铊在水-沉积物界面过程的研究进展

铊(Tl)是世界上公认的13种优先控制的金属污染物之一.金属冶炼以及煤炭燃烧等工业活动是Tl污染物进入环境介质的主要原因.本文分别介绍了Tl在水环境中的分布特征和赋存形态,及矿(岩)石、天然有机物、水生生物对Tl的赋存形态和归趋的影响,分析了当前Tl污染界面化学研究的重点和难点,为今后研究Tl的水-沉积物界面过程提供参考.     

铊在土壤-植物系统中的迁移积累

铊(Tl)是分散、稀有重金属,是典型的毒害元素.由于含Tl资源的开发及利用过程中向环境排放大量的Tl,造成了严重的区域性Tl污染,土壤中的Tl可被植物(尤其是粮食作物)富集,并可通过食物链进入人体发生累积,对人类造成重大危害.本文对土壤-植物系统的Tl污染和作物富集的研究现状进行了综述,重点阐述了土壤中Tl污染的形态、分布状况,不同植物对土壤中Tl的富集特点和规律,Tl(超)富集植物累积机制及植物Tl中毒机制,为Tl污染土壤的治理和预防提供了依据.     

铊的环境地球化学研究进展

铊（Tl）作为一种高毒害性的元素越来越受到人们的关注。大量含Tl矿物的开采和冶炼、化石燃料的燃烧等人类活动,导致Tl及其化合物进入环境,进而通过食物链进入生物体,从而对动植物特别是人类健康造成严重的危害。文章对铊在各环境介质中的存在、迁移、转化,以及Tl的生物效应研究进展进行了概述。Tl在岩石中的平均质量分数为0.5~10 mg.kg-1,在大气中的平均质量浓度为0.22~1.0 ng.m-3,在天然水体中的平均质量浓度为0.001~1.264μg.L-1,在土壤中的平均质量分数为0.01~3.0 mg.kg-1,在植物中的平均质量分数为0.02~0.25 mg.kg-1。大气中的铊可随大气迁移,导致全球Tl污染;土壤中Tl的迁移主要受pH影响,pH越小其迁移能力越强,而水中溶解态的铊迁移能力最强。植物对Tl具有较强的富集能力,而动物实验则表明Tl具有一定的致畸性,可能存在一定的致癌性,并且职业暴露是人体Tl中毒的主要原因。尽管有关有Tl的地球化学以及生态毒理学方面的研究取得了一定的进展,但有关Tl在环境介质之间的界面化学机理、Tl在分子水平上吸附机理、不同形态的Tl在生物体中的致毒代谢机理以及铊的同位素在环境介质中的变化等方面仍有待于进一步的研究。     

含铊硫铁矿生产硫酸过程中铊的排放特性

通过焙烧实验探讨了含铊硫铁矿生产硫酸过程中铊的排放特性.结果表明,硫铁矿焙烧过程中,铊排放与焙烧温度、停留时间、焙烧气氛、硫铁矿的粒度等因素有关.不同的温度条件下,铊排放率不同,这主要是与矿石中铊的赋存形态有关;实验条件下,550℃—950℃是Tl排放的主要阶段,Tl排放量约占硫铁矿中总Tl的33.9%.Tl的排放率随...     

水中铊的污染及其生态效应

在天然水体中,铊(Tl)含量较低;然而在硫化物矿区,Tl的含量却急剧升高.在未受污染的陆地沉积物中Tl的含量较低;已受污染的陆地沉积物中Tl的含量相对较高,高出背景值数倍;在海洋沉积物中, Tl的含量尤以深海锰结核中最高.Tl可以在不同地理水域的生物体中富集, Tl在鱼和小虾肝脏中的含量高于肌肉和头骨,但是在肌肉和头骨中Tl的含量没有明显区别.Tl在天然水体中主要以Tl 形式存在.在较强的氧化环境中, Tl 能够氧化成Tl3 形成Tl(OH)3沉淀,Tl可以通过饮用水和食物链进入人体,其中Tl在人体的酶化反应过程中可以置换K ,并与酶产生很强的亲和力,从而诱发Tl的毒害效应.Tl对水生生物的毒性随生物的物种和生命期而变化.Tl对金属采矿、冶炼厂和水泥厂等污染源的水域内水生生物有害.活性铝净化法、离子交换法和NaCl溶液可以用来去除饮用水中的Tl.海绵吸附体MnO2(固)等吸附剂、氧化剂和碱性物质(如石灰等)可降低Tl的活动性,用来处理已被Tl污染的水体.     

