地表臭氧浓度升高对冬小麦和大豆生长和产量的影响

我国近地层臭氧污染日趋严重,其不断增加的浓度对农作物的生长造成了严重威胁。以冬小麦和大豆为研究对象,基于大田开顶式气室(OTC)试验,分别设置对照(CK)、100 n L·L~(-1)和150 n L·L~(-1)这3个O3浓度处理组,对2种作物生长指标和产量等参数连续观测,结果表明:O3浓度增加对冬小麦和大豆的株高、叶面积和生物量产生影响,并且对大豆的影响更为明显。与此同时,O3浓度增加使得冬小麦的穗重、穗粒数以及大豆的单株荚数、单株粒数、单株粒重都呈现大幅度下降状态,进而导致其产量降低。在100 n L·L~(-1)臭氧处理下,冬小麦产量较CK降低了12.89%,而大豆产量下降了23.76%。在150 n L·L~(-1)的臭氧处理下,冬小麦产量较对照组降低了29.23%,大豆则比对照组下降了41.57%,与CK相比,大豆产量下降更为明显。上述研究表明,臭氧污染对农作物的生长具有显著影响,且大豆对O3的反应比冬小麦敏感。     

改良剂对重金属复合污染土壤中菜用大豆品质及生理特性的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了在重度Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd复合污染土壤上,分别施用凹凸棒土(25 g·kg-1)、硅藻土(25g·kg-1)、泥炭(25 g·kg-1)和腐植酸(4 g·kg-1)4种改良剂对菜用大豆(Glycine max)(以下简称大豆)植株生长、籽粒食用品质及叶片生理特性的影响.结果表明:有机物料能有效提高大豆籽粒产量和粗蛋白含量,改善大豆籽粒的食用品质,但黏土矿物对大豆籽粒产量及品质的影响不明显;有机物料、黏土矿物能缓解重金属对植物的毒害,腐植酸、泥炭、凹凸棒土处理大豆叶片苗期SOD活性显著高于对照(P＜0.05),而硅藻土处理大豆苗期SOD活性与对照之间差异不显著(P＞0.05),但成熟期SOD活性却显著高于对照(P＜0.05).除腐植酸处理外,添加其他改良剂处理苗期、成熟期大豆叶片叶绿素含量与对照之间差异均未达显著水平(P＞0.05);腐植酸降低大豆籽粒中重金属含量的效果最好,该处理大豆籽粒中Zn、Cu、Cd、Pb含量分别比对照降低28.8%、21.6 %、35.0%和12.5%,硅藻土次之,而添加泥炭、凹凸棒土对大豆籽粒中重金属含量的影响与对照相比未达显著水平(P＞0.05).     

近地层臭氧浓度升高对大豆叶片氮代谢及产量的影响

为了探究臭氧胁迫对大豆(Glycine max)器官的氮代谢相关指标和产量的影响,在开顶式气室(OTCs)中,以栽培大豆"铁丰29号"为试验材料,采用盆栽试验方法,设置3个O_3熏蒸浓度梯度处理大豆[CK:对照,5 nL·L~(-1) O_3;T_1:(80±10)n L·L~(-1) O_3;T_2:(120±10) nL·L~(-1) O_3]。结果表明,(1)随着O_3浓度的增加,大豆叶片氮代谢相关指标与CK处理相比均显著下降。硝酸还原酶活性、亚硝态氮含量和游离氨基酸含量在分枝期、T_2条件下,降低幅度最显著,分别达到68.17%、91.68%和56.87%。谷氨酰胺合成酶在开花期、T_2条件下,降低幅度最显著,达到53.69%。谷氨酸合酶活性、硝态氮含量和可溶性蛋白含量在结荚期、T_2条件下,降低幅度最显著,分别达到54.60%、82.08%和79.55%。(2)O_3熏蒸对大豆的产量也具有一定的影响,与CK相比,T_1和T_2条件下,大豆的单株荚数、单株粒数、单株粒质量和百粒质量均显著下降。(3)Pearson相关性分析表明,大豆叶片硝酸还原酶与亚硝态氮之间高度正相关,相关系数为0.784,同时,二者均与谷氨酰胺合成酶、谷氨酸合酶和游离氨基酸正相关;游离氨基酸还与可溶性蛋白负相关,相关系数为-0.550,与谷氨酰胺合成酶高度正相关,相关系数为0.970,可溶性蛋白还与硝态氮高度正相关,与谷氨酰胺合成酶低度负相关,相关系数分别为0.869和-0.452;谷氨酸合酶还与谷氨酰胺合成酶和硝态氮正相关,相关系数分别为0.994和0.787。高浓度臭氧抑制了大豆叶片的氮代谢功能,进而降低大豆产量,氮代谢各个指标均与产量有高度的相关关系。试验表明,近地层臭氧浓度升高对大豆叶片氮代谢具有显著的抑制作用,导致大豆氮素供应不足,大豆产量降低。     

