广西英罗港不同红树林群落土壤CO2和CH4通量对气温变化的响应

采用WEST-1011便携式土壤通量测量仪对广西北海英罗港自然保护区不同红树植物群落土壤的CO2和CH4排放通量特征以及其与气温的关系进行研究。结果表明,各群落土壤CH4通量的值都较小,在-2~3μmol.m-2.s-1之间;红海榄Rhizophora stylosa群落、木榄Brugiera gymmonhiza群落一天的CO2通量变化很小,秋茄Kandelia candel群落一天的CO2通量变化比较明显,最大值出现在19：00,为5.001μmol.m-2.s-1,桐花树Aegiceras corniculatum群落一天的CO2通量变化明显,最大值出现在11：00,为8.325μmol.m-2.s-1。排放通量与气温做相关性研究发现,气温与红海榄群落、木榄群落土壤CH4通量与气温呈不显著的正相关关系,与秋茄群落呈现极其显著的负相关关系,与桐花树群落呈显著的负相关关系;气温与红海榄群落、木榄群落、秋茄群落、桐花树群落的土壤CO2通量均呈不显著的负相关关系。     

福建漳江口4种红树植物叶片碳氮磷化学计量及养分重吸收特征

以福建漳江口红树林的秋茄(Kandelia candel)、桐花树(Aegiceras corniculatum)、白骨壤(Avicennia marina)和木榄(Bruguiear gymnorrhiza)为研究对象,对其成熟叶和衰老叶的C、N、P含量、生态化学计量比及重吸收效率进行分析,探讨不同树种养分限制格局及养分高效利用策略,结果显示:(1)成熟叶C、N、P含量范围分别为483.57-568.87、8.53-26.15、0.74-1.56g/kg,衰老叶为441.33-512.67、2.59-8.93、0.28-0.74g/kg,表现为成熟叶衰老叶;成熟叶的C:N、C:P、N:P变化范围为21.11-69.39、310.96-735.87、11.11-34.86,衰老叶为49.51-207.42、563.03-1 878.98、7.20-11.38,成熟叶C:N、C:P小于衰老叶(白骨壤的C:P除外),而成熟叶N:P大于衰老叶,4种红树植物C、N、P含量和化学计量比差异均达显著水平(P 0.05);成熟叶片C:N:P比范围为311:12:1-736:35:1,衰老叶为563:11:1-1 879:9:1;(2)N重吸收效率(NRE)范围为47.97%-84.64%,表现为木榄秋茄白骨壤桐花树;P重吸收效率(PRE)范围为18.39%-76.81%,表现为木榄秋茄桐花树白骨壤;4种红树植物N重吸收效率均大于P;(3)相关分析表明,NRE与成熟叶的C:N和C:P显著负相关(P 0.05),PRE与成熟叶P含量极显著正相关(P 0.01)、与成熟叶C:P极显著负相关(P 0.01).成熟叶片N:P阈值(14)指示秋茄、桐花树和木榄生长受N限制,白骨壤生长受P限制,受N限制的秋茄、桐花树和木榄具有较高的NRE,而受P限制的白骨壤并不具有较高PRE.综上可知,高效的NRE是红树植物适应低N环境的重要养分利用策略,而红树植物可能采取其他适应机制来响应低P胁迫.(表5参38)     

