稻田间小区试验,设置了不施氮肥(WN)、常规施用尿素(CF)、控释氮肥(N100)、90%氮量控释氮肥(N90)、80%氮量控释氮肥(N80)、70%氮量控释氮肥(N70)6个处理,对田面水中各形态氮素含量进行动态监测,研究施用控释氮肥对早稻田面水各形态氮素动态变化特征和水稻产量的影响,以期探寻兼顾经济效益与环境效益的控释氮肥最佳用量,实现稻作清洁生产。结果表明:早稻田面水各形态氮素浓度均随施氮量增加而增加,且以施用尿素处理浓度较高或最高,不施氮肥处理最低,控释氮肥各处理居中;各形态氮素浓度均在施用基肥或追肥后1～4 d内达到峰值,随后不断降低;综合考虑施用基肥和追肥后各形态氮素浓度变化规律可知,施肥后10 d内是防止田面水氮素流失的关键时期;控释氮肥各处理水稻产量与尿素处理无显著性差异,施用控释氮肥能达到减氮、稳产效果。本试验中,理论施用控释氮肥101.46 kg·hm~(-2)时是兼顾经济效益与环境效益的施肥方案。     

IFC增效微肥对小白菜产量和硝酸盐积累的影响

在江苏省沿江高沙土地区如皋综合试验示范基地进行蔬菜田间试验 ,研究IFC增效微肥对减少小白菜硝酸盐积累的效果。各处理在相同用量磷钾肥和不同用量氮肥的基础上将 30kg·hm-2 的IFC增效微肥拌入蔬菜基肥中一次性施用 ,以不施IFC增效微肥作对照 ,进行成对比较试验。研究表明 :适量施用IFC增效微肥能显著增加蔬菜产量和氮素累积量 ,降低作物体内含氮率和硝态氮含量 ,并降低氮素对土壤及地下水的污染。     

我国化肥施用量及其可能污染的时空分布特征

近年来，随着化肥施用量的增加，由化肥污染所引起的环境问题逐渐被人们所认识。文章利用我国各省历年主要农作物播种面积和化肥用量资料，提出了化肥施用量评价指数。我国总的化肥施用量没有超过适宜施用量；氮肥实际施用量基本接近于适宜施用量，而磷肥、钾肥的实际施用量严重不足。但对全国各省情况的研究表明，东部地区的氮肥施用量普遍超过或接近于适宜施用量，而中西部地区的氮肥施用量普遍小于适宜施用量；各省磷肥和钾肥的施用量普遍严重不足。因此，应降低东部的氮肥用量以减少污染，同时增加中西部的氮肥施用量。全国各省均应增加磷、钾肥施用量，调整氮、磷、钾肥的比例，有计划地安排我国氮、磷、钾肥的施用量及合理比例，从化肥污染的源头减少化肥污染。     

新安江流域人类活动净氮输入的时空变化及其对生态补偿的响应

人类活动净氮输入(NANI)是造成水体富营养化问题的重要原因之一。流域生态补偿通过改变流域地区居民的生产行为和生活行为降低人类活动导致的氮输入,解决水体富营养化的问题。以新安江流域(黄山市境内)为研究对象,以2008—2017年为研究时段,通过计算氮肥施用、大气氮沉降、作物氮固定和食品/饲料净输入量,评估生态补偿试点实施期间新安江流域NANI的时空变化,考察NANI对生态补偿的响应。研究发现,新安江流域NANI在流域生态补偿时期总体呈下降趋势。从黄山市范围来看,NANI先升后降,大幅度下降的时期在2012年后;氮肥施用是氮的主要输入来源,作物产品是最大的氮输出项;从各个县区来看,下降明显的区域有黄山市屯溪区、歙县,它们由净氮输入地区变为净氮输出地区的时间拐点分别是新安江生态补偿第二轮和第一轮试点时期。结论表明,生态补偿有效减少了新安江的氮素输入。     

太湖地区稻田减量施肥的环境效益和经济效益分析

通过设置不同幅度的氮肥减量施用,研究其在整个稻季中的环境效益、肥料效益和产量效益差异,为地区氮肥的减施增效提供依据.结果表明:稻田施肥后7 d之内,田面水中氮素含量维持较高水平,须谨慎控制田面水外排.在太湖地区现有肥力水平的基础上,适当减少氮肥用量是可行的.减少20%的常规施氮量可以有效降低田面水中氮素含量,进而降低向自然环境中排放的总氮量;并通过作用于水稻产量构成因素和提高氮肥农学效率,适当提高产量,最终达到协调产量效益、肥料效益和环境效益的目的.     