盐碱地施用脱硫石膏对土壤养分及油葵光合特性的影响

通过分析宁夏平罗西大滩不同改良年份盐碱地土壤养分含量,测定油葵(Helianthus annuus)光合日变化曲线、光响应曲线和油葵产量,研究了施用脱硫石膏对盐碱地土壤改良及油葵光合特性的影响.结果表明,在盐碱土壤上施用燃煤电厂脱硫石膏后,土壤电导率、pH值随土壤改良年限增加而逐年下降,土壤有机质含量、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾则逐年上升.随着土壤改良年限增加,油葵叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间二氧化碳浓度均明显下降,气孔限制值和水分利用效率也明显下降(P<0.01).同时,随着改良年限增加,油葵叶片暗呼吸速率、光饱和点和最大净光合速率增加,而光补偿点降低.施用脱硫石膏后油葵盘径、百粒重和产量随土壤改良年限增加也显著提高(P<0.05).因此,施用燃煤电厂脱硫石膏能够显著地改良盐碱地土壤、提高油葵叶片光合能力,从而促进作物生长、提高作物产量.图2表3参29     

基于相关系数分析油菜若干性状与产量关系

油菜的十大性状与产量的相关分析,若按与产量相关系数大小排列,则依次为主茎总叶数>根茎粗>株高>一次有效分枝数>主茎绿叶数>二次有效分枝数>单株角果数>每角粒数>千粒重,前8个性状与产量均达到显者正相关,每角粒数与产量的相关不显著,而千粒重与产量呈负相关.表3,参4.     

制革污泥固化稳定化处理

为有效控制制革污泥中的重金属铬污染并安全填埋,采用石灰、粉煤灰和煤渣作为固化剂对制革污泥进行固化/稳定化处理,考察固化剂对制革污泥中重金属毒性的影响,并探讨了固化/稳定化的最佳工艺条件.结果表明,当石灰、粉煤灰和煤渣的掺量分别为0.12 kg.kg-1、0.02 kg.kg-1和0.08 kg.kg-1,养护天数为6 d时,制革污泥固化块抗压强度达到884 kPa,含水率由固化前的79.60%降低至30.20%,满足《危险废物填埋污染控制标准》（GB 18598—2001）的要求.固化块浸出液中Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni浓度同固化前相比,分别降低了92.1%、96.7%、92.8%、88.9%,Cr、Cd、Mn均未检出.固化块浸出液的铬浓度随着石灰添加量的增加而降低,随粉煤灰添加量的增加则为先降低、然后再升高,当石灰与粉煤灰添加量比为6∶1时,协同固化效果显著.     

杂交油菜施用粉煤灰磁化肥的效应

通过对杂交油菜施用粉煤灰磁化复合肥的试验研究,初步探明了粉煤灰磁化复合肥较同等N、P、K的复混肥,未磁化粉煤灰复合肥及当地群众习惯施肥法有显著的增产效果.试验表明,粉煤灰磁化肥在油菜上一般用量为757.58kg/hm2左右.粉煤灰磁化肥比对照增产21.9%,比当地农民习惯施肥措施增产10.5%;比等量N、P、K混合肥增产9.9%,增产180kg/hm2.比未磁化粉煤灰复混肥增产4.5%.最高产量施用粉煤灰磁化肥为1026.9kg/hm2,油菜产量为2084.85kg/hm2;最佳产量施用粉煤灰磁化肥为757.58kg/hm2,油菜产量为2041.79kg/hm2.     

