外源钒胁迫下甜玉米植物可溶性蛋白含量的动态变化

采用盆栽试验,研究了不同浓度的钒(V)胁迫对甜玉米植株根、茎和叶蛋白含量的影响.结果表明,随着V胁迫浓度增加,玉米植株各器官蛋白含量呈现先上升后下降的变化趋势,当V浓度达200 mg·kg~(-1),根、茎和叶蛋白含量达最大,分别为63.63 mg·g~(-1)、42.74 mg·g~(-1)和120.08 mg·g~(-1),相比于对照增加52.1%、80.1%和165.7%(34 d),随着V浓度继续增加,植物中蛋白含量下降,但始终高于对照.当V浓度为500 mg·kg~(-1),根、茎和叶中蛋白含量分别降低为55.52 mg·g~(-1)、31.08 mg·g~(-1)和102.2 mg·g~(-1)(34 d).V胁迫时间不同,玉米植株各器官蛋白含量变化趋势不同,在相同V浓度胁迫下,随着胁迫时间的增加,叶蛋白含量先降低后增大,玉米茎蛋白含量变化不大,根蛋白含量则显著下降,当V浓度为500 mg·kg~(-1)时,玉米根蛋白含量分别为27.86 mg·g~(-1)(61 d)和20.63 mg·g~(-1)(91 d),比对照下降了31.4%和43.5%.在低浓度V和短时间胁迫下,玉米植物被诱导作出应激反应,使体内一些参与缓解氧化胁迫的酶活性上升,从而产生相关具有解毒作用的蛋白,使植物蛋白含量增加;当V浓度超过了植物耐受限度,打破了植物新陈代谢平衡,对细胞产生毒性,蛋白合成机制受到破坏,表现为随着V浓度和胁迫时间增加植物蛋白含量下降显著.     

复合污染下Cu、Cr、Ni和Cd在水稻植株中的富集特征

掌握水稻对污染土壤中重金属的吸收和富集特征,为科学认识水稻中重金属的残留问题、健康风险提供理论依据。采用田间试验,研究了4个不同处理量Cu、Cr、Ni、Cd复合污染下水稻的富集特征及其随生育期的变化规律。结果表明,重金属在水稻植株各部位中吸收富集系数的大小依次为：Cd〉Cu〉Ni〉Cr,根部重金属吸收富集系数是地上各部位的吸收富集系数的2~100倍。各重金属在水稻植株不同部位的积累分布明显不同,成熟期水稻植株中Cu在水稻不同部位的质量分数为根〉茎≥叶〉米粒〉谷壳,Ni的分布规律为根〉叶〉茎〉米粒〉谷壳,Cr的分布规律为根〉叶〉谷壳≥茎〉米粒,Cd的分布规律为根〉茎〉叶〉米粒〉谷壳;且随着重金属处理量的增加,水稻植株不同部位的重金属质量分数也呈上升趋势。成熟期米粒中Cu、Ni、Cr和Cd的质量分数范围分别为：4.50~6.19、1.86~4.63、0.72~0.76和0.08~0.39 mg·kg-1,与无公害食品标准（GB15199-94、GBT2762-2005）相比,米粒中Cu和Cr的质量分数均未超标,而Ni和Cd（Cd高剂量处理时）的质量分数均超标,存在食用安全风险。重金属在水稻植株不同部位的质量分数随生育期均呈现先升后降的趋势,灌浆中期达到最大,而到成熟期又明显降低。不同重金属在水稻植株中的富集能力和分布规律均呈现明显差异,不同生育期水稻植株中重金属的质量分数明显不同但其质量分数变化呈明显规律性。     