红树植物凋落叶分解对土壤可溶性有机质的影响

研究红树林湿地土壤可溶性有机质（DOM）的来源、性质及其归宿对于揭示 DOM 在红树林湿地生物地球化学循环中的作用具有重要意义。采集了木榄（Bruguiera gymnoihiza）、秋茄（Kandelia candel）和桐花树（Aegiceras corniculatum）3种红树植物的新近落叶进行室内48 d分解实验,探讨了凋落叶分解过程对土壤可溶性有机碳（DOC）和可溶性总氮（TDN）含量、C/N比（DOC/TDN）及紫外-可见（UV-Vis）光谱特征（A280、A240/A420和A250/A365比值）的影响。在48 d分解期间,3种红树植物凋落叶的输入均明显增加了土壤DOC的含量,其变化在分解第6 d最为显著,各凋落叶添加组比对照组平均增加了149%（秋茄）~196%（桐花树）,随后各凋落叶添加组土壤DOC含量呈下降趋势。与土壤DOC的变化不同,凋落叶输入后土壤TDN的变化与对照组的差异不明显,但木榄和桐花树添加组的C/N比在分解初期（第6天）显著高于对照组（P<0.05）。凋落叶的输入亦在不同程度上增大了土壤DOM的A280值,降低了DOM的A240/A420和A250/A365比值。与土壤DOC的变化相似,凋落叶输入使DOM的UV-Vis光谱特征在分解初期（第6天）的变化最明显,其中桐花树凋落叶的影响最大,秋茄凋落叶的影响最小。结果表明：凋落叶输入使培养初期土壤DOM的含量和性质发生明显改变,DOM中大分子及芳香类组分增多、团聚化程度增加,DOM 的生物可降解性变小。然而,随着分解的进行,不同凋落叶处理组之间土壤DOM的变化差异性逐渐缩小,并在分解后期与对照组趋近。     

长江口及邻近海域水体中石油烃分布特征及其污染评价

根据2001—2009及2013年的10年间5、8月份丰水期对长江口及邻近海域的调查监测资料,研究了水体中石油烃的时空分布特征及污染情况,分析了其污染来源,探讨了其影响机理.研究结果表明,10年间调查海域石油烃范围为0—0.41 mg·L-1,平均浓度为0.08 mg·L-1,各年际间石油烃浓度有显著性差异(P<0.05),且均存在不同程度的超标情况;水体中石油烃空间分布格局整体上呈由近岸向远岸递减的趋势,河口水动力稀释、颗粒悬浮物的吸附作用是控制石油烃分布的主要因素;调查海域空间分布尺度上可以划分为近岸海域和远岸海域两部分,聚类分析、MDS排序分析以及ANOSIM检验均支持了划分结果     

0#柴油和原油水溶性成分在黑鲷(Sparusmacrocephlus)体内的富集动力学

石油是海洋环境中的一类重要污染物,为探索石油烃在海洋生物体内的生物富集动力学特征,应用半静态双箱动力学模型在室内模拟了黑鲷(Sparus macrocephlus)对0#柴油和东海平湖原油水溶性成分(Water accommodated fraction,WAF)的生物富集实验,通过对富集与释放过程中黑鲷体内石油烃的动态检测以及对检测结果的非线性曲线拟合,获得黑鲷对0#柴油、原油WAF的吸收速率常数k1、释放速率常数k2、生物富集因子BCF、平衡状态下黑鲷体内石油烃含量CAmax和生物学半衰期B1/2等动力学参数.拟合结果得到的各动力学参数分别为:黑鲷对0#柴油WAF的吸收速率常数k1范围为3.46-4.87、k2为0.047 6-0.070 8、BCF为48.79-102.30、CAmax为1.53-2.93 mg/kg、B1/2为9.79-14.57 d;黑鲷对原油WAF的吸收速率常数k1范围为2.12-5.75、k2为0.036 3-0.050 5、BCF为58.35-147.21、CAmax为4.01-7.00 mg/kg、B1/2为13.71-19.08 d.黑鲷对0#柴油、原油WAF的吸收速率常数k1、BCF均随外部水体中石油烃浓度的增大而减少,对0#柴油和原油WAF的释放速率常数k2与外部水体中石油烃浓度无明显相关性,CAmax整体随外部水体中石油烃浓度的增大而增大.对模型的拟合优度检验结果显示,模型的拟合优度良好.研究表明,0#柴油在黑鲷体内的富集量低于原油WAF、释放量略高于原油WAF,不同种类石油的烃类组分可能是主要控制因子之一.     