胶质类芽胞杆菌对花生生长和土壤微生物学性状的影响

研究不同施用条件下胶质类芽胞杆菌3016对花生生长、土壤酶活性及微生物多样性等的影响,为揭示该菌种的增产机理提供依据.田间小区试验设置4个处理:T1(对照)、T2(接种3016)、T3(接种3016,50%的常规施肥量)和T4(常规施肥).结果发现,T3处理花生单株总果数、单株总果重、百仁重、出米率和产量表现均为最高,分别高出对照27.1%、22.9%、7.8%、2.4%和10.4%;花生果仁和茎叶中养分含量与T4处理持平或略高,其中钾含量增加显著(P0.05),分别达到0.55%和1.19%;同时,T3处理土壤细菌、放线菌数量和土壤脲酶活性也显著(P0.05)高于对照,土壤菌群结构得以改善,有助于实现土壤肥力的提高.因此,接种胶质类芽胞杆菌3016配施50%的常规施肥量,不仅能达到花生高产的目的,而且改善了土壤的生物学性状,是一种节本增效的施肥方式.     

花生施用燃煤烟气脱硫副产物研究初报

主要研究了施用燃煤烟气脱硫副产物（石膏和粉煤灰）对花生性状的影响。结果表明，在广东浅海沉积砖红壤上，施用脱硫副产物对盆栽花生出苗、根系及其营养生长、花生花针生长发育等均产生一定的抑制作用；抑制程度与脱硫副产物施用量有关。但在添加1%、5%、10%的脱硫副产物条件下，花生根瘤数量及质量均比不施脱硫副产物的处理有成倍地增加，若添加量达到20%则会对根瘤生长繁殖产生明显的抑制。施用脱硫副产物提高了花生的产量，在施用量达到土壤质量1%的条件下，花生获得最高产量，且根瘤生长繁殖受到促进，故该施用量是该实验的最优处理。     

不同堆制方法对牛粪和鸡粪发酵脱水的影响

以新鲜鸡、牛粪为材料 ,研究了不同堆制方法对粪便发酵温度与脱水率的影响。结果表明 :牛粪中添加 10 0g·kg-1的稻草在堆制开始 5d ,温度较高 ,但第 3 0天时脱水率反而低于添加 5 0g·kg-1稻草的处理 ;覆盖薄膜降低了粪便脱水速率 ;分批添加物料方法发酵 12d ,堆肥含水量由开始的 5 2 0g·kg-1下降到 5 0 3g·kg-1,而同期 1次添加物料方法发酵 ,堆肥水分含量为 5 5 4g·kg-1。     

不同施肥方式下紫色水稻土土壤肥力变化规律研究

通过连续 12 a田间小区定位试验 ,研究了在不同施肥方式下 ,连年稻 -麦轮作的滇中地区紫色冲积性潴育型水稻土土壤肥力及产量变化的规律。结果表明 :厩肥 (O)处理与厩肥配合氮磷处理 (ONP)12 a后土壤肥力明显高于对照和单施化肥的 NP、NK、PK、NPK等 4处理 ,土壤有机质含量增加 8.4 g/kg以上 ,速效氮、速效磷、速效钾含量增加 14.6 %以上 ,土壤容重下降 0 .16以上 ;单施化肥的处理 ,土壤肥力的变化与对照无显著差异。     

粉煤灰对土壤和作物生长的影响

粉煤灰施用量控制在60～600t／hm2,不会造成土壤、粮食的污染,且能改善土壤的物理、化学和生物学性质．有利于养分的转化。粉煤厂磁化后15～7．5t／hm2的施用量即可达到最佳的改上增产效果。本文在分析粉煤灰埋化性质的基础上,讨论了粉煤灰对土壤和作物生长的影响,同时也提出了降低粉煤灰中有害物质对土壤和作物不利影响的农用技术。     

Effects of fly ash, Pseudomonas striata and Rhizobium on the reproduction of nematode Meloidogyne incognita and on the growth and transpiration of pea

Glasshouse experiments were conducted twice to assess the ash amendments (0, 20, and 40% with soil), a phosphate solubilizing microorganism Pseudomonas striata and a root-nodule bacterium Rhizobium sp on the reproduction of root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita and on the growth and transpiration of pea. Amendments of fly ash with soil had no effect on transpiration. However, M. incognita reduced the rate of transpiration from 1st week onward after inoculation while inoculation of Rhizobium sp and P. striata increased transpiration from 1st week onward after their inoculation both in nematode inoculated and uninoculated plants. Increase in transpiration was greater when both organisms were inoculated together. Addition of 20 and 40% fly ash with soil was beneficial for plant growth both in nematode inoculated and uninoculated plants. Inoculation of above organisms also increases plant growth of nematode inoculated and uninoculated plants in different fly ash soil mixture but increase in growth was greater when both organisms were inoculated together. Use of 20% fly ash increased galling and nematode multiplication over plants grown in without fly ash while 40% fly ash had adverse effect on galling and nematode multiplication. Rhizobium sp had greater adverse effect on galling and nematode multiplication than P. striata. Use of both organisms together had greater adverse effect on galling and nematode multiplication than caused by either of them alone. Highest reduction in galling and nematode multiplication was observed when both organisms were used in 40% fly ash amended soil. However, highest transpiration was observed in plants without nematodes and inoculated with both organisms together both in with or without fly ash amended soil.     

用土壤生物和养分指标表征土壤肥力的可持续性

运用土壤生物和养分指标讨论了不同农田土壤肥力可持续性指数。结果表明, 不同施肥处理对土壤肥力可持续性指数有很大影响。有机肥明显提高土壤碳、氮和生物管理指数。单施化肥促进土壤磷、钾管理指数的上升。厩肥比绿肥更有利于提高土壤肥力可持续性指数。与参比土壤相比, 化肥处理的土壤肥力可持续性指数平均每年都增长, 红壤为５ ． ６３ , 水稻土为５ ． ８ , 潮土为４ ． ８３ ; 而对照处理的土壤肥力可持续性指数平均每年都下降, 红壤为５ ． ６ , 水稻土为６ ． ５８ , 潮土为４ ． ５６ 。不同施肥方式对土壤肥力可持续性指数的影响顺序为有机肥、有机肥配施化肥＞ 化肥＞ 参比土壤＞ 对照。     

煤矿塌陷区造田复土中粉煤灰含量对高羊茅生理功能的影响

以小区试验进行了粉煤灰复土造田种植高羊茅的试验 .对高羊茅生长发育、生理功能和矿质积累的研究结果表明 :含 30 %以下粉煤灰复合土能提高高羊茅植株光合作用和氮素利用能力 ,促进植株生长 ,不会对植株产生伤害 ;当复合土中粉煤灰含量达 4 0 %时 ,高羊茅光合作用、蒸腾作用和氮素利用能力降低 ,细胞膜脂质过氧化水平升高 ,膜透性增大 ,SOD、POD和CAT活性降低 ,植株生长被抑制 ;随着复合土中粉煤灰含量的升高高羊茅植株Mn、Zn、Ca、Mg的质量分数升高 ,Cu的质量分数无显著变化 .研究建议粉煤灰复土造田以 30 %粉煤灰复合土为宜 .图 3表 6参 19     

Temporal changes of Collembola population and alterations of life history parameters and acetylcholinesterase and superoxide dismutase activities in Cyphoderus javanus (Collembola) as biomarkers of fly ash pollution in lateritic soil

Fly ash is applied in agricultural fields to improve soil quality and crop yield; however, there are concerns regarding environmental hazards and toxicity to ecologically important soil organisms. The soil microarthropod fauna is a vital component of detritus food web, and major groups like Collembola are sensitive indicators of soil quality; however, information is scanty on their biomarker potentials against xenobiotics in tropical soils. The present study was aimed to evaluate temporal changes of Collembola population in fly ash amended field plots, and assess the biomarker potentials of life history parameters and biochemical responses such as acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in Cyphoderus javanus Borner (Collembola, Insecta), exposed to fly ash treated soil in microcosms. The field study using 5% (50 t ha^?1) and 20% (200 t ha^?1) doses of fly ash revealed dose-dependent and persistent decline in the density and relative abundance of Collembola population in sandy loam lateritic soil. The microcosm experiments showed negligible lethal effect of fly ash on C. javanus, but major life history parameters namely survival success, fecundity, and molting were significantly inhibited by fly ash treatments. The activity of AChE was downregulated, whereas activity of SOD was upregulated within 7 days of exposure of C. javanus to fly ash treated soil. These biological and biochemical parameters in Collembola are potential biomarkers, and therefore, the effects of fly ash are significant in C. javanus, an ecologically relevant species in the tropical soils of India.     

长期施肥对旱地红壤肥力和酶活性的影响

为了明确不同施肥种类对旱地红壤肥力与酶活性的影响,以30年（1981年至今）长期定位试验地为基础,研究不同施肥处理（CK,N,NP,NPK,2倍NPK,猪粪,NPK＋猪粪）旱地红壤玉米田耕层（0～20 cm）土壤酶活性与养分的变化趋势及其相关性。结果表明：1）全N含量各处理间差异不显著,单施N肥显著增加土壤速效N,施有机肥处理（NPK＋猪粪,猪粪）土壤的pH值、有机质、全P、速效P均显著增加;2）除了2倍NPK处理土壤脲酶活性最高外,施有机肥土壤的转化酶、脱氢酶、酸性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶活性也较其他处理显著增加;3）酸性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶、脱氢酶、脲酶与全N、有机质、速效N呈显著或极显著正相关;因此,红壤旱地通过长期施用有机肥或与无机肥配施,不仅能显著提高土壤肥力,而且能增加土壤酶活性,从而显著提高土壤持续生产力。     

Soil pollution by trace metals derived from animal feed and manure in the Bursa region of Turkey

The Bursa region of Turkey has important agricultural production areas. Animal producers use agricultural fields in this region for disposal of manure. Therefore, in this study the concentrations of the seven trace metals Zn, Mn, Cu, Ni, Cr, Pb, and Cd in 324 animal feed and manure samples from three dairy cattle, three laying hens farms, and three broiler farms have been determined. The average concentrations in dairy cattle manure were 130 (Zn), 150 (Mn), 4.2 (Cu), 6.8 (Ni), 44 (Cr), 0.8 (Pb), and 0.09 (Cd) mg kg^?1 dry weight; for laying hens manure 240 (Zn), 190 (Mn), 0.63 (Cu), 3.8 (Ni), 30 (Cr), 0.55 (Pb), and 0.12 (Cd) mg kg^?1 dry weight; and for broiler manure 240 (Zn), 280 (Mn), 1.4 (Cu), 3.8 (Ni), 35 (Cr), 3.4 (Pb), and 0.16 (Cd) mg kg^?1 dry weight. The calculated trace metal loading rate indicated that manure application might pose a potential risk to agricultural fields according to the current soil protection regulations of Turkey.     

不同施肥处理对红壤晚稻田CH_4排放的影响

选取不同施肥处理的双季稻田为研究对象,采用静态箱-气相色谱法对晚稻田CH4排放通量进行观测。结果表明,与不施肥对照(T1)相比,各施肥处理CH4排放通量均有不同程度增加。其中秸秆还田+化肥处理(T5)CH4平均排放通量为9.96mg.m-2.h-1,比增氮磷施肥处理(T4)和对照分别增加26.1%和120.0%;平衡施肥处理(T2)和减氮磷施肥处理(T3)CH4平均排放通量比对照增加20%左右。说明施化肥可能提高水稻植株运输能力,进而增加CH4排放,但并未发现施化肥处理(T1、T2、T3和T4)之间CH4排放存在显著差异。同时对相关环境因素的分析表明,各处理CH4排放通量与土壤5cm深处温度间存在指数函数关系,并与田间水层厚度呈正相关关系(P<0.05)。综合考虑温室效应和稻谷产量,认为T2为推荐施肥方式,即N、P2O5和K2O施用量分别为180、90和135kg.hm-2,在插秧前1d施入占总N量70%的碳铵和全部磷肥、钾肥(过磷酸钙和氯化钾)作为基肥,并在分蘖期(2008年7月19日)追施占总N量30%的尿素。     

Use of Flyash as Environmental and Agronomic Amendments

Coal combustion power plant flyash materials have been reported as useful soil amendments with agronomic and environmental benefits. This paper reports the efficacy of fluidized bed combustion (FBC) and flue gas desulfurization (FGD) byproducts, when amended with dairy, swine, and broiler litter manures, in reducing phosphorus (P) solubility and potential impact on water quality. At a rate of 400 g/kg, FBC reduced water soluble P by 60% for dairy and swine and 50% for broiler litter, as compared to un-treated control samples. Byproduct FGD had little effect when amended into dairy manure, but reduