滹沱河流域地下水水化学特征演化及成因分析

为研究滹沱河流域地下水的水化学特征及其演化规律,2018年1月(枯水期)和9月(丰水期)分别采集该地区地下水样品33组,运用Piper三线图、Gibbs图以及离子比例系数法,全面分析了研究区地下水的时空动态变化、水化学特征及其演化过程.结果 表明,研究区地下水主要的污染因子是TH和NO3-,其超标率高达69.7％和36.4％,水化学指标的空间变化主要受到人类活动、地下水埋深和地层岩性的控制,其浓度表现为岗南水库-黄壁庄水库间沟谷地带大于冲洪积扇地区;水化学指标的时间变化主要受到季风气候(降雨)的影响,水化学参数的浓度表现为枯水期要高于丰水期.岗南水库-黄壁庄水库间沟谷地带水化学类型以HCO3·SO4-Ca型水和HCO3·Cl-Ca型水为主,滹沱河冲洪积扇地下水水化学类型以HCO3·SO4-Ca(Mg)型为主.该地区地下水水化学形成主要以岩土风化-溶滤作用为主,同时受蒸发浓缩作用的影响.地下水中的化学组分主要来源于岩盐溶解和大气降水,同时,离子交换作用也有一定的贡献.     

偃师市浅层地下水流动系统水化学特征

在水文地质调查和样品分析的基础上,应用水化学统计、离子相关性分析等方法对偃师市浅层地下水流动系统特征和水化学特征进行分析.研究表明:偃师市地下水化学特征具有明显的水平分带性,在沿着补给—径流—排泄的方向上,地下水化学类型由SO4·Cl-Na型水向HCO3-Ca·Mg、HCO3·SO4-Ca·Mg型水演化.总体上研究区地下水中TDS不高,均值为515.29 mg/L,与Mg2+、Ca2+、SO42-、Cl-质量浓度的分布规律具有明显的正相关性,主要表现为平原地区浓度高于南北两侧的丘陵山地.图3,表1,参15.     

滇东高原牛栏江流域岩溶区地下水化学特征及成因分析

以滇东高原牛栏江流域岩溶区为例,利用水化学数据,探讨区内地下水化学特征及其成因.对研究区24组水样的水化学特征进行分析,结果表明,研究区水化学类型主要是以HCO3-Ca·Mg型和HCO3-Mg·Ca为主,HCO3-和Ca2+是区内主要阴阳离子,反映了水化学特征主要受碳酸盐岩溶解影响.δD与δ18O的关系显示,研究区内地下水主要受大气降水补给.地下水化学演化过程受地层岩性影响显著,岩石风化使东、西两区的地下水水化学特征有较大差异.Mg2+、Ca2+、HCO3-、SO42-和Cl-主要受岩石风化、大气降雨等自然条件控制,受到人类活动影响较小,Na++K+则是主要受农业活动等人类活动的影响.本研究对牛栏江-滇池补水工程区的水化学特征、水质保护和滇池生态恢复具有重要意义.     

太湖北部流域水化学特征及其控制因素

为了解太湖北部流域主要河网区水质受该流域地质状况、岩石和土壤的化学风化作用以及人类活动的影响等方面,对太湖北部流域河网区主要河道水体中的主要离子进行了采样研究。结果表明:太湖北部流域水体中的TDS平均值为355.74mg·L-1,变化范围为276.08～681.54mg·L-1,其中Ca2+和HCO3-是占绝对优势的离子,分别占阳离子和阴离子总量的46.2%和48.9%;其次是Na+和SO42-,分别占阳离子和阴离子总量的35.9%和27.5%。进而判断出该流域水化学类型是以碳酸盐岩石和蒸发岩来源为主的HCO3--Ca2+-Na+型。再从离子的自然起源和人类活动角度分别对水化学类型的控制因素进行分析,一方面利用吉布斯分布模式投点作图得出结论:其离子自然起源的优势机制是岩石的风化作用,而蒸发-结晶和大气降水的输入作用十分微弱,这与该流域的水文、地理、地质背景相一致;另一方面通过SPSS软件的相关关系分析得出结论:NO3-、SO42-、K+、Ca2+和Mg2+的相关性较强,与Cl-也呈正相关,说明水体中这些主要离子都具有共同的来源,其中NO3-的较高含量(平均值为14.74mg·L-1)反映了该流域受人类影响较大。尤其是NO3-与SO42-的相关性达到0.83,再次说明氮污染对该流域水体的酸化和水质变化有较大影响。     