臭氧胁迫对大豆氮磷化学计量特征的影响

研究臭氧浓度升高对大豆(Glycine max)器官生态化学计量特征的影响,对预测未来生态过程和生物地球化学循环有重要作用。以大豆为试验材料,利用开顶室气室(OTCs)探讨臭氧胁迫对大豆不同器官氮磷化学计量特征的影响。试验设置3个处理:CK处理(对照,O3浓度为45 nmol·mol~(-1))、T1处理(O3浓度为(80±10) nmol·mol~(-1))、T2处理(O_3浓度为(110±10)nmol·mol~(-1))。结果表明,随着生育期的延长,大豆根系和茎秆N含量呈升高趋势,叶片N含量呈先升高后降低的趋势。与对照相比,臭氧浓度升高使根N含量在分枝期和结荚期显著升高(P0.05),开花期T1处理下显著降低7.13%(P0.05),T2处理下显著升高17.37%(P0.05);茎N含量均显著升高,叶片N含量在开花期显著升高,结荚期显著降低。臭氧浓度升高使大豆根、茎、叶P含量表现出不同程度的增加趋势,仅有根系P含量在开花期T1处理下显著降低15.96%(P0.05),叶片P含量分别在分枝期和结荚期T2处理下显著降低25.10%和11.37%(P0.05)。茎和根P含量间呈显著正相关(P0.05),根和茎中N和P含量之间呈显著正相关(P0.05);N含量和N/P在各器官中表现为叶根茎;P含量在各器官中无显著差异。各器官N含量变异系数表现为茎根叶;P含量在各器官中变异系数相似;N/P变异系数表现为叶根茎。随着臭氧浓度升高和生育期的延长,大豆各器官N/P均小于14,说明大豆生长主要受N素限制。     

北京市场大米和小麦面粉中砷的含量及其形态分析

以湖南省某污染区大米为对照,分析了北京市场大米、小麦面粉中总砷的含量水平和部分米中砷的形态.北京市场大米总砷的含量范围从未检出至0.218μg·g-1,算术平均值为0.097μg·g-1.湖南省某污染区大米总砷的含量范围为0.157-2.885μg·g-1,算术平均值为0.415μg·g-1,4例湖南省某污染区大米以无机砷为主,平均含量为0.341μg·g-1.北京市场面粉总砷的含量范围从未检出至0.057μg·g-1,算术平均值为0.006μg·g-1.有17例面粉样品未检出砷,占总样品的45%.与《食品中砷限量指标》(GB2762-2005)的限量值(大米无机砷0.15μg·g-1,面粉无机砷0.1μg·g-1)相比,北京市场的大米和面粉均未超标.湖南省某污染区4例大米无机砷含量全部超过限量标准,为标准的1.2-4.8倍.以WHO最大日允许无机砷摄入量2.1μg·kg-1 bw·d-1为参照标准,普通成人每日通过北京市场大米和面粉摄入的无机砷相当于WHO最大日允许摄入无机砷量(MTDI)的13%和0.5%,通过湖南省某污染区大米摄入的无机砷则相当于MTDI的57%.     

不同浓度胺鲜酯对籽粒苋富集重金属镉锌的影响

植物生长调节剂具有提高植物富集土壤重金属的能力,从而提高植物修复污染农田土壤的效率。采用盆栽方式,比较叶面喷施不同质量浓度(0、5、10、15 mg·L~(-1))胺鲜酯(DA-6)对籽粒苋(Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.)生长、富集镉(Cd)和锌(Zn)及土壤有效态Cd和Zn的影响。结果表明,10 mg·L~(-1)处理显著提高籽粒苋植株的生物量;DA-6对籽粒苋根系分布层土壤和根际土pH无显著影响,但能显著提高籽粒苋根际土有效态Cd和Zn含量;DA-6处理的籽粒苋叶、茎和根中Cd含量均呈增加趋势,但仅15 mg·L~(-1)处理能显著提高籽粒苋叶、茎中Cd含量,DA-6处理对籽粒苋根中Cd含量无显著影响;DA-6对籽粒苋叶、茎、根中Zn含量均无显著影响;10 mg·L~(-1)处理能显著强化籽粒苋叶、茎对Cd和Zn的累积量,DA-6处理对籽粒苋根中Cd和Zn的累积量无显著影响;DA-6处理籽粒苋后,除籽粒苋叶中5 mg·L~(-1)处理和10 mg·L~(-1)处理的Zn富集系数显著低于对照外,其它处理的籽粒苋叶、茎、根中Cd和Zn富集系数及运转系数均无显著差异。因此,叶面喷施10 mg·L~(-1)DA-6能显著强化籽粒苋地上部对Cd、Zn的累积量,但DA-6处理对Cd和Zn的富集和运转并无显著促进作用。     

