铝胁迫下大豆根系分沁有机酸和氨基酸的特性

采用水培法,以2个大豆（Glycine max）品种（浙春2号和浙春3号）为材料,研究铝胁迫下大豆根系分泌有机酸和氨基酸的特征。大豆根系分泌大量柠檬酸呈现低铝促进高铝抑制的现象,同时还分泌少量草酸和琥珀酸,表明大豆根系分泌有机酸与其耐铝机制有关。氨基酸分泌总量随着铝质量浓度的增大而增加。中低铝质量浓度下,大豆根系分泌的氨基酸随铝质量浓度的增大而增加。高铝浓度下,氨基酸的种类减少,各种氨基酸分泌量变化不一致。实验结果还显示,随着铝处理时间延长,铝毒害作用明显。     

红壤地区大豆根系的耐酸铝生理特性

红壤地区的酸铝影响是限制植物生长的重要因素,为了研究酸铝作用下大豆根系在短时间下的生理特性变化,以大豆(Glycine max(L.)Merrill)(029-289,浙春2号)为实验材料,在水培条件下,用不同的酸铝处理(T1,0 mmol·L-1 pH 3;T2,0 mmol·L-1 pH 4;T3,0 mmol·L-1 pH 5;T4,0.5 mmol·L-1 pH 5;T5,l mmol·L-1 pH 5;T6,1 mmol·L-1 pH 3),在处理2 h、4h、6h、12 h、24 h下,测定根系生理特性相关指标.结果表明:在酸铝处理2h后,大豆根系生理特性受到影响.随着溶液pH降低.直根和侧根的生长受到抑制,对植物的生长造成阻碍;而在pH不变下,随铝浓度的变化,根系长度和根系活力先增大后减小.在T6下,对大豆根系的抑制作用在各酸铝处理下最明显,根系活力最小,质膜透性最大.比较不同时间下大豆根系生理特性值的大小,质膜透性浙春2号在6 h,029-289在4 h达到最小;与之相反,根系活力值浙春2号在4 h,029-289在6 h达到最大值.苏木精染色结果显示:T6下,2 h的酸铝胁迫就可检测到铝的存在,不同根段的铝含量大小分别是0～0.3 cm>0.6～0.9 cm>0.3～0.6 cm.因此,根长、根质最、质膜透性和根系活力均可作为植物根系受酸铝影响的鉴定指标,苏木精染色亦可有效的评价大豆的铝耐性.     

镉胁迫对续断菊Sonchus asper L.Hill.根系分泌物的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了不同Cd质量分数(0、50、100、200 mg.kg-1)对续断菊Sonchus asper L.Hill.根系分泌总有机酸、游离氨基酸、可溶性糖的影响,旨在探明根系分泌物对续断菊超积累Cd的影响。结果表明:Cd胁迫下续断菊根系分泌总有机酸、游离氨基酸和可溶性糖的质量浓度显著增加,同时,总有机酸、可溶性糖和游离氨基酸又促进了植株对Cd的吸收。随着Cd处理质量分数的增加,续断菊地上部和根部镉质量分数显著增加,90 d时续断菊地上部镉质量分数与可溶性糖、游离氨基酸的质量浓度呈极显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.999(P<0.01)和0.995(P<0.01),根部镉质量分数与可溶性糖、游离氨基酸的质量浓度也呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.998(P<0.01)和0.987(P<0.05);Cd对续断菊根系可溶性糖的分泌、游离氨基酸的合成有刺激作用,根系分泌的可溶性糖和游离氨基酸可能在续断菊累积镉的过程中有重要作用。     

铝对大豆根系柠檬酸合成与分泌的影响

铝诱导有机酸分泌是作物解铝毒的一种重要机制,然而铝如何诱导有机酸分泌的机理并不清楚.以不同铝耐性大豆(Glpcine max)(BX10和BD2)为材料,研究了铝对柠檬酸合成与分泌的影响.结果发现,在0.5 mmol·L-1CaCl2溶液中,铝处理明显抑制大豆根系伸长,BX10比BD2具有较大的主根伸长率.铝处理明显诱导大豆根系分泌柠檬酸,BX10的柠檬酸分泌量比BD2高出32.3%～64%.铝处理降低根系内源柠檬酸含量,但不影响柠檬酸合酶活性,BX10比BD2具有较高的柠檬酸合酶活性,表明铝诱导的柠檬酸合成与其分泌关系密切.另外,在pH4.5的完全营养液中进行铝、磷间隔处理发现,供磷明显增加大豆铝吸收,而且BX10比BD2具有较大生物量与铝吸收,这表明,磷对铝的吸收具有重要作用,大豆磷效率可能影响其铝耐性.     

