铝胁迫下大豆根系分泌有机酸和氨基酸的特性

采用水培法,以2个大豆(Glycine max)品种(浙春2号和浙春3号)为材料,研究铝胁迫下大豆根系分泌有机酸和氨基酸的特征.大豆根系分泌大量柠檬酸呈现低铝促进高铝抑制的现象,同时还分泌少量草酸和琥珀酸,表明大豆根系分泌有机酸与其耐铝机制有关.氨基酸分泌总量随着铝质量浓度的增大而增加.中低铝质量浓度下,大豆根系分泌的氨基酸随铝质量浓度的增大而增加.高铝浓度下,氨基酸的种类减少,各种氨基酸分泌量变化不一致.实验结果还显示,随着铝处理时间延长,铝毒害作用明显.     

铝胁迫下大豆根系分沁有机酸和氨基酸的特性

采用水培法,以2个大豆（Glycine max）品种（浙春2号和浙春3号）为材料,研究铝胁迫下大豆根系分泌有机酸和氨基酸的特征。大豆根系分泌大量柠檬酸呈现低铝促进高铝抑制的现象,同时还分泌少量草酸和琥珀酸,表明大豆根系分泌有机酸与其耐铝机制有关。氨基酸分泌总量随着铝质量浓度的增大而增加。中低铝质量浓度下,大豆根系分泌的氨基酸随铝质量浓度的增大而增加。高铝浓度下,氨基酸的种类减少,各种氨基酸分泌量变化不一致。实验结果还显示,随着铝处理时间延长,铝毒害作用明显。     

水稻土中7个水稻品种对土壤Cd、Pb的富集与转运:田间研究

近年来,稻米Cd、Pb含量超标问题频繁出现,稻米质量安全备受关注。通过在Cd-Pb复合污染土壤上,采用田间试验方法研究了7个水稻(Oryza.sativa L.)品种(宜优673、东联5号、花优63、春优84、浙优18、甬优9号和台粳8号)对土壤Cd和Pb的富集与转运能力,并探讨了影响稻米富集Cd和Pb的因素,以期为Cd、Pb污染农业土壤的安全利用提供依据。研究结果表明,Cd、Pb主要富集在水稻根中,Cd、Pb在各组织中的含量分别表现为根茎叶糙米、根叶茎糙米。糙米Cd、Pb含量分别为0.06~0.18、0.09~0.31 mg·kg~(-1),品种间Cd、Pb含量差异均达显著水平(P0.05);供试水稻糙米中Cd含量均未超标(0.2 mg·kg~(-1),GB2762—2017),除台粳8号以外,其他品种糙米Pb含量也未超标(0.2 mg·kg~(-1),GB2762—2017)。糙米Cd含量随稻谷产量的升高而升高,糙米Pb含量则随稻谷产量的升高而降低。不同水稻品种对土壤Cd的富集能力表现为:春优84甬优9号浙优18宜优673东联5号、花优63、台粳8号,最大相差2.4倍;对土壤Pb的富集能力表现为:台粳8号宜优673浙优18花优63、春优84、甬优9号东联5号,最大相差3.3倍。高根表铁膜Cd含量促进了水稻根系对Cd的吸收,但高根表铁膜Pb含量则抑制了根系对Pb的吸收。糙米Cd含量随Cd在茎-糙米和叶-糙米之间的转移系数的升高而升高(P0.01),但糙米Pb含量与Pb在茎-糙米和叶-糙米之间的转移系数无明显相关(P0.01)。台梗8号是低产低Cd累积品种,东联5号为高产低Cd积累品种,东联5号和甬优9号为高产低Pb积累品种,在Cd污染、Pb污染或Cd-Pb复合污染的农田上可以酌情选种。     