太湖北部流域水化学特征及其控制因素

为了解太湖北部流域主要河网区水质受该流域地质状况、岩石和土壤的化学风化作用以及人类活动的影响等方面,对太湖北部流域河网区主要河道水体中的主要离子进行了采样研究。结果表明：太湖北部流域水体中的TDS平均值为355．74mg·L-1,变化范围为276．08--681．54mg·L-1,其中ca2＋和HCO3-是占绝对优势的离子,分别占阳离子和阴离子总量的46．2％和48．9％;其次是Na＋和SO42-,分别占阳离子和阴离子总量的35．9％和27．5％。进而判断出该流域水化学类型是以碳酸盐岩石和蒸发岩来源为主的HCO3-Ca2＋-Na＋型。再从离子的自然起源和人类活动角度分别对水化学类型的控制因素进行分析,一方面利用吉布斯分布模式投点作图得出结论：其离子自然起源的优势机制是岩石的风化作用,而蒸发一结晶和大气降水的输入作用十分微弱,这与该流域的水文、地理、地质背景相一致;另一方面通过SPSS软件的相关关系分析得出结论：NO3-、SO42-、心、ca2＋和Mg2＋的相关性较强,与cl‘也呈正相关,说明水体中这些主要离子都具有共同的来源,其中NO3-的较高含量（平均值为14．74mg·L-1）反映了该流域受人类影响较大。尤其是NO3-与sO42-的相关性达到0．83,再次说明氮污染对该流域水体的酸化和水质变化有较大影响。     

"珠三角"地区城市化对地下水水质影响案例研究

以珠海市东部沿海地区为例,探讨城市化地区地下水化学特征及污染状况的关系.结果表明土地利用类型与地下水水质变化密切相关.香洲区地下水化学组分差异较大,电导率范围为49.4~971 μS/cm.大部分地下水呈弱酸性,林地及果园用地地下水电导率较低,水化学类型多属于Na-HCO3型;老城区及新住宅区地下水类型多属于Ca-Mg-HCO3类型,电导率较高,受NO3-及Cl-污染较为严重.新住宅区地下水NO3-污染状况较老城区更为严重可能与旧村改造及市政排水设施不完善有关.除少数采样点外,地下水化学类型受季节变化影响不大.人为污染与自然风化过程是影响地下水化学类型的重要因素.     

泰莱盆地地下水化学特征及其控制因素

为了对泰莱盆地的地下水资源进行合理开发利用,通过现场调查以及测定盆地各类型地下水的水化学成份,初步研究了该区域的地下水化学类型分布特征及其控制因素.结果表明,泰莱盆地各地下水中阳离子以Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)为主,阴离子以HCO_3~-和SO_4~(2-)为主,主要水化学类型有HCO_3-Ca型、HCO_3·SO_4-Ca型、HCO_3-Ca·Mg型、HCO_3·SO_4-Ca·Mg型和SO_4-Ca·Mg型,部分地区NO-3较高.研究区地下水中,离子基本以牟汶河为中轴线,由盆地边缘基岩出露区向盆地内部,呈逐渐上升趋势.盆地内地下水中,离子含量主要受水—岩作用的影响,其主要来源是区域内方解石、白云石等碳酸盐岩和石膏等硫酸盐岩的共同溶解.     

某铀尾矿库周边地下水的水化学特征分析

选取某铀尾矿周边地下水作为研究对象,对比分析地下水与排放水在主要水化学成分、水化学参数、水化学类型及放射性元素铀和微量元素氟含量上的差异,探明铀尾矿库对其周边地下水的影响程度.分析结果表明:地下水主要水化学成分为HCO-3和Na+,水化学类型以HCO3·Cl-Ca·Na为主,排放水主要水化学成分为SO2-4和Ca2+,水化学类型以SO4-Ca为主.说明在主要水化学成分、水化学参数、水化学类型上,可能尾矿库对地下水的影响不大;地下水中铀和氟含量分别超过美国EPA标准和我国《地下水质量标准》,超标率分别为100%和85.7%.可能是受矿山开釆产生的废石和铀尾矿库堆积的矿砂及p H的影响,说明尾矿库对地下水铀、氟含量的增加有一定影响.     