镉胁迫对续断菊Sonchus asper L.Hill.根系分泌物的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了不同Cd质量分数（0、50、100、200 mg.kg-1）对续断菊Sonchus asper L.Hill.根系分泌总有机酸、游离氨基酸、可溶性糖的影响,旨在探明根系分泌物对续断菊超积累Cd的影响。结果表明：Cd胁迫下续断菊根系分泌总有机酸、游离氨基酸和可溶性糖的质量浓度显著增加,同时,总有机酸、可溶性糖和游离氨基酸又促进了植株对Cd的吸收。随着Cd处理质量分数的增加,续断菊地上部和根部镉质量分数显著增加,90 d时续断菊地上部镉质量分数与可溶性糖、游离氨基酸的质量浓度呈极显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.999（P〈0.01）和0.995（P〈0.01）,根部镉质量分数与可溶性糖、游离氨基酸的质量浓度也呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.998（P〈0.01）和0.987（P〈0.05）;Cd对续断菊根系可溶性糖的分泌、游离氨基酸的合成有刺激作用,根系分泌的可溶性糖和游离氨基酸可能在续断菊累积镉的过程中有重要作用。     

两种生态型东南景天根系分泌物的差异性

东南景天(Sedum alfredii Hance)具有很强的耐高Zn 胁迫、吸收和运输Zn的能力,但其根系如何通过分泌作用实现对Zn胁迫的适应和对土壤难溶性Zn的活化作用,还缺乏机理方面的解释.因此,本研究运用离子色谱、氨基酸自动分析等技术较系统地研究了两种生态型东南景天根系分泌物组成的差异性及其对土壤中不同化合物Zn的活化效应,旨在探明根系分泌物与东南景天超积累Zn的关系.结果表明,两种东南景天的根系分泌物均能够活化土壤中难溶态的ZnO、ZnCO3和Zn3(PO4)2,而对ZnS没有明显地活化作用.通过对根系分泌物组成成分分析,两种生态型东南景天根系分泌物中可溶性糖占绝对优势,有机酸和氨基酸含量很低,且均以非超积累生态型>超积累生态型.超积累生态型东南景天根系分泌物中的可溶性总糖、有机酸(苹果酸除外)、氨基酸等各成分含量均以Zn 1.0 μmol·L-1处理>Zn 500 μmol·L-1处理,非超积累生态型东南景天根系分泌物中糖和有机酸含量也随着Zn浓度的增加而减少,而绝大多数氨基酸含量则随着Zn浓度的增加而增加.这说明本试验条件下测定的根系分泌物组分在东南景天超积累Zn过程中并不起主导作用.     

菲对黑麦草根系几种低分子量分泌物的影响

有机污染的植物修复过程与植物根系分泌密切相关,近年来,对于持久性有机污染多环芳烃的植物修复研究得到了很大发展,但对于多环芳烃污染下植物根系分泌物的研究很少.该实验以多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne L.)为供试材料,以营养液栽培方式研究了在多环芳烃菲处理下,黑麦草根系对几种低分子量有机物的分泌情况.研究结果显示,黑麦草根系分泌有机酸、总糖以及氨基酸的量都随菲质量浓度的上升而变化.黑麦草根系分泌的低分子有机酸主要为草酸,在菲处理下,低分子有机酸的组成无明显变化,但含量随菲质量浓度上升而提高(由对照时的2.33 mg·g-1 FW升高至8 mg·L-1时的4.75 mg·g-1 FW);总糖和氨基酸含量均随菲质量浓度上升出现先升高后下降的趋势,但是最高值出现的菲质量浓度不同,从含量上来看,有机酸是黑麦草根系低分子量分泌物的主要部分.结合其它研究结果分析,植物分泌的有机酸可能在加速多环芳烃清除中发挥了重要作用.     