湘西地区土壤-牧草-山羊钙镁含量的季节性动态特征研究

研究采用食管瘘、体外消化实验,于2006年4月、8月和11月分别测定湘西地区土壤、牧草和养殖于湖南省湘西地区湖南群博公司的200只波尔山羊（boergoat）血液钙镁含量,以期揭示湘西地区不同季节钙镁在土壤-牧草-山羊体内含量及动态变化。结果表明：（1）土壤全镁、全钙在11月份最低,分别为197.21±3.14μg·g-1和3607.8±39.41μg·g-1;（2）牧草中钙含量在8月份最高,为8927.5±127.21μg·g-1;牧草三季节镁含量差异不显著;（3）山羊体内钙在4月份和11月份出现负沉积,分别为-6.03±3.17g·d-1,-7.08±3.35g·d-1;4月份,8月份山羊血浆镁含量分别为8.83±0.45μg·g-1和8.56±1.07μg·g-1,低于动物低镁血症最低限27.1μg·g-1。     

镉锌联合诱导金属硫蛋白在鲫鱼肝脏和肾脏中的表达

以鲫鱼Carassius auratus为试验材料,研究了在一定环境条件下重金属镉(Cd)锌(Zn)联合胁迫对鲫鱼肝脏和肾脏组织中金属硫蛋白(MT)质量分数的影响.结果表明,Cd2+与Zn2+联合胁迫下,鲫鱼的肝脏和肾脏组织中MT质量分数的总体变化趋势较为一致,都是呈先升高后降低再升高,MT的质量分数在12 h时达到峰值,肝脏MT质量分数达(4.84±0.28)(10.63±0.72)μg·g-1,肾脏MT质量分数达(6.34±0.39)(12.99±0.52)μg·g-1.从诱导的数量来看,Cd2+与Zn2+联合胁迫下肝脏和肾脏中MT质量分数均高于单独Cd2+试验组中的结果,这表明Zn2+的存在可以增强Cd2+诱导鲫鱼组织中MT合成的能力;肝脏在试验后的12 h内的增加速率最大为0.16～0.64μg·g-1·h-1,肾脏在试验后的6 h内的增加速率最大为0.41～1.70 μg·g-1·h-1,表明水体中的Cd2+与Zn2+联合可诱导鲫鱼组织中MT的合成与表达,且诱导时间主要在12 h之内.     

黔中喀斯特10种优势树种根茎叶化学计量特征及其关联性

以黔中喀斯特地区10种优势树种为研究对象,对其根、茎、叶中的碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)化学计量特征及其器官性状之间的关联进行了分析,旨在探明喀斯特地区主要优势树种养分利用特征及其对贫瘠环境的适应能力。主要结果如下:研究区植物叶片的N/P平均值为(9.75±0.55),主要受N的限制,但固氮植物桤木和马桑因其自身具有较强的固氮能力,未因贫瘠环境中N的缺乏而受到N的制约,叶片N/P(13.76)比值接近于14。C含量、C/N、C/P在各生长型间表现为:常绿树种落叶树种,针叶树种阔叶树种,非固氮固氮植物;N、P含量则为:常绿树种落叶树种,针叶树种阔叶树种,非固氮固氮植物。各器官的养分分配方式:全C含量为叶(438.93 mg·g~(-1))茎(393.83 mg·g~(-1))根(355.95 mg·g~(-1));全N含量为叶(16.26 mg·g~(-1))根(5.1 mg·g~(-1))茎(3.73 mg·g~(-1));全P含量为叶(1.73 mg·g~(-1))根(0.52 mg·g~(-1))茎(0.29 mg·g~(-1))。植物各器官N与P均呈显著正相关关系(P0.05),体现了植物吸收N、P养分元素的协同性。植物叶与根,茎与根以及茎与叶的相同元素之间均呈正相关关系(P0.05),说明环境供应植物体各器官的养分元素具有共变性。叶、根、茎中C与C/N、C/P均呈显著正相关,说明N、P对植物的生长及有机物的积累有着极其重要的作用。     