济源盆地地表水和地下水的水化学及氢、氧同位素特征

运用氢氧同位素和水化学成分作为水循环过程的示踪剂,研究济源盆地地表水和地下水之间的转化关系.通过现场调查,系统地采集了该区浅层、中深层地下水和河水样品,并在实验室进行了水化学成分(K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Cl-、SO2-4、HCO-3)和氢氧稳定同位素组分(D、18O)测定.基于水化学和同位素测定结果,揭示盆地地表水和地下水循环特征.水化学分析结果显示,济源盆地水体的水化学类型主要为HCO3-SO4-Ca-Mg,属于低矿化度水,浅层地下水和河水联系紧密,不同水体水化学成分主要受到岩石风化作用的影响.氢氧稳定同位素研究表明,大气降水是盆地不同水体的主要补给源,地下水在接受降水的补给后经过了不同程度的蒸发作用,中深层地下水受蒸发影响较小,浅层地下水和河水受蒸发影响较大.浅层地下水和河水的主要补给方式是地表大气降水的垂直渗入补给,中深层地下水接受北部太行山区的径流补给,补给高程为620—1185 m.     

重庆市万州区浅层地下水化学特征及控制因素

浅层地下水作为重庆市万州区居民生活用水和工农业生产用水的主要来源，是推动该区社会经济可持续发展和维持区域生态环境稳定的重要保障.为研究重庆市万州区浅层地下水化学特征及控制因素，于2021年10月采集浅层地下水样品56组.综合运用数理统计、Piper三线图、Gibbs图、离子比例关系、Pearson相关性分析、因子分析和水文地球化学模拟等方法，对万州区浅层地下水化学特征、离子来源和控制因素进行分析.结果表明，研究区浅层地下水以淡软水为主，且呈弱碱性，阴阳离子以HCO₃^-、Ca²⁺为主，浅层地下水类型以HCO₃-Ca为主；由研究区中部至边缘地区，阴离子类型由HCO₃型向HCO₃·SO₄、HCO₃·Cl·SO₄和Cl·SO₄型演变，阳离子类型由Ca型向Ca·Mg、Na·Ca和Na·Ca·Mg型演变；浅层地下水离子主要来源于碳酸盐岩、硅酸盐岩和岩盐溶滤；浅层地下水化学组分受岩石...     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.     

Effects of Coffee Management on Deforestation Rates and Forest Integrity

Knowledge about how forest margins are utilized can be crucial for a general understanding of changes in forest cover, forest structure, and biodiversity across landscapes. We studied forest‐agriculture transitions in southwestern Ethiopia and hypothesized that the presence of coffee (Coffea arabica)decreases deforestation rates because of coffee's importance to local economies and its widespread occurrence in forests and forest margins. Using satellite images and elevation data, we compared changes in forest cover over 37 years (1973–2010) across elevations in 2 forest‐agriculture mosaic landscapes (1100 km² around Bonga and 3000 km² in Goma‐Gera). In the field in the Bonga area, we determined coffee cover and forest structure in 40 forest margins that differed in time since deforestation. Both the absolute and relative deforestation rates were lower at coffee‐growing elevations compared with at higher elevations (?10/20% vs. ?40/50% comparing relative rates at 1800 m asl and 2300–2500 m asl, respectively). Within the coffee‐growing elevation, the proportion of sites with high coffee cover (>20%) was significantly higher in stable margins (42% of sites that had been in the same location for the entire period) than in recently changed margins (0% of sites where expansion of annual crops had changed the margin). Disturbance level and forest structure did not differ between sites with 30% or 3% coffee. However, a growing body of literature on gradients of coffee management in Ethiopia reports coffee's negative effects on abundances of forest‐specialist species. Even if the presence of coffee slows down the conversion of forest to annual‐crop agriculture, there is a risk that an intensification of coffee management will still threaten forest biodiversity, including the genetic diversity of wild coffee. Conservation policy for Ethiopian forests thus needs to develop strategies that acknowledge that forests without coffee production may have higher deforestation risks than forests with coffee production and that forests with coffee production often have lower biodiversity value. Efectos de la Administración Cafetalera sobre las Tasas de Deforestación y la Integridad de los Bosques     

Globalization of the Cashmere Market and the Decline of Large Mammals in Central Asia