PAEs胁迫对高/低累积品种水稻根系形态及根系分泌低分子有机酸的影响

以前期筛选获得的邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)高/低累积基因型水稻(Oryza sativa L.)品种(培杂泰丰/丰优丝苗)进行水培试验,分别于分蘖期和拔节期采集样品,采用根系扫描仪分析根系形态学特性、高效液相色谱法测定根系分泌物中低分子有机酸成分,以及采用气相色谱-质谱仪(GC-MS)测定水稻根、茎、叶中PAEs质量分数。对比研究两种基因型水稻的根系形态特征和根系分泌物(低分子有机酸)的差异,初步探讨两种基因型水稻吸收累积PAEs差异原因,为保障农产品质量安全提供科学依据。结果表明,随着培养液中PAEs质量浓度增加,两种基因型水稻总根长、根表面积和根体积先增大后减小;相同PAEs质量浓度下,高累积型品种培杂泰丰根系形态指标大多高于丰优丝苗。两种水稻体内的PAEs质量分数均随污染物浓度增大而升高,高PAEs水平(80 mg·L-1)处理是低PAEs水平(20 mg·L-1)处理的3.8~7.3倍(邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP))和2.7~20.4倍(邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)),培杂泰丰高于丰优丝苗。植物体内DBP和DEHP质量分数呈现根叶≥茎。分蘖期两种水稻体内DBP和DEHP质量分数高于拔节期,且与营养液中PAEs的质量浓度呈显著相关,但拔节期的相关程度减弱。拔节期两种水稻根系分泌物中低分子有机酸质量浓度随培养液中PAEs质量浓度升高呈现不同的变化规律,但二者草酸质量浓度均增加(在1.11~8.13 mg·L-1之间),并与根系中DBP和DEHP的质量分数呈显著正相关。说明PAEs胁迫会影响水稻根系形态和低分子有机酸分泌,进而影响水稻对PAEs的吸收累积。     

钼和硼污染对大豆品质的影响

以3个大豆(Glycine max)品种(浙春3号、浙春2号和3811)为材料，设置了4个钼、硼处理(适量钼和硼、高钼、高硼及高钼高硼同施)，研究了钼污染和硼污染对大豆品质的影响．结果表明：高钼或高硼促使大豆种子蛋白质、维生素C、氮、磷、钾的含量显著减少，氨基酸的总量和必需氨基酸的总量大大降低，氨基酸各组分(除脯氨酸外)的含量都明显下降，脂肪的组分也发生变化，对种子中钙镁含量的影响不大，且高硼对大豆品质的毒害作用明显大于高钼．在过量条件下，钼和硼在大豆体内呈现相互抑制作用．3个大豆品种的品质问存在一定的基因型差异，3个品种对高钼和高硼的反应也存在差异．图2表3参18     

铝胁迫下马尾松幼苗有机酸分泌和根际pH值的变化

以马尾松幼苗为试验材料,选用砂培法研究铝胁迫对马尾松根际pH值、有机酸分泌以及植株中铝累积变化的影响。结果表明,高浓度铝导致根际pH值增加,当铝浓度高于300μmol.L-1时,根际pH值则趋于平稳。在测试的5种有机酸(草酸、苹果酸、柠檬酸、琥珀酸、乙酸)中,当铝浓度由0升至300μmol.L-1时,草酸和苹果酸根系分泌量随之升高,与根际pH值呈正相关关系;而当铝浓度高于300μmol.L-1时,草酸和苹果酸分泌量则趋于平稳,草酸和苹果酸的分泌影响根际pH值的变化。其次,活性铝通过根系进入植株后,由于营养作用和运输机制,出现分布差异,根部铝积累量明显高于茎和叶。当根系接触的铝浓度低于300μmol.L-1时,植株铝积累量与根际pH值,以及草酸、苹果酸分泌量呈显著正相关。     

Chloroacetic acids in environmental processes

The fate of chloroacetic acids (CAA) in forest soils was studied using radio-indicator methods. We showed that chloroacetic acids are both microbially degraded and simultaneously formed by chloroperoxidase-mediated chlorination of acetic and humic acids. The degree of biodegradation of chloroacetic acids in soil depends on their concentration. Dichloroacetic acid (DCA) is degraded faster than trichloroacetic acid (TCA). Chlorination of acetic acid led to a fast formation of dichloroacetic acid, whereas chlorination of humic acids gave rise to trichloroacetic acid. Both processes lead to a steady state in soil, participate in the chlorine cycle and possibly also in decomposition of organic matter in forest ecosystems.     

Fatty acids in fish scales

This study represents the first determination of lipids and fatty acids in fish scales. Scales collected from groups of Atlantic salmon reared on fish farms and in experimental tanks were analyzed by chromatography. The complete suite of fatty acids normally found in marine organisms was detected in the scales, with the following fatty acids dominating: 16:0, 18:0, 18:1n9, 20:5n3, 22:6n3 and 24:1n9. Scales contained relatively high levels of furan fatty acids, and the level of cholesterol (2.5–5 mg/g tissue) was much higher than the levels found in the edible parts of marine fishes (0.2–1 mg/g tissue). The fatty acid profile of scales was distinct between groups of salmon originating from different commercial strains reared on the same farm, between salmon groups originating from the same strains but reared at different farms, and between groups of fed and unfed salmon in experimental tanks. Together, these data indicate that the fatty acid composition of fish scales is dependent upon both environmental and genetic factors. The fatty acid composition of fish scales may be used in stock/population identification, for example identification of escaped Atlantic salmon to farm of origin.     

Manganese-catalyzed degradation of phosphonic acids

The non-biodegradable and chemically very stable phosphonates are used in a variety of industrial applications including cooling waters, oil production and textile industry. We show here that they are degraded in the presence of Mn(II) and oxygen. The half-life for the reaction is 9 min near neutral pH. The presence of other cations such as Ca(II) and Zn(II) considerably slows down the reaction by competition with Mn(II) for the phosphonate. The reaction involves the oxidation of complexed Mn(II) by oxygen to Mn(III) and the subsequent oxidation of phosphonate by Mn(III) thus yielding two stable phosphonic acid breakdown products. The oxidation also proceeds in the presence of the mineral manganite (Mn(III)OOH), and yields the same breakdown products. The use of a newly developed chromatographic method revealed the presence of the breakdown products in wastewater. The results show that manganese-catalyzed oxidation might be an important pathway for phosphonate degradation in natural waters. Electronic Publication     

Tissue distribution of absorbed humic acids

Distribution of humic acids (HA) in rats was studied using radioiodinated HA injected intraperitoneally. Distribution of ¹²⁵I was also studied for comparison. The distribution pattern of HA differed greatly from that of ¹²⁵I. Except in the thyroid and skin, ¹²⁵I was excreted from the body within 24 hours, whereas a large proportion of HA remained in the liver, kidney, skin, thyroid, bone and muscle. The difference in the distribution pattern and organ/serum radioactivity ratio suggests different kinetics for ¹²⁵I and ¹²⁵I-HA. The distribution pattern of HA correlated very well with the increased prevalences of organ diseases in the blackfoot disease endemic area, as reflected in epidemiologic studies. It is hypothesised that HA-metal complexes are possible etiological factors of diseases such as goitre, hepatoma, bladder cancer, vascular disease and diabetes mellitus, and that free radicals are the common causative factor.     

磁赤铁矿/多羧基有机酸体系中五氯酚的异相光化学降解

自然界广泛存在的铁氧化物与多羧基有机酸在光照条件下能够由内源自身生成活性物过氧化氢,构成异相类Fenton体系降解污染物.在实验室构建了由磁赤铁矿和多羧基有机酸组成的光化学体系,研究了五氯酚在此体系中的降解和脱氯.结果表明,五氯酚在此异相光化学体系中的降解效率受波长范围、有机酸种类和氧气的显著影响.在UV-A波长范围,五氯酚具有较高的光降解效率.草酸能够显著促进五氯酚在磁赤铁矿中的异相光降解,但柠檬酸不具有此作用.氧气是体系中生成各种含氧活性物的必要条件.五氯酚在此体系中的降解遵循一级反应动力学.最佳实验条件下,五氯酚1 h的降解率可达80%以上,脱氯率可达35%以上.对体系主要活性物过氧化氧的定量研究较好的解释了体系在各种条件下的活性差异.     

Interaction between Fe-cyanide complex and humic acids

The fate of cyanides in soil is strongly influenced by the formation of Fe cyanides, which can interact with organic and inorganic colloids and precipitate as stable compounds. Scarce information is available on the capacity of humic acids to interact with cyano-complexes and thus affect the leaching and prevent the risk of contamination of watertable. Here we show that interaction between humic acids (HAs) and ferricyanide complex led to a formation of ferricyanide-humo micelles, and that the interaction did not imply changes in the original structure of ferricyanide complex.     