广西阳朔铅锌矿周边土壤和白菜汞含量及污染评价

阳朔铅锌矿是广西境内一个较大型的铅锌老矿山。对阳朔铅锌周边耕作区、居民区土壤和白菜(Brassica rapa L.Chinensis Group)汞含量分布及污染进行调查和研究,可以为汞污染防治与修复提供科学依据。在铅锌矿下游耕作区、对照耕作区分别采集土壤样各66、38个,白菜样各35、20个;居民区采集土壤样17个。全部土壤和白菜样品采用MDS-2003F型压力自控密闭微波溶样系统进行消解,并用原子荧光测汞仪进行分析测定。结果表明,阳朔铅锌矿下游耕作区土壤汞质量分数为(0.567 4±0.268 3)mg·kg-1,对照耕作区土壤汞质量分数为(0.147 1±0.039 5)mg·kg-1,居民区土壤汞质量分数为(0.188 0±0.097 2)mg·kg-1,分别为中国一些地区土壤汞的自然含量(0.071 mg·kg-1)的7.99、2.07、2.65倍。在铅锌矿下游耕作区土壤汞含量随着远离矿区方向依次降低。阳朔铅锌矿下游耕作区白菜根汞平均质量分数为27 600 ng·kg-1,茎汞平均质量分数为7 100 ng·kg-1,叶汞平均质量分数为19 300 ng·kg-1;对照耕作区白菜根汞平均质量分数为12 500 ng·kg-1,茎汞平均质量分数为4 800 ng·kg-1,叶汞平均质量分数为10 000 ng·kg-1,白菜汞含量分布特征与土壤汞含量分布相似。白菜植株各部位汞含量与土壤有效态(水溶态、交换态)汞含量显著相关,且根汞与之相关性最为显著,白菜植株不同部位汞含量表现为:根叶茎,上述特点表明土壤汞是白菜汞的主要来源。所采土样中有61.2%的土壤样汞含量超过了中国《土壤环境质量标准(GB 15618─2008)》二级标准的最低限值(0.2 mg·kg-1)。铅锌矿下游耕作区土壤汞污染最为严重,中等-严重污染以上占53.0%,中等污染占36.4%;居民区次之,中等污染占35.3%;对照耕作区污染最轻,均在中等污染以下。阳朔铅锌矿耕作区白菜植株各部位汞平均含量均未超过国家相关标准,这表明尽管耕作区土壤总汞严重超标,但由于土壤中有效态汞并不高,土壤汞污染并未对白菜汞含量造成显著影响。     