江苏太湖地区不同种植模式下肥料投入与养分平衡分析

为明确农业面源污染对太湖水体富营养化的影响,以江苏省太湖地区为研究对象,选取宜兴市、苏州市吴中区和溧阳市3个地区作为典型调查区域,对太湖地区稻麦、稻油2种种植模式下的肥料投入和养分平衡状况的研究结果表明,太湖地区稻麦、稻油2种种植模式下的周年氮肥投入量分别达到556.2和488.0 kg.hm-2,盈余率分别为100.2%和62.5%,稻季氮肥平均投入量为298.0 kg.hm-2,明显高于麦季的229.1和油菜季的218.9kg.hm-2;2种种植模式下的周年磷肥投入量分别为117.6和116.7 kg.hm-2,盈余率较低,仅为9.0%和-7.4%;周年钾肥投入量最少,分别为107.3和105.3 kg.hm-2,且都存在超过50%的亏缺。2种种植模式下,氮肥投入量明显高于磷肥与钾肥,导致大量氮素盈余,磷肥投入较为合理,达到基本平衡状态,投入量最少的钾肥则存在严重的养分亏缺。     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.     

Effects of Coffee Management on Deforestation Rates and Forest Integrity

Knowledge about how forest margins are utilized can be crucial for a general understanding of changes in forest cover, forest structure, and biodiversity across landscapes. We studied forest‐agriculture transitions in southwestern Ethiopia and hypothesized that the presence of coffee (Coffea arabica)decreases deforestation rates because of coffee's importance to local economies and its widespread occurrence in forests and forest margins. Using satellite images and elevation data, we compared changes in forest cover over 37 years (1973–2010) across elevations in 2 forest‐agriculture mosaic landscapes (1100 km² around Bonga and 3000 km² in Goma‐Gera). In the field in the Bonga area, we determined coffee cover and forest structure in 40 forest margins that differed in time since deforestation. Both the absolute and relative deforestation rates were lower at coffee‐growing elevations compared with at higher elevations (?10/20% vs. ?40/50% comparing relative rates at 1800 m asl and 2300–2500 m asl, respectively). Within the coffee‐growing elevation, the proportion of sites with high coffee cover (>20%) was significantly higher in stable margins (42% of sites that had been in the same location for the entire period) than in recently changed margins (0% of sites where expansion of annual crops had changed the margin). Disturbance level and forest structure did not differ between sites with 30% or 3% coffee. However, a growing body of literature on gradients of coffee management in Ethiopia reports coffee's negative effects on abundances of forest‐specialist species. Even if the presence of coffee slows down the conversion of forest to annual‐crop agriculture, there is a risk that an intensification of coffee management will still threaten forest biodiversity, including the genetic diversity of wild coffee. Conservation policy for Ethiopian forests thus needs to develop strategies that acknowledge that forests without coffee production may have higher deforestation risks than forests with coffee production and that forests with coffee production often have lower biodiversity value. Efectos de la Administración Cafetalera sobre las Tasas de Deforestación y la Integridad de los Bosques     

Globalization of the Cashmere Market and the Decline of Large Mammals in Central Asia