改良剂对重金属复合污染土壤中菜用大豆品质及生理特性的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了在重度Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd复合污染土壤上,分别施用凹凸棒土(25 g·kg-1)、硅藻土(25g·kg-1)、泥炭(25 g·kg-1)和腐植酸(4 g·kg-1)4种改良剂对菜用大豆(Glycine max)(以下简称大豆)植株生长、籽粒食用品质及叶片生理特性的影响.结果表明:有机物料能有效提高大豆籽粒产量和粗蛋白含量,改善大豆籽粒的食用品质,但黏土矿物对大豆籽粒产量及品质的影响不明显;有机物料、黏土矿物能缓解重金属对植物的毒害,腐植酸、泥炭、凹凸棒土处理大豆叶片苗期SOD活性显著高于对照(P＜0.05),而硅藻土处理大豆苗期SOD活性与对照之间差异不显著(P＞0.05),但成熟期SOD活性却显著高于对照(P＜0.05).除腐植酸处理外,添加其他改良剂处理苗期、成熟期大豆叶片叶绿素含量与对照之间差异均未达显著水平(P＞0.05);腐植酸降低大豆籽粒中重金属含量的效果最好,该处理大豆籽粒中Zn、Cu、Cd、Pb含量分别比对照降低28.8%、21.6 %、35.0%和12.5%,硅藻土次之,而添加泥炭、凹凸棒土对大豆籽粒中重金属含量的影响与对照相比未达显著水平(P＞0.05).     

安宁河流域稻米生化品质的气候关系模型

利用粳稻品种“合系39”在安宁河流域无控制的地理分期播种试验稻米,在实验室进行稻米生化品质的化验分析;采用统计分析方法,研究了气候生态因子与稻米生化品质的定量关系,找出影响稻米生化品质各组分的关键时期,建立综合关系模型.研究结果表明: 1)气候生态条件对生化品质不同组分影响的关键因子和关键时期不同,一些组分的关键期在齐穗前,一些在齐穗后,一些则从齐穗前持续到齐穗后; 2)温度是影响稻米生化品质含量的主要气候因素,蛋白质、氨基酸和直链淀粉含量与关键期的温度呈直线负相关,支链淀粉含量与关键期的温度呈抛物线关系; 3)温度日较差、日照时数与蛋白质、氨基酸、直链淀粉呈负相关,与支链淀粉呈正相关. 图4表2参10     

城郊农业生态系统中茎菜类蔬菜对重金属镉的累积特征及品质表现

为探索城郊区农业土壤重金属镉(Cd)的生态阻控技术,结合田间试验、盆栽试验和室内分析测定等手段,以蔬菜茎叶部分Cd含量、富集系数、转移系数、单株生物量、茎叶维生素C含量、还原糖含量等因子为考察指标,分析13个红菜薹品种、5个莴笋品种和4个芹菜品种的Cd积累特征和品质表现.结果显示,两种Cd水平下(土壤总Cd分别为0.43 mg/kg和3.00 mg/kg),供试蔬菜茎叶部Cd含量不论是种间还是种内均差异显著(P<0.05).三大类供试蔬菜茎叶Cd含量与富集系数的大小均为芹菜>莴笋>菜薹,且在低Cd水平下,菜薹的生产性能及品质指标也为最优.在13个菜薹品种中,低、高Cd水平下茎叶平均Cd含量分别为0.021 0 mg/kg和0.302 1 mg/kg.13个菜薹品种的聚类分析结果显示,金秋红3号、钟声红和二早子属于弱吸收低积累Cd品种.且金秋红3号在低Cd条件下还有较高的品质表现,其可食部位维生素C含量和还原糖含量分别达到77.2 mg/100 g和19.44%.在本研究设置的高、低Cd条件下,供试蔬菜品种的Cd积累特性、品质特征以及生物量指标都具有较强的一致性,集合这些指标应用于筛选弱吸收低积累Cd的茎菜类蔬菜品种是可行的.因此,挖掘作物自身潜力,基于植物不同种及品种吸收积累重金属Cd的基因型差异,利用弱吸收低积累重金属的作物品种,在轻度或中度重金属污染农田中进行作物生产,可以降低Cd等重金属元素经农产品进入人类食物链的风险.     

串叶松香草生物量和营养成分动态及其对土壤理化性质的影响

田间试验和化学分析结果表明,串叶松香草两个品种４个生育期的茎、叶产量均以Ａ型＞Ｂ型,在３ａ内串叶松香草产量随生长年限增加,且以Ａ型品种产量高．串叶松香草３个生育期叶片氨基酸和蛋白质含量高于茎,并以Ａ型品种现蕾期为最高;两个品种氨基酸组分以Ａｓｐ、Ｇｌｕ、Ｌｅｕ和Ｌｙｓ含量高,各生育期氨基酸组分含量变化规律不同．串叶松香草的粗脂肪、Ｃａ、Ｐ和灰分含量以叶＞茎,而粗纤维和可溶性糖含量却以茎中较高．除粗纤维外,其余饲用成分含量均随生育期的出现而呈递降之趋势．串叶松香草现蕾期Ｎ、Ｋ含量和莲座期Ｐ含量达最高．种植３ａ后串叶松香草明显改善土壤物理性质,提高土壤酶活性,明显降低土壤有效Ｎ、Ｐ和Ｋ含量     

茴香对镉胁迫下钼硼锌协同处理的响应及精油组分的影响

采用营养液培养方式,以茴香(Foeniculum vulgare Mill.)为试验材料,研究了2 mg·L-1镉质量浓度下,钼硼锌协同处理对茴香植株生长、生理指标、地上部和根系镉含量及精油组分的影响。结果表明:镉胁迫下,与对照相比,钼硼锌协同处理均未显著促进茴香植株株高生长;T5处理有利于茴香植株生物量累积和叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素a+b、类胡萝卜素的合成,T1处理的可溶性糖含量最高,可溶性蛋白质含量最低,脯氨酸含量较低,丙二醛(MDA)含量最高,且叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素a+b、类胡萝卜素的合成显著受到抑制。镉胁迫下,钼硼锌协同处理后,茴香植株地上部和根系镉含量均高于对照。茴香精油中反式-茴香脑含量以T6处理最高。总之,镉胁迫下,钼硼锌协同处理并不能缓解镉对茴香植株的毒害作用;在轻微镉污染的土壤上种植茴香以食用地上部为目的,则不宜进行钼硼锌配施,否则会增加食入镉的危险性;利用茴香进行镉污染土壤修复为目的,则建议进行钼硼锌配施,可增加茴香植株对镉的吸收累积,提高修复效率。从提高修复效率和茴香精油质量方面综合考虑,T6处理效果最好。研究结果可为镉污染农田土壤上植物种植过程中钼硼锌的合理配施提供理论参考。     

环境光强对糯玉米籽粒主要品质成分的影响

作物生长发育期间的环境光强是影响作物品质的主要因素之一。为了解不同环境光强对鲜食型糯玉米籽粒品质的影响,以香白糯(Xiangbainuo)为材料,采用人工遮光的方法模拟不同的环境光强,在糯玉米籽粒灌浆期间测定其籽粒粗蛋白、淀粉、脂肪、水分含量的变化规律和收获时籽粒的氨基酸总量及氨基酸各组分含量。结果表明,遮光没有明显改变糯玉米灌浆期间籽粒中主要品质成分的变化趋势,但对主要品质成分所占质量分数的影响很大。弱光(40%全光照)与自然光照(100%全光照)相比,糯玉米授粉后30d时,其籽粒中粗蛋白和淀粉的质量分数分别增加1.56和3.5个百分点,脂肪减少了1.5个百分点;自然光照条件下糯玉米籽粒的含水量每天以1.31%的速率减少,其脱水速率高于弱光下糯玉米籽粒脱水速率0.17个百分点。收获时,40%全光照条件下糯玉米籽粒中粗蛋白质量分数、氨基酸总量和赖氨酸质量分数高于自然光照和80%全光照时的质量分数,而糯玉米籽粒的百粒干质量显著降低。     

花椒叶浸提液对大豆种子萌发和幼苗生长的化感作用

研究了不同浓度的花椒叶浸提液(5、10、20、40、80 g L-1)对3个大豆品种种子萌发、幼苗生长的化感作用.结果表明:花椒对大豆化感效应的总体趋势为浸提液浓度越高,对大豆生长的抑制作用越强;高于40 g L-1的浓度处理,主要形态和生化指标都表明大豆生长受到显著抑制或破坏;在小于20 g L-1的浓度范围内,化感作用能够提高低活力种子的萌发率,但降低了种子发芽指数和发芽速度,且化感作用受受体品种差异和自身种子活力的影响而表现不一致;随着化感物质浓度增高,SOD酶活显著降低,丙二醛(MDA)含量持续增高.大豆幼苗各器官或组织受花椒化感作用的影响大小依次为根生物量>地上部生物量>株高>根长.图2表3参12     

SO2和酸雨对大豆的单一及复合效应

应用开顶式熏气装置研究了SO2和模拟酸雨对大豆的单一与复合作用效应．结果表明：经SO2和酸雨处理后，大豆叶绿素含量减少、膜透性增加，叶液pH值降低，但SO2和酸雨对叶片含糖量的影响不明显；SO2＋酸雨对大豆的复合作用效应明显大于SO2或酸雨单因子作用效应；SO2＋酸雨对大豆的复合作用效应与SO2熏气浓度，酸雨pH和暴露时间有密切关系.     

Interaction of short-term testosterone treatment with osmotic acclimation in the gilthead sea bream <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sparus auratus</Emphasis>

To assess the interaction between testosterone (T) treatment and acclimation to different salinities, seawater-acclimated gilthead sea bream (Sparus auratus) were implanted with slow-release coconut oil implants alone (control) or containing T (5 μg/g body mass). After 5 days, eight fish of control and T-treated groups were sampled. The same day, eight fish of each group were transferred to low salinity water (LSW, 6 ppt, hypoosmotic test), seawater (SW, 38 ppt, control test) and high salinity water (HSW, 55 ppt, hyperosmotic test) and sampled 9 days later. Gill Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity increased in HSW-acclimated fish with respect to SW- and LSW-acclimated fish in both control and T-treated groups. Kidney Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity was also enhanced in HSW-acclimated fish, but only in T-treated group. From a metabolic point of view, most of the changes observed can be attributed to the action of salinity and T treatment alone, since few interactions between T treatment and osmotic acclimation to different salinities were observed. Those interactions included in treated fish: in the liver, decreased capacity in using glucose in fish acclimated to extreme salinities; in the gills, decreased capacity in using amino acids in HSW; in the kidneys increased capacity in using amino acids in extreme salinities; and in the brain, decreased glycogen and acetoacetate levels of fish in LSW.     

南方红豆杉种子的化学成分分析

对南方红豆杉种子 (种仁 )的化学成分分析表明 :南方红豆杉干重 (DW)种子粗蛋白、粗脂肪、淀粉、可溶性糖的质量分数wDW分别为 9.92g (10 0g) -1,72 .86g (10 0g) -1,4 .15g (10 0g) -1,0 .38g (10 0g) -1;氨基酸的wDW为 9.10g (10 0g) -1,其中必需氨基酸占总氨基酸量的 2 8.0 5 % ;种子油脂肪酸组成以不饱和的油酸和亚油酸为主 ,其相对含量为 4 8.4 %和 4 2 .2 % ;种子元素质量分数分别为 :wDW(N) =15 87.2mg (10 0g) -1,wDW(P) =5 6 5 .4mg (10 0g) -1,wDW(K) =2 6 1.1mg(10 0g) -1,wDW(Ca) =18.4mg (10 0g) -1,wDW(Mg) =35 0 .5mg (10 0g) -1,其余微量元素含量由多到少依次为Zn >Fe>Na>Cu >Mn .表 4参 6     

Nutritionally relevant elements in staple foods: influence of arable site versus choice of variety

Eighteen representative sites for the Austrian grain-growing and eight for the potato-growing zones (soils and crops) were investigated. On each site, total element contents (B, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, P, Sr and Zn) were determined in 4–12 varieties of winter wheat (n = 136), 6 varieties of spring durum wheat (n = 30), 5 varieties of winter durum wheat (n = 15), 7 varieties of rye (n = 49), 5 varieties of spring barley (n = 30) and 5 varieties of potatoes (n = 40). Element accumulations in grain species and potato tubers varied significantly with site conditions, with the main exceptions for B in potatoes and wheat as well as for Zn, Cu and Co in durum wheat. On average, across all investigated sites, differences in varieties occurred concerning the elements Ca, Cd, Ba, Sr and Zn (except Zn in potatoes and winter durum). A rough estimation revealed that an average Austrian consumer of wheat, rye and potatoes meets more than 50% of the needs of daily element intake for K, P and Mg, between 36 and 72% for Fe, Zn and Cu, and more than 100% for Co, Mo and Mn. In particular, the elements Ca and Na have to be added from other sources.     

Seasonal changes in nucleic acids,amino acids and protein content in juvenile Norway lobster (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Nephrops norvegicus</Emphasis>)

The objective of this study was to describe the seasonal variations in nucleic acid contents and amino acid profiles in the muscle of juvenile Nephrops norvegicus. RNA and protein contents, and RNA:protein and RNA:DNA ratios varied significantly between seasons, being highest in spring and lowest in autumn/winter ( P<0.05). Though DNA content increased significantly from autumn to summer ( P<0.05), protein:DNA ratio did not show significant seasonal variations ( P=0.05). In respect to protein-bound amino acid content (BAA), a significant increase was observed from winter to summer ( P<0.05). Both essential (EAA) and non-essential amino acids (NEAA) increased significantly (27.6% and 27.8%, respectively; P<0.05), mainly due to the considerable increase in arginine and proline (59.1% and 225.2%, respectively; P<0.05). A significant decrease was observed in the free amino acid content (FAA) from winter to summer ( P<0.05); and a higher percentage decrease occurred in free non-essential (FNEAA; 27.9%) in comparison to free essential amino acids (FEAA; 21.8%). The significant increase in RNA and BAA contents from winter to spring may be related to protein synthesis. On the other hand, the lowest values obtained in winter may be due to a reduction in feeding activity; in this period the muscle protein must be progressively hydrolysed, which is evident with the higher FAA content. The liberated amino acids enter the FAA pool and become available for energy production.     

红树种植–养殖耦合系统牡蛎石油烃含量及红树净化效果

为减少滩涂养殖中的石油烃污染危害、提高水产品的品质,以珠江口滩涂红树林种植–养殖系统耦验示范研究基地A、B两系统的7个红树种植–养殖塘[包括桐花树(Aegiceras corniculatum)、木榄(Bruguiera gymnorhiza)、秋茄(Kandelia candel)、红海榄(Rhizophora stylosa)的单种或组合种植]为对象,采用荧光分光光度法监测了水体、底质及吊养的近江牡蛎(Ostrea rivularis)肉质的石油烃含量.结果表明,牡蛎体内石油烃含量在11.10~29.3 mg/kg之间;与水体中石油烃含量呈正相关(r=0.88),牡蛎能很好地指示水体水质状况.单种或组合种植秋茄、桐花树、木榄、红海榄4种红树植物能有效降低水体石油烃含量,与对照相比降幅为50%~80%;使牡蛎的石油烃含量受到不同程度的影响,与对照相比,红树种植塘牡蛎石油烃含量降幅在20%~60%不等.木榄和桐花树种植塘中,牡蛎中石油烃平均含量分别为11.20 mg/kg、14.13 mg/kg,能达到无公害水产品标准.因此红树种植–养殖塘具有"种植岛基质–红树植物–微生物"的协同效应,通过物理、化学和生物的共同作用降低了水体石油烃的含量,从而提高了养殖生物的品质.     

鸡贫血病毒(CAV)vp1基因的克隆及与其他CAV vp1基因的比较

把一个新鸡贫血病毒(CAV)的vp1基因通过PCR扩增，然后克隆到质粒载体pUC18上．vp1基因包含1347个碱基对，并且推定的VP1蛋白氨基酸序列含有449个氨基酸．通过DNA BLAST软件把该基因的序列数据与在GenBank中发表的其他vp1基因比较显示，克隆的vp1基因与已发表的其他vp1基因之间存在许多核甘酸差异．核甘酸的变异导致其编码蛋白质的某些氨基酸发生改变．氨基酸的改变主要集中在VP1蛋白的29、75、125、141、144、251、254、447位．在这些变异中，许多氨基酸的电荷和／或疏水性发生了改变，例如：Gly→Glu、Val→Glu、Ala→Thr、Leu→Gln、Cys→Trp、Leu→Arg、Arg→Ala、Gly→Ser、Ser→Ala、Glu→Gly、Gly→Thr等．通过CLUSTAL X软件比较了6个不同的vp1基因．该vp1基因已被GenBank登录(登录编号：AF448446)．VP1蛋白是CAV的唯一衣壳蛋白，因此VP1的氨基酸变异可能影响该蛋白质的抗原特征．对该vp1基因进一步进行免疫学研究具有重要意义，并且有可能应用该基因构建CAV基因工程疫苗．图1表3参20     

不同改良措施对煤矸石污染土壤上大豆生长的影响

采用盆栽试验,通过添加粉煤灰和牛粪对煤矸石污染土壤进行改良,并研究了不同改良措施对大豆生长、光合特性和产量的影响。结果表明,添加粉煤灰0.07 kg.kg-1(T1)、添加牛粪0.07 kg.kg-1(T2)、添加粉煤灰和牛粪各0.07 kg.kg-1(T3)3种土壤改良措施对大豆的株高、叶面积和单株根瘤数均有显著影响,不同生育期株高、叶面积和单株根瘤数均表现为T3>T2>T1>CK。在花期和鼓粒期,3种土壤改良措施下大豆的叶绿素含量和光合速率均显著高于对照,且T3处理显著高于T2和T1。与对照相比,不同土壤改良措施对大豆的单株荚数、百粒重、单株粒重和产量均有显著影响,T3、T2和T1处理的大豆产量较对照分别提高68.47%、40.99%和30.63%。     

Heterotrophic nutrition of the marine pennate diatom Nitzschia angularis var. affinis

The nutritional pattern for heterotrophic growth of Nitzschia angularis var. affinis (Grun.) Perag. is more complex than for other diatom species studied previously. This species grew slowly in the dark in the presence of single amino acids, either glutamate or alanine; other amino acids when supplied singly were not used as substrates. Carbon from glutamate was converted to cell carbon with an efficiency of 43%. Glutamine was inhibitory both in the light and in the dark, and aspartate inhibited heterotrophic growth on glutamate. Glucose and tryptone supplied singly did not support heterotrophic growth, but when combined, together they allowed for rapid growth of N. angularis (generation time of 16 h). Glucose in combination with glutamate, alanine, aspartate, or asparagine (but not with any other amino acids) also supported growth in the dark, at a rate considerably more rapid than with glutamate alone. In the presence of excess glucose and limiting concentrations of glutamate, approximately 50% of the cell carbon for heterotrophic growth came from glucose, while in combination with tryptone about 25% of the cell carbon came from glucose. Amino acids were taken up by cells grown either photoautrophically or in the dark in the presence or absence of organic substrates; uptake rates were some-what higher for dark-grown than for light-grown cells. Glucose was taken up only by dark-grown cells; induction of a glucose uptake system in the dark required the presence of glutamate but not of glucose. The rates of uptake of glutamate and glucose by cells incubated in the dark with glutamate were sufficiently high to account for the observed rates of growth on these substrates in the dark. The uptake systems of N. angularis have relatively high affinities for glucose (K _s =0.03 mM) and glutamate (K _s =0.02 mM).Contribution No. 890 from the Department of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.     

Environmental Se–Mo–B Deficiency and its Possible Effects in Jiantou Keshan Disease Area in Shaanxi Province, China

Keshan disease (KD) occurs in a wide geographic belt stretching from the Heilongjiang Province in northeastern China to Yunnan Province in southwestern China, including Huangling County, Shaanxi Province. In order to research relationships between eco-environmental geochemistry and KD pertaining to Se, Mo, B, Zn, Mn, and Cu, this investigation was conducted in the Jiantou KD area in Huangling County, one of the areas in China where the incidence of KD is highest. Environmental samples (rock, soil, plant and childrens hair) were collected from the area. Se in plants is low, ranging from 0.03 to 0.06 µg Se g^–1 in corn, potato and soybean. Se contents in childrens hair are normal or reach the limitation of dangerous level. This study reports 0.18 µg Se g^–1, B <40 µg g^–1, and Mo <1.0 µg g^–1 in aeolian soil, 0.14–0.38 µg Mo g^–1 and 3–8 µg B g^–1 in corn and potato (daily staple food for local human beings in the area). The Jiantou KD area is one where the elements Se, Mo and B are deficient. It is proposed that the deficiency of elements Se, Mo and B may be involved in the pathogenicity of KD with respect to the eco-environmental system because Se, Mo and B are essential micronutrients for plants and human beings. It seems that there is no significant relationship between the Zn–Mn–K–Pb–Ba associations and KD.