珠江入海口海产品中总汞与甲基汞含量特征及食用风险

为了解珠江入海口不同种类海产品中汞和甲基汞的分布特征,并评估此区域内海产品的食用人群的暴露风险,于2015年春季在珠江入海口海域捕捞11种不同种类的海产品,利用直接燃烧-原子吸收法和KOH/H2O消解-气相色谱(GC)-冷原子荧光(CVAFS)法分别分析其肌肉中总汞(THg)和甲基汞(Me Hg)含量。结果表明,THg质量分数范围为27.1~231.4μg·kg-1(干质量,下同),Me Hg质量分数范围为21.7~197.0μg·kg-1(干质量,下同),不同种类的海产品THg和Me Hg质量分数均值排序为:鱼类(152±75.1μg·kg-1,127±58.0μg·kg-1)甲壳类(87.7±44.2μg·kg-1,63.4±34.1μg·kg-1)贝类(29.7±7.2μg·kg-1,24.3±3.2μg·kg-1),处于食物链不同营养层级解释了这种含量差异。与国内其它地区海产品相比,珠江入海口鱼类THg和Me Hg明显高于其它地区野生捕捞或市售鱼,贝类THg和Me Hg含量与其它地区相差较大,而甲壳类相差甚微。海产品中汞绝大多数以Me Hg形式存在,Me Hg占THg的比例范围为70.2%~92.9%。同种类不同生物体内Me Hg和THg的含量与其捕食水层有关,以中下层或底层生物为食的鱼类体内Me Hg和THg含量明显高于以中上层生物为食的枪乌贼(Loligo chinensis)。所有海产品中Me Hg含量均低于国内外相关标准限值。通过对人群食用暴露风险评估表明,人群食用该区域内海产品Me Hg最大摄入量为0.20μg·g-1·d-1远低于美国EPA颁布的Me Hg摄入量参考限值(1.1μg·g-1·d-1)和WHO/FAO制定的临时性周可承受摄入量(0.23μg·g-1·d-1),食用人群的暴露风险在安全范围内。     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.     

Effects of Coffee Management on Deforestation Rates and Forest Integrity

Knowledge about how forest margins are utilized can be crucial for a general understanding of changes in forest cover, forest structure, and biodiversity across landscapes. We studied forest‐agriculture transitions in southwestern Ethiopia and hypothesized that the presence of coffee (Coffea arabica)decreases deforestation rates because of coffee's importance to local economies and its widespread occurrence in forests and forest margins. Using satellite images and elevation data, we compared changes in forest cover over 37 years (1973–2010) across elevations in 2 forest‐agriculture mosaic landscapes (1100 km² around Bonga and 3000 km² in Goma‐Gera). In the field in the Bonga area, we determined coffee cover and forest structure in 40 forest margins that differed in time since deforestation. Both the absolute and relative deforestation rates were lower at coffee‐growing elevations compared with at higher elevations (?10/20% vs. ?40/50% comparing relative rates at 1800 m asl and 2300–2500 m asl, respectively). Within the coffee‐growing elevation, the proportion of sites with high coffee cover (>20%) was significantly higher in stable margins (42% of sites that had been in the same location for the entire period) than in recently changed margins (0% of sites where expansion of annual crops had changed the margin). Disturbance level and forest structure did not differ between sites with 30% or 3% coffee. However, a growing body of literature on gradients of coffee management in Ethiopia reports coffee's negative effects on abundances of forest‐specialist species. Even if the presence of coffee slows down the conversion of forest to annual‐crop agriculture, there is a risk that an intensification of coffee management will still threaten forest biodiversity, including the genetic diversity of wild coffee. Conservation policy for Ethiopian forests thus needs to develop strategies that acknowledge that forests without coffee production may have higher deforestation risks than forests with coffee production and that forests with coffee production often have lower biodiversity value. Efectos de la Administración Cafetalera sobre las Tasas de Deforestación y la Integridad de los Bosques     

Globalization of the Cashmere Market and the Decline of Large Mammals in Central Asia

As drivers of terrestrial ecosystems, humans have replaced large carnivores in most areas, and human influence not only exerts striking ecological pressures on biodiversity at local scales but also has indirect effects in distant corners of the world. We suggest that the multibillion dollar cashmere industry creates economic motivations that link western fashion preferences for cashmere to land use in Central Asia. This penchant for stylish clothing, in turn, encourages herders to increase livestock production which affects persistence of over 6 endangered large mammals in these remote, arid ecosystems. We hypothesized that global trade in cashmere has strong negative effects on native large mammals of deserts and grassland where cashmere‐producing goats are raised. We used time series data, ecological snapshots of the biomass of native and domestic ungulates, and ecologically and behaviorally based fieldwork to test our hypothesis. In Mongolia increases in domestic goat production were associated with a 3‐fold increase in local profits for herders coexisting with endangered saiga (Saiga tatarica).That increasing domestic grazing pressure carries fitness consequences was inferred on the basis of an approximately 4‐fold difference in juvenile recruitment among blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur)in trans‐Himalayan India. Across 7 study areas in Mongolia, India, and China's Tibetan Plateau, native ungulate biomass is now <5% that of domestic species. Such trends suggest ecosystem degradation and decreased capacity for the persistence of native species, including at least 8 Asian endemic species: saiga, chiru (Pantholops hodgsoni), Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus), snow leopard(Panthera uncia), khulan(Equus hemionus), kiang (E. kiang), takhi (E. przewalski), and wild yak (Bos mutus). Our results suggest striking yet indirect and unintended actions that link trophic‐level effects to markets induced by the trade for cashmere. Globalización del Mercado de Cachemira y la Declinación de Mamíferos Mayores en Asia Central     

The lichen-rich coastal heath vegetation on the isle of Anholt, Denmark — conservation and management

The high conservational value of the lichen-rich vegetation and landscape of the marine foreland Ørkenen on the isle of Anholt is treated from a Danish as well as a European perspective. The sensitivity of the lichen-rich vegetation to physical disturbance is emphasized. The impact of invasive species such asPinus mugo as well as the effect of atmospheric deposition of nutrients on the heaths at Anholt is described. Considerations related to the development of a management plan for Ørkenen are presented.     

Behavior and ecology of Old World Luperini beetles of the genusAulacophora (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Summary The attraction of Old World leaf beetles in the genusAulacophora to kairomones and parakairomones which are effective lures for New WorldDiabrotica andAcalymma were investigated. Beetles captured on sticky traps baited with single and multicomponent lures were no different from the control traps for two species ofAulacophora. Yellow colored traps and squash blossoms are attractive toAulacophora beetles which detect sub-microgram quantities of cucurbitacins on silica gel. Leaf feeding behavior and flight activity data are correlated with varietal preference of threeAulacophora species. The common response byDiabrotica andAulacophora to cucurbitacins reinforces the two groups' coevolutionary association with the Cucurbitaceae. The apparent lack of a common response toCucurbita blossom volatiles suggests recent evolutionary pathways are substantially different for these two groups of beetles.     

Importance of greater interdisciplinarity and geographic scope when tackling the driving forces behind biological invasions

Invasive non-native species are important drivers of ecosystem change, yet the driving forces of biological invasions themselves are poorly understood. Such information is essential to ensure policies focus on the most relevant drivers, and that future scenarios capture the full range of potential outcomes for invasive non-native species. I carried out a bibliometric analysis of articles published from 2000 to 2020 that address either invasive non-native species or biodiversity and ecosystem services and that also mention 1 or more drivers of ecosystem change. I examined 5 indirect drivers (demographic, economic, governance, sociocultural, and technological) and 6 direct drivers (climate change, invasive non-native species, land-use or sea-use change, natural hazards, pollution, and resource extraction). Using the Web of Science core collection of citation indexes, I undertook searches of article titles and keywords and retrieved 27,462 articles addressing invasive non-native species and 110,087 articles dealing with biodiversity or ecosystem services. Most research to date on biological invasions as well as on biodiversity and ecosystem services has focused on anthropogenic direct drivers of ecosystem change rather than indirect drivers. Yet currently, less than 18% of articles addressing biological invasions examined drivers of ecosystem change, a similar level to that found over 20 years ago for biodiversity or ecosystem services. Knowledge of the drivers of biological invasions is limited, emphasizes tractable drivers over those that require an interdisciplinary approach, and is biased toward developed economies. Drivers generally deemed important for biological invasions, such as governance and resource extraction, accounted for less than 2% of research effort. The absence of a systematic understanding of the forces that drive invasive non-native species and how they interact means that attempts to mitigate or forecast biological invasions are likely to fail. To address biological invasions requires a much better orientation of national and international research on drivers in relation to both their actual importance as well as their policy relevance.