鄱阳湖网箱养殖对水环境的影响——以都昌水域为例

为了探讨网箱养殖对水体的影响,选取了位于鄱阳湖北岸的都昌县网箱养殖水域为研究对象,于2017年10月和2018年3月对网箱区、外围区和对照点的水体环境进行了分析调查,探讨了网箱养殖对养殖区水体水环境(水温、DO、pH、Chla、TN、TP等)的影响,并利用综合营养状态指数对水体的富营养化状态进行了评价.结果表明,网箱养殖活动对养殖区水体水温和pH几乎没有影响;而对DO、Chla和营养盐含量的影响较明显.3月和10月研究区水体的DO明显低于对照点,Chla明显高于对照点.3月和10月网箱区水体的TN变化范围分别为2.26—2.40 mg·L~(-1)和2.05—2.72 mg·L~(-1),对照点分别为1.49 mg·L~(-1)和1.14 mg·L~(-1);TP的变化范围分别为0.24—0.42 mg·L~(-1)和0.11—0.23 mg·L~(-1),对照点分别为0.18 mg·L~(-1)和0.11 mg·L~(-1);TN和TP含量的最大值均出现在网箱区;网箱区水体NH~+_4-N的变化范围分别为0.66—1.05 mg·L~(-1)和0.18—0.39 mg·L~(-1);NO~-_3-N的变化范围分别为0.72—1.01 mg·L~(-1)和0.38—0.62 mg·L~(-1);3月研究区水体的NH~+_4-N、NO~-_3-N、TN和TP含量整体高于10月.养殖水体处于中营养,尚未出现富营养化.     

沉水植物与生态浮床组合对水产养殖污染控制的研究

通过2009年9月—2010年2月测定陆基围隔中水生植物种植密度、浮床水面覆盖率、水质状况、浮游藻类群落特征及水生生物生长状况,研究了沉水植物与植物浮床相结合的新型养殖水体净化模式对养虾塘污染原位净化及水质调控效果。结果表明,养虾塘第Ⅴ组围隔(单个围隔面积为3 m×3 m)内栽种苦草(Vallisneria natans)4.0 kg和轮叶黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)3.0 kg,与种植312株常绿鸢尾(Iris hexagonus)的植物浮床组合,对养殖污染的控制效果较好,TN、TP、CODMn分别从3.41、0.32、14.34 mg.L-1降至0.79、0.02和11.96 mg.L-1;第Ⅴ组围隔内浮游藻类Margalef指数为4.00,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数为3.32,Pielou均匀度指数为0.76,显示养殖水体环境较稳定,水质相对较好。     

池塘循环水养殖模式的构建及其对氮磷的去除效果

构建了一个由水源地、养殖池塘、生态沟渠(1级净化)、2级净化塘和3级净化塘组成的淡水池塘循环水养殖模式,研究该模式对池塘养殖废水中氮和磷的去除效果.2010年5-10月的运行结果表明,经过3级净化后,养殖废水中氨氮水平能维持在约0.33 mg·L-1,6月仅为0.010 3 mg·L-1,亚硝酸盐氮含量低于0.02 mg·L-1,总氮含量在各月均能达到GB 3838-2002<地表水环境质量标准>中V类标准(≤2.0 mg·L-1),总磷含量均能达到地表水Ⅲ类标准(≤0.2 mg·L-1),对叶绿素a的去除效果也很明显,去除率为16.10%～91.22%.可见,该模式能够有效地去除养殖废水中过量的氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、总氮、总磷和叶绿素a.各级净化模块并不能逐级加倍发挥净化效果,这可能是因为在日常管理过程中由于孽生使得水生植物密度过大,从而引起水质变化反复.近2 a来的试验结果显示新建的淡水池塘循环水养殖模式正处于功能完善阶段,尚未成熟.     

配套养殖体系中部分抗生素的污染特征

采用超声提取-固相萃取-高效液相色谱串联质谱技术分析配套养殖体系粪便、水体和沉积物中4种磺胺类(SAs)、2种四环素类(TCs)、2种大环内酯(MLs)和2种喹诺酮类(QLs)抗生素的含量和分布特征.研究结果显示,在水体中共检出8种抗生素,浓度在ND—382 ng·L-1,2种四环素类抗生素未被检出,且水体中抗生素的浓度呈现旱季高于雨季;沉积物中共检出7种抗生素,其浓度分别在ND—3400μg·kg-1范围内,磺胺嘧啶(SDZ)、磺胺甲噁唑(SMX)和罗红霉素(RTM)未被检出;在猪粪和鸭粪中均检出甲氧苄啶(TMP)、诺氟沙星(NFX)、脱水红霉素(ETM-H2O)和罗红霉素(RTM),同时猪粪中还检出2种四环素类,鸭粪中检出磺胺二甲嘧啶(SMZ)和环丙沙星(CFX),其中鸭粪中甲氧苄啶的最高浓度达到6.11 mg·kg-1.研究结果表明,不同介质中抗生素的含量存在一定差异,其中磺胺类抗生素在水体中浓度最高,喹诺酮类和四环素类在沉积物中的浓度最高;粪便中抗生素的种类与施药的种类密切相关,并且可能会加剧抗生素对水体环境的污染.     

空心菜浮床栽培对集约化养殖鱼塘水质的影响

以叶绿素a(Chla)、TN、NH4+-N、NO2-N、NO3-N、TP、PO43-P、CODMn等为主要水质指标研究浮床栽培空心菜对集约化养殖鱼塘的净化作用。结果表明,通过4次收获,空心菜产量可达69618.0～73161.6kg.hm-2;空心菜覆盖率为10%和20%处理组通过收获空心菜直接从1hm2养殖池塘中移出的TN分别为27.51、52.35kg,TP分别为2.83、5.39kg。在相同监测时间下,Chla、TN、NH4+-N、NO2-N、NO3-N、TP、PO43-P、CODMn等各项水质指标按对照组、10%处理组、20%处理组的顺序均呈逐渐降低趋势;其中20%处理组对Chla、TN、NH4+-N、NO2-N、NO3-N、TP、PO43-P、CODMn的去除率分别为15.16%～49.02%、9.04%～36.56%、19.23%～46.34%、22.76%～47.74%、13.33%～56.52%、33.33%～45.10%、27.27%～48.15%、3.13%～19.05%。与对照塘相比,处理塘鱼类成活率明显提高,说明在主养鱼为鲫鱼的苗种养殖池塘中采用浮床栽培空心菜能够促进水体物质循环,加强...     

生物栅净化系统生物膜微生物群落结构动态的ERIC-PCR指纹图谱分析

用ERIC-PCR指纹图谱技术分析富营养化水体生物栅处理系统中2个工况7个净化池在不同监测时期微生物群落结构动态变化与主要污染物降解效果变化的关系.结果表明,采用生物栅技术的2～7号净化池的CODCr、总氮、氨氮、总磷的去除率较对照池分别提高了13.3%～58.6%、23.6%～65.8%、15.5%～72.9%和16.8%～76.9%,表明生物栅技术在污染物去除方面起到了重要作用.随着系统的运行微生物多样性指数逐渐增大,工况1第1次和第2次生物膜样品的微生物多样性指数分别为1.77～1.91和1.96～2.35.设置凤眼莲的3个净化池填料生物膜微生物种类较未设置植物的净化池丰富.在工况2中,HRT为7.5h的3号、5号和7号反应池填料生物膜ERIC-PCR指纹图条带数比HRT为4h的2号、4号和6号要多,而根系生物膜上的微生物群落结构受HRT的影响小.研究表明,随着系统的运行,系统中微生物种群多样性指数增加,系统逐渐进入良好的稳定状态.图5表5参9     