一株Tl~+抗性菌株的鉴定及吸附特性

为了获得吸附铊(Tl)的功能菌株以应用于实际工业废水处理,从某矿区土壤中分离筛选出一株抗Tl+细菌BSA-68,对其进行了初步鉴定,并对其Tl+吸附特性和初步机理进行了研究.16S rDNA序列分析表明,该菌株属于假单胞菌,命名为Pseudomonas sp.BSA-68(登录号:JF901709).该菌株最大抗Tl+浓度为30 mg/L,溶液初始浓度、pH值、吸附时间、摇床转速及菌体生物量对Tl+吸附具有一定的影响,菌株在Tl+初始浓度20 g/L,吸附时间30 min,pH 6.0,摇床转速150 r/min,生物量2.0 g/L时,吸附效果最佳,在该条件下,BSA-68菌株对Tl+的吸附率可达93.77%.红外光谱分析表明,该菌株细胞壁中的羟基、羧基及氨基是对Tl+吸附起主要贡献的官能团.研究结果表明,BSA-68菌株可作为经济、高效、环境友好的生物材料进行Tl+废水处理.     

湿地沉积物对铊、镉的吸附性能

为了研究广州大学城湾咀头湿地公园(D)和南沙湿地公园(N)表层沉积物对典型重金属铊(Tl)和镉(Cd)吸附性能的研究,采用静态批处理实验,探讨了pH、沉积物中有机质含量、反应时间、Tl(Ⅰ)和Cd(Ⅱ)的初始浓度、温度等因素对吸附的影响.结果表明,溶液初始浓度为10 mg·L~(-1),随溶液初始pH值的升高,沉积物对Tl(Ⅰ)和Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附量增大,在pH 3.0—9.0时,沉积物D和N对Tl(Ⅰ)均达到较大的吸附量,分别为159.5 mg·kg~(-1)和156.7 mg·kg~(-1);在pH值为2.0—6.0时,对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附急剧增大,沉积物D的吸附量达到了220.1 mg·kg~(-1),沉积物N的值则达到247.8 mg·kg~(-1),当pH6.0时,吸附量呈下降趋势;沉积物中的有机质对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附有显著影响,对Tl(Ⅰ)吸附影响程度小于Cd(Ⅱ).动力学实验显示,沉积物对Tl(Ⅰ)和Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附过程迅速,分别在4 h和1 h达到平衡;沉积物对Tl(Ⅰ)和Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附与准二级动力学拟合程度高(R20.99),由此可知该吸附过程为化学吸附.等温吸附实验表明,随Tl(Ⅰ)和Cd(Ⅱ)初始浓度增加,沉积物的吸附量也随之上升,当温度升高时,沉积物对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附量增大,对Tl(Ⅰ)的吸附效果则相反;沉积物对Tl(Ⅰ)和Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附效果用Langmuir和Freundlich方程拟合均较好.     

长春市土壤重金属化学形态与土壤微生物群落结构的关系

采用样品采集、室内分析和多种数据统计方法相结合的方法,研究了长春市土壤重金属化学形态与土壤微生物群落结构的关系.结果表明:长春市土壤重金属(Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn和Ni)不同化学形态对土壤微生物群落结构影响明显不同,碳酸盐结合态的Pb和Ni对放线菌的生长繁殖具有刺激作用,碳酸盐结合态Zn对细菌的生长繁殖具有刺激作用,铁锰氧化物结合态和有机结合态的Zn与有机结合态Cu对细菌、放线菌的生长繁殖具有刺激作用.土壤理化性质对重金属化学形态与微生物群落结构之间的关系影响很大,其掩盖了土壤重金属化学形态对土壤微生物群落结构特征的影响,有机质含量、电导率、阳离子交换量掩盖了重金属化学形态对细菌、放线菌和微生物总数的影响.自然含水率掩盖了重金属化学形态对多样性指数的影响.采用重金属的化学形态评价重金属对土壤微生物参数的影响更合理,而且在确定评价长春市土壤重金属污染状况指标时,应该剔除土壤理化性质的影响.选择有机结合态Cu、铁锰氧化物结合态Zn与微生物群落多样性指数相结合来评价长春城市土壤重金属Cu和Zn的污染状况.     

环境中汞化学形态分析研究进展

作为一种剧毒元素,汞的毒性与其化学形态密切相关.环境介质中汞的化学形态监测分析主要涉及样品的采集、保存、前处理、分离和测定等步骤.本文综合国内外相关文献,系统介绍了开展环境介质中汞化学形态监测分析的相关测试技术和方法,并阐述了我国开展汞化学形态监测存在的问题及其意义.     

地球化学模型在土壤重金属形态研究中的应用进展

重金属在土壤中的固-液分配行为和形态分布对于其环境迁移过程和生物有效性有重要意义.基于热力学机制的地球化学平衡模型是重金属形态研究中一项重要手段.本文从形态模型的发展历史出发,对土壤环境中一些常见的地球化学形态模型进行了梳理;对形态模型的使用过程中模型输入值,包括吸附组分和活性态金属含量的确定方法进行了说明;对地球化学形态模型在各方面的应用进行了总结;最后对模型今后的发展方向和应用前景进行了展望.     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.     

Effects of Coffee Management on Deforestation Rates and Forest Integrity

Knowledge about how forest margins are utilized can be crucial for a general understanding of changes in forest cover, forest structure, and biodiversity across landscapes. We studied forest‐agriculture transitions in southwestern Ethiopia and hypothesized that the presence of coffee (Coffea arabica)decreases deforestation rates because of coffee's importance to local economies and its widespread occurrence in forests and forest margins. Using satellite images and elevation data, we compared changes in forest cover over 37 years (1973–2010) across elevations in 2 forest‐agriculture mosaic landscapes (1100 km² around Bonga and 3000 km² in Goma‐Gera). In the field in the Bonga area, we determined coffee cover and forest structure in 40 forest margins that differed in time since deforestation. Both the absolute and relative deforestation rates were lower at coffee‐growing elevations compared with at higher elevations (?10/20% vs. ?40/50% comparing relative rates at 1800 m asl and 2300–2500 m asl, respectively). Within the coffee‐growing elevation, the proportion of sites with high coffee cover (>20%) was significantly higher in stable margins (42% of sites that had been in the same location for the entire period) than in recently changed margins (0% of sites where expansion of annual crops had changed the margin). Disturbance level and forest structure did not differ between sites with 30% or 3% coffee. However, a growing body of literature on gradients of coffee management in Ethiopia reports coffee's negative effects on abundances of forest‐specialist species. Even if the presence of coffee slows down the conversion of forest to annual‐crop agriculture, there is a risk that an intensification of coffee management will still threaten forest biodiversity, including the genetic diversity of wild coffee. Conservation policy for Ethiopian forests thus needs to develop strategies that acknowledge that forests without coffee production may have higher deforestation risks than forests with coffee production and that forests with coffee production often have lower biodiversity value. Efectos de la Administración Cafetalera sobre las Tasas de Deforestación y la Integridad de los Bosques     

Globalization of the Cashmere Market and the Decline of Large Mammals in Central Asia