As drivers of terrestrial ecosystems, humans have replaced large carnivores in most areas, and human influence not only exerts striking ecological pressures on biodiversity at local scales but also has indirect effects in distant corners of the world. We suggest that the multibillion dollar cashmere industry creates economic motivations that link western fashion preferences for cashmere to land use in Central Asia. This penchant for stylish clothing, in turn, encourages herders to increase livestock production which affects persistence of over 6 endangered large mammals in these remote, arid ecosystems. We hypothesized that global trade in cashmere has strong negative effects on native large mammals of deserts and grassland where cashmere‐producing goats are raised. We used time series data, ecological snapshots of the biomass of native and domestic ungulates, and ecologically and behaviorally based fieldwork to test our hypothesis. In Mongolia increases in domestic goat production were associated with a 3‐fold increase in local profits for herders coexisting with endangered saiga (Saiga tatarica).That increasing domestic grazing pressure carries fitness consequences was inferred on the basis of an approximately 4‐fold difference in juvenile recruitment among blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur)in trans‐Himalayan India. Across 7 study areas in Mongolia, India, and China's Tibetan Plateau, native ungulate biomass is now <5% that of domestic species. Such trends suggest ecosystem degradation and decreased capacity for the persistence of native species, including at least 8 Asian endemic species: saiga, chiru (Pantholops hodgsoni), Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus), snow leopard(Panthera uncia), khulan(Equus hemionus), kiang (E. kiang), takhi (E. przewalski), and wild yak (Bos mutus). Our results suggest striking yet indirect and unintended actions that link trophic‐level effects to markets induced by the trade for cashmere. Globalización del Mercado de Cachemira y la Declinación de Mamíferos Mayores en Asia Central     

The lichen-rich coastal heath vegetation on the isle of Anholt, Denmark — conservation and management

The high conservational value of the lichen-rich vegetation and landscape of the marine foreland Ørkenen on the isle of Anholt is treated from a Danish as well as a European perspective. The sensitivity of the lichen-rich vegetation to physical disturbance is emphasized. The impact of invasive species such asPinus mugo as well as the effect of atmospheric deposition of nutrients on the heaths at Anholt is described. Considerations related to the development of a management plan for Ørkenen are presented.     

Behavior and ecology of Old World Luperini beetles of the genusAulacophora (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Summary The attraction of Old World leaf beetles in the genusAulacophora to kairomones and parakairomones which are effective lures for New WorldDiabrotica andAcalymma were investigated. Beetles captured on sticky traps baited with single and multicomponent lures were no different from the control traps for two species ofAulacophora. Yellow colored traps and squash blossoms are attractive toAulacophora beetles which detect sub-microgram quantities of cucurbitacins on silica gel. Leaf feeding behavior and flight activity data are correlated with varietal preference of threeAulacophora species. The common response byDiabrotica andAulacophora to cucurbitacins reinforces the two groups' coevolutionary association with the Cucurbitaceae. The apparent lack of a common response toCucurbita blossom volatiles suggests recent evolutionary pathways are substantially different for these two groups of beetles.     

Use of stochastic patch occupancy models in the California red-legged frog for Bayesian inference regarding past events and future persistence

Assessing causes of population decline is critically important to management of threatened species. Stochastic patch occupancy models (SPOMs) are popular tools for examining spatial and temporal dynamics of populations when presence–absence data in multiple habitat patches are available. We developed a Bayesian Markov chain method that extends existing SPOMs by focusing on past environmental changes that may have altered occupancy patterns prior to the beginning of data collection. Using occupancy data from 3 creeks, we applied the method to assess 2 hypothesized causes of population decline—in situ die-off and residual impact of past source population loss—in the California red-legged frog. Despite having no data for the 20–30 years between the hypothetical event leading to population decline and the first data collected, we were able to discriminate among hypotheses, finding evidence that in situ die-off increased in 2 of the creeks. Although the creeks had comparable numbers of occupied segments, owing to different extinction–colonization dynamics, our model predicted an 8-fold difference in persistence probabilities of their populations to 2030. Adding a source population led to a greater predicted persistence probability than did decreasing the in situ die-off, emphasizing that reversing the deleterious impacts of a disturbance may not be the most efficient management strategy. We expect our method will be useful for studying dynamics and evaluating management strategies of many species.