海南岛北部潮间带红树林对重金属的累积特征

对海南岛北部潮间带红树林湿地7种红树植物（根、茎、叶）及其根系沉积物中重金属元素含量进行了分析,结果表明：研究区湿地沉积物中Ni、Cu、Zn、As和Cd的变异系数大于0.50,沉积物中重金属分布很不稳定。其中Cr、Cu、Zn、As和Cd的含量均高于海南水系沉积物背景值,可能存在外源的输入。仅有Pb的含量略低于海南水系沉积物背景值。总体来看,大部分植物显示了对Cd元素的较强的富集能力（BAC〉1）,瓶花木对重金属元素的吸收能力总体上要比其他红树植物强一些,木果楝对重金属元素的吸收能力总体上最弱。其中,瓶花木（Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea）对Cr、Zn、As和Cd的吸收能力较强,莲叶桐（Hernandia sonora）对Cr和Ni的吸收能力较强,角果木（Ceriops tagal）对Pb的富集能力较强。角果木（Ceriops tagal）和桐花树（Aegiceras corniculatum）对Cd和Pb的运输能力较强,瓶花木（Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea）对Cu、Zn和Cd的运输能力较强,尖瓣海莲（Bruguiera sexangula）对Cr、Ni、Cd和Pb的运输能力较强,木榄（Bruguiera gymnorrhiza）对Ni、Cu、Cd和Pb的运输能力较强,木果楝（Xylocarpus granatum）对Cr、Zn和Cd的运输能力较强,莲叶桐（Hernandia sonora）对Cr也有较强的运输能力。但此次所研究的红树植物对As元素的运输能力均很弱,建议适量引入适宜在研究区生长并且对As元素富集能力较强的植物。     

湛江红树林湿地沉积物中多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)的污染特征与生态风险评价

近年来,红树林有机污染物(POPs)污染逐渐加重,其生态环境保护压力日趋加大。湛江红树林保护区是中国面积最大的红树林自然保护区,对生态系统稳定具有重要作用,准确评估湛江红树林湿地多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)的污染现状及潜在生态风险,对了解湛江红树林有机污染物的污染状况、红树林的生态环境保护等具有重要意义。采用索氏抽提法和气相色谱-质谱法测定了湛江红树林湿地12个采样位点沉积物中的PBDEs质量分数,分析了多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)的污染水平、空间分布特征及其潜在风险。结果表明,湛江红树林表层沉积物中共检测到14种PBDEs,BDE-209质量分数占比最高,为53.58%—77.66%。12个采样点的∑PBDEs质量分数均值为23.30 ng·g^?1。按地理位置划分为6个研究区域,各研究区域的∑PBDEs质量分数均值变化为:湛江市区(33.06 ng·g^?1)>廉江西(29.68 ng·g^?1)>徐闻(19.29 ng·g^?1)>雷州东(16.47 ng·g^?1)>遂溪(15.72 ng·g^?1)>雷州西(11.92 ng·g^?1);BDE-209、∑13PBDEs(除BDE-209外)质量分数的分布规律与∑PBDEs质量分数的变化趋势一致。与国内外其他红树林湿地沉积物相比,湛江红树林沉积物中∑PBDEs质量分数处于中等水平。湛江红树林沉积物中的PBDEs污染主要源自商业五溴、八溴及十溴联苯醚产品的使用,高溴联苯醚的降解也是其来源之一。环境中的降雨量、TOC、pH值等对沉积物中PBDEs的影响不大。风险熵数法的生态风险评价结果表明,湛江红树林沉积物中PBDEs的综合生态风险水平较高,尤其是penta-BDEs和deca-BDEs处于高风险水平,应引起关注。     

Mangrove recruitment after forest disturbance is facilitated by herbaceous species in the Caribbean.

Plant communities along tropical coastlines are often affected by natural and human disturbances, but little is known about factors influencing recovery. We focused on mangrove forests, which are among the most threatened ecosystems globally, to examine how facilitation by herbaceous vegetation might improve forest restoration after disturbance. We specifically investigated whether recovery of mangrove forests in harsh environments is accelerated by nurse plants and whether the beneficial effects are species-specific. Quantification of standardized effects allowed comparisons across performance parameters and over time for: (1) net effect of each herbaceous species on mangrove survival and growth, (2) effects of pre- and post-establishment factors associated with each herbaceous species, and (3) need for artificial planting to enhance growth or survival of mangrove seedlings. Mangrove recruitment in a clear-cut forest in Belize was accelerated by the presence of Sesuvium portulacastrum (succulent forb) and Distichlis spicata (grass), two coastal species common throughout the Caribbean region. The net effect of herbaceous vegetation was positive, but the magnitude of effects on mangrove survival and growth differed by species. Because of differences in their vegetative structure and other features, species effects on mangroves also varied by mechanism: (1) trapping of dispersing propagules (both species), (2) structural support of the seedling (Distichlis), and/or (3) promotion of survival (Sesuviumn) or growth (Distichlis) through amelioration of soil conditions (temperature, aeration). Artificial planting had a stronger positive effect on mangrove survival than did edaphic conditions, but planting enhanced mangrove growth more in Sesuvium than in Distichlis patches. Our study indicates that beneficial species might be selected based on features that provide multiple positive effects and that species comparisons may be improved using standardized effects. Our findings are not only relevant to the coastal environments found in the Caribbean region, but our assessment methods may be useful for developing site-specific information to restore disturbed mangrove forests worldwide, especially given the large pool of mangrove associates (>45 genera) available for screening.     

Mercury in a northeastern Brazilian mangrove area, a case study: potential of the mangrove oyster Crassostrea rhizophorae as bioindicator for mercury

The Channel of Santa Cruz is a mangrove area in northeastern Brasil 40 km north of Recife. Until 1991 a chlor-alkali factory discharged large amounts of mercury into the main tributary of the channel, the Rio Botafogo. The objective of this study was to assess the potential of the mangrove oyster Crassostrea rhizophorae as a bioindicator for mercury in this area and to examine the influence of condition on mercury concentrations in the oysters. The investigation was carried out in the late rainy season (July to September) 1993, in the rainy season (April to June) 1994 and in the dry season (November/December) 1994. At 11 stations in the channel, mangrove oysters, surface sediments and suspended matter were sampled, representing different compartments of the system. The distribution of mercury in the Channel of Santa Cruz exhibited for all compartments the same distinct spatial pattern with maxima in the Rio Botafogo. Seasonal variations were small and revealed no clear tendencies. In addition, mangrove oysters were transplanted from more contaminated stations to less contaminated stations and vice versa. These experiments were designed to study the oysters' capability to adjust their mercury concentrations to a changing bioavailability of mercury. The transplantation experiments suggest that the oysters are capable to adjust to changing ambient mercury availability within a few months. The transplantation experiments also revealed the importance of condition changes on the mercury concentration of the oysters. This factor should not be ignored during pollution studies. However, condition had apparently no strong influence on the spatial or seasonal mercury variations of the oysters. The mangrove oyster is a suitable bioindicator for long-term changes in mercury availability. Received: 20 August 1997 / Accepted: 15 January 1998     

Effects of Pond Draining on Biodiversity and Water Quality of Farm Ponds

Farm ponds have high conservation value because they contribute significantly to regional biodiversity and ecosystem services. In Japan pond draining is a traditional management method that is widely believed to improve water quality and eradicate invasive fish. In addition, fishing by means of pond draining has significant cultural value for local people, serving as a social event. However, there is a widespread belief that pond draining reduces freshwater biodiversity through the extirpation of aquatic animals, but scientific evaluation of the effectiveness of pond draining is lacking. We conducted a large‐scale field study to evaluate the effects of pond draining on invasive animal control, water quality, and aquatic biodiversity relative to different pond‐management practices, pond physicochemistry, and surrounding land use. The results of boosted regression‐tree models and analyses of similarity showed that pond draining had little effect on invasive fish control, water quality, or aquatic biodiversity. Draining even facilitated the colonization of farm ponds by invasive red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii), which in turn may have detrimental effects on the biodiversity and water quality of farm ponds. Our results highlight the need for reconsidering current pond management and developing management plans with respect to multifunctionality of such ponds. Efectos del Drenado de Estanques sobre la Biodiversidad y la Calidad del Agua en Estanques de Cultivo     

福建洛阳江口红树林湿地恢复对蟹类密度的影响

底栖动物尤其是蟹类对红树林湿地生态系统的生态功能恢复有重要意义,研究检验不同红树林种类及林龄和郁闭度是否对蟹类分布情况存在显著影响。从福建洛阳江口红树林湿地动态变化对蟹类密度的影响可以看出：不同植被类型对蟹类密度的影响达到极显著水平。光滩与成熟的秋茄（Kandelia candel）,桐花树（Aegiceras corniculatum）和白骨壤（Avicennia marina）之间有显著性差异（P〈0.05）,而桐花树、秋茄、白骨壤之间无显著性差异（P〉0.05）。在不同红树林树种和林龄2因素对蟹类密度的影响的双因素分析中：树种、林龄、树种和林龄间互作均对蟹类密度的影响达到极显著水平;在不同红树林树种和郁闭度2因素对蟹类密度的影响的双因素方差分析中：树种对蟹类密度的影响达到极显著水平,郁闭度对蟹类密度的影响达到显著水平;树种和郁闭度之间互作对蟹类密度的影响不显著。     

广东和海南红树林的生物地球化学特征

本文研究了广东和海南红树林的土壤,植物叶子和死地被物的化学成分以及它们之间的相互关系，并与相同地区的一些植物群落进行比较，从而探讨红树林的生物地球化学特征。结果表明，红树林的土壤和植物的某些化学成分含量较高，尤其是Na和Ca的含量较为突出。另外，虽然海岸带海水的pH＞8，土壤都呈酸性。红树林的养分利用率只有N较高，其余大多数元素都较低。红树林的生物吸收率和生物归还率通常也较低，但其大多数元素的生物分解率则较高。     

Interactions Among the Copper Species and Forms in Sea Water/Sediments and Copper Bioaccumulation in Oysters

Earlier papers indicated that the first incident of green discoloration in oysters (Crassostrea gigas) and the mass mortality observed in 1986 along the Taiwan Erhjin Chi coastal area were caused by the higher contents of total copper and copper species (mainly bioavailable and free ion) in sea water. the copper in sea water would be sorbed by suspended matter and transferred to sediments, and the copper in the sediments would also be desorbed to sea water. Processes of copper adsorption and desorption are the major factors influencing the contents of total copper and copper species in sea water and sediments. in this study, the Erhjin Chi sediments were mixed with sea water by a shaker technique. When the mixture was shaken for one hour, analogous to tidal mixing in estuaries, only copper desorption from sediments was observed. If the shaking time is increased for more than 3 hours, the copper released from the sediments was resorbed to the remaining solid phases. the higher the contents of mud (91.71%) and total copper (701 mg kg^-1) in sediments, the higher the copper desorption rate (1.86 ppm hr^-1) and copper adsorption rate (0.50 ppm hr^-1) were observed. in sediments containing lower mud (0.80%) and lower copper (43.5 mg kg^-1), the copper desorption and adsorption rates were 0.83 ppm hr^-1 and 0.22 ppm hr^-1, respectively. the interactions among the total copper and copper species in sea water and sediments, chemical and ecological parameters, and copper bioaccumulation in oysters in the Erhjin Chi estuarine and coastal area are also discussed.