As drivers of terrestrial ecosystems, humans have replaced large carnivores in most areas, and human influence not only exerts striking ecological pressures on biodiversity at local scales but also has indirect effects in distant corners of the world. We suggest that the multibillion dollar cashmere industry creates economic motivations that link western fashion preferences for cashmere to land use in Central Asia. This penchant for stylish clothing, in turn, encourages herders to increase livestock production which affects persistence of over 6 endangered large mammals in these remote, arid ecosystems. We hypothesized that global trade in cashmere has strong negative effects on native large mammals of deserts and grassland where cashmere‐producing goats are raised. We used time series data, ecological snapshots of the biomass of native and domestic ungulates, and ecologically and behaviorally based fieldwork to test our hypothesis. In Mongolia increases in domestic goat production were associated with a 3‐fold increase in local profits for herders coexisting with endangered saiga (Saiga tatarica).That increasing domestic grazing pressure carries fitness consequences was inferred on the basis of an approximately 4‐fold difference in juvenile recruitment among blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur)in trans‐Himalayan India. Across 7 study areas in Mongolia, India, and China's Tibetan Plateau, native ungulate biomass is now <5% that of domestic species. Such trends suggest ecosystem degradation and decreased capacity for the persistence of native species, including at least 8 Asian endemic species: saiga, chiru (Pantholops hodgsoni), Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus), snow leopard(Panthera uncia), khulan(Equus hemionus), kiang (E. kiang), takhi (E. przewalski), and wild yak (Bos mutus). Our results suggest striking yet indirect and unintended actions that link trophic‐level effects to markets induced by the trade for cashmere. Globalización del Mercado de Cachemira y la Declinación de Mamíferos Mayores en Asia Central     

The lichen-rich coastal heath vegetation on the isle of Anholt, Denmark — conservation and management

The high conservational value of the lichen-rich vegetation and landscape of the marine foreland Ørkenen on the isle of Anholt is treated from a Danish as well as a European perspective. The sensitivity of the lichen-rich vegetation to physical disturbance is emphasized. The impact of invasive species such asPinus mugo as well as the effect of atmospheric deposition of nutrients on the heaths at Anholt is described. Considerations related to the development of a management plan for Ørkenen are presented.     

Behavior and ecology of Old World Luperini beetles of the genusAulacophora (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Summary The attraction of Old World leaf beetles in the genusAulacophora to kairomones and parakairomones which are effective lures for New WorldDiabrotica andAcalymma were investigated. Beetles captured on sticky traps baited with single and multicomponent lures were no different from the control traps for two species ofAulacophora. Yellow colored traps and squash blossoms are attractive toAulacophora beetles which detect sub-microgram quantities of cucurbitacins on silica gel. Leaf feeding behavior and flight activity data are correlated with varietal preference of threeAulacophora species. The common response byDiabrotica andAulacophora to cucurbitacins reinforces the two groups' coevolutionary association with the Cucurbitaceae. The apparent lack of a common response toCucurbita blossom volatiles suggests recent evolutionary pathways are substantially different for these two groups of beetles.     

Use of stochastic patch occupancy models in the California red-legged frog for Bayesian inference regarding past events and future persistence

Assessing causes of population decline is critically important to management of threatened species. Stochastic patch occupancy models (SPOMs) are popular tools for examining spatial and temporal dynamics of populations when presence–absence data in multiple habitat patches are available. We developed a Bayesian Markov chain method that extends existing SPOMs by focusing on past environmental changes that may have altered occupancy patterns prior to the beginning of data collection. Using occupancy data from 3 creeks, we applied the method to assess 2 hypothesized causes of population decline—in situ die-off and residual impact of past source population loss—in the California red-legged frog. Despite having no data for the 20–30 years between the hypothetical event leading to population decline and the first data collected, we were able to discriminate among hypotheses, finding evidence that in situ die-off increased in 2 of the creeks. Although the creeks had comparable numbers of occupied segments, owing to different extinction–colonization dynamics, our model predicted an 8-fold difference in persistence probabilities of their populations to 2030. Adding a source population led to a greater predicted persistence probability than did decreasing the in situ die-off, emphasizing that reversing the deleterious impacts of a disturbance may not be the most efficient management strategy. We expect our method will be useful for studying dynamics and evaluating management strategies of many species.