Strong adsorption of DNA molecules on humic acids

Analysing soil microbial communities is often hampered by DNA adsorption on soil organic compounds such as humic acids. However the role of humic acids in DNA adsorption and stability in soils remains controversial. To characterize DNA–humic acid interactions, we studied DNA adsorption on two commercially available humic acids and a soil humic acid extracted from an Andosol. Desorption of the adsorbed DNA using 4 different solutions—distilled water, 0.1 M NaCl, 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.0), and 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate solution—was also studied to understand the mechanism of DNA adsorption on humic acids. Here, we show that humic acids play an important role in DNA adsorption to soils. DNA molecules were adsorbed on the humic acids, with adsorption increasing proportionally with the DNA concentrations in the solution. The adsorption on all humic acid samples was fitted with Freundlich equation, and the parameters obtained from the equation indicated a high affinity between the humic acids and DNA molecules. The total amount of DNA desorbed by the 4 solutions was less than 2% of the total DNA adsorbed on all the humic acids. The results demonstrate that DNA molecules are able to bind strongly to humic acids by ligand binding, hydrophobic interaction, aggregation, or precipitation.     

Amino acids during development of mountain birch leaves

Summary. The nutritive value of tree foliage for herbivores decreases rapidly with leaf maturation, due in particular to the decline in leaf nitrogen content. Since the amino acid content of plants differs from the need of herbivores for individual amino acids, we examined developmental changes in the contents of amino acids throughout the growth season of mountain birch. The contents of free and protein-bound amino acids, as well as essential and nonessential ones, displayed different patterns with leaf maturation, suggesting that total nitrogen or protein levels are poor predictors of the nutritive status of leaves. The contents of protein-bound amino acids were 100 times higher than those of free amino acids, indicating that the role of free amino acids in nutrition of herbivores is probably less important than that of protein-bound amino acids. Among protein-bound amino acids, both the absolute and the relative contents of two nitrogen-rich essential amino acids, lysine and arginine, decreased during early leaf growth, presumably reducing nitrogen availability in developing leaves. Essential amino acids were mainly positively related to each other, suggesting the co-ordinated regulation of their synthesis. Changes in correlations among individual free amino acids reflected developmental changes in allocation preferences between biosynthesis pathways with leaf growth. Received 31 January 2003; accepted 17 March 2003. R1D=" Correspondence to: Teija Ruuhola, e-mail: teiruu@utu.fi     

The acidobasic and complexation properties of Humic acids

Complexation of Humic Acids (HA) of different origin, like Fluka, and especially those extracted from bohemian brown coal, with cadmium(II) and lead(II) was studied at pH 5.0 using differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry. Conditions close to those present in the environment were chosen with 3‐ 10^‐4 moll^‐4 for HAs and 2. 10^‐8‐l . 10^‐5 moll^‐1 for Cd(II) and Pb(II). Stability constants evaluation was done assuming the electrode process is diffusion controlled and the complexes are labile. Obtained log K values were in the range 4.49–5.25 for Cd(II) and as expected the higher log K values 6.05–6.60 were found for Pb(II). There was no significant difference between complexation properties of HA extracted from bohemian brown coal and that of Fluka. The results obtained are in good agreement with the literature and those obtained by ISE in our laboratory.     

Monocyclic and monoaromatic naphthenic acids: synthesis and characterisation

Characterisation of the complex mixtures of carboxylic acids (naphthenic acids) occurring in crude oils and in degraded oil sands is environmentally important. Indeed some acids in waters from oil platforms are apparently hormonally active, and the oil sands acids are said to be toxic to a wide range of biota. Previous attempts to identify monocyclic and monoaromatic naphthenic acids have been hampered by the lack of authenticated synthetic reference compounds. Some studies have indicated that acids with ethanoic acid side chains are present in the naphthenic acids mixtures, so in the present study, we synthesised and characterised by mass spectrometry, a range (C_8–14) of monoaromatic and monocyclic ethanoic acids. Using 2-D comprehensive gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, we then compared the retention times and mass spectra of the synthetic acids with those of a commercial naphthenic acids mixture. Some alicyclic and numerous aromatic acids were successfully identified.