As drivers of terrestrial ecosystems, humans have replaced large carnivores in most areas, and human influence not only exerts striking ecological pressures on biodiversity at local scales but also has indirect effects in distant corners of the world. We suggest that the multibillion dollar cashmere industry creates economic motivations that link western fashion preferences for cashmere to land use in Central Asia. This penchant for stylish clothing, in turn, encourages herders to increase livestock production which affects persistence of over 6 endangered large mammals in these remote, arid ecosystems. We hypothesized that global trade in cashmere has strong negative effects on native large mammals of deserts and grassland where cashmere‐producing goats are raised. We used time series data, ecological snapshots of the biomass of native and domestic ungulates, and ecologically and behaviorally based fieldwork to test our hypothesis. In Mongolia increases in domestic goat production were associated with a 3‐fold increase in local profits for herders coexisting with endangered saiga (Saiga tatarica).That increasing domestic grazing pressure carries fitness consequences was inferred on the basis of an approximately 4‐fold difference in juvenile recruitment among blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur)in trans‐Himalayan India. Across 7 study areas in Mongolia, India, and China's Tibetan Plateau, native ungulate biomass is now <5% that of domestic species. Such trends suggest ecosystem degradation and decreased capacity for the persistence of native species, including at least 8 Asian endemic species: saiga, chiru (Pantholops hodgsoni), Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus), snow leopard(Panthera uncia), khulan(Equus hemionus), kiang (E. kiang), takhi (E. przewalski), and wild yak (Bos mutus). Our results suggest striking yet indirect and unintended actions that link trophic‐level effects to markets induced by the trade for cashmere. Globalización del Mercado de Cachemira y la Declinación de Mamíferos Mayores en Asia Central     

The lichen-rich coastal heath vegetation on the isle of Anholt, Denmark — conservation and management

The high conservational value of the lichen-rich vegetation and landscape of the marine foreland Ørkenen on the isle of Anholt is treated from a Danish as well as a European perspective. The sensitivity of the lichen-rich vegetation to physical disturbance is emphasized. The impact of invasive species such asPinus mugo as well as the effect of atmospheric deposition of nutrients on the heaths at Anholt is described. Considerations related to the development of a management plan for Ørkenen are presented.     

Behavior and ecology of Old World Luperini beetles of the genusAulacophora (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Summary The attraction of Old World leaf beetles in the genusAulacophora to kairomones and parakairomones which are effective lures for New WorldDiabrotica andAcalymma were investigated. Beetles captured on sticky traps baited with single and multicomponent lures were no different from the control traps for two species ofAulacophora. Yellow colored traps and squash blossoms are attractive toAulacophora beetles which detect sub-microgram quantities of cucurbitacins on silica gel. Leaf feeding behavior and flight activity data are correlated with varietal preference of threeAulacophora species. The common response byDiabrotica andAulacophora to cucurbitacins reinforces the two groups' coevolutionary association with the Cucurbitaceae. The apparent lack of a common response toCucurbita blossom volatiles suggests recent evolutionary pathways are substantially different for these two groups of beetles.     

Importance of greater interdisciplinarity and geographic scope when tackling the driving forces behind biological invasions

Invasive non-native species are important drivers of ecosystem change, yet the driving forces of biological invasions themselves are poorly understood. Such information is essential to ensure policies focus on the most relevant drivers, and that future scenarios capture the full range of potential outcomes for invasive non-native species. I carried out a bibliometric analysis of articles published from 2000 to 2020 that address either invasive non-native species or biodiversity and ecosystem services and that also mention 1 or more drivers of ecosystem change. I examined 5 indirect drivers (demographic, economic, governance, sociocultural, and technological) and 6 direct drivers (climate change, invasive non-native species, land-use or sea-use change, natural hazards, pollution, and resource extraction). Using the Web of Science core collection of citation indexes, I undertook searches of article titles and keywords and retrieved 27,462 articles addressing invasive non-native species and 110,087 articles dealing with biodiversity or ecosystem services. Most research to date on biological invasions as well as on biodiversity and ecosystem services has focused on anthropogenic direct drivers of ecosystem change rather than indirect drivers. Yet currently, less than 18% of articles addressing biological invasions examined drivers of ecosystem change, a similar level to that found over 20 years ago for biodiversity or ecosystem services. Knowledge of the drivers of biological invasions is limited, emphasizes tractable drivers over those that require an interdisciplinary approach, and is biased toward developed economies. Drivers generally deemed important for biological invasions, such as governance and resource extraction, accounted for less than 2% of research effort. The absence of a systematic understanding of the forces that drive invasive non-native species and how they interact means that attempts to mitigate or forecast biological invasions are likely to fail. To address biological invasions requires a much better orientation of national and international research on drivers in relation to both their actual importance as well as their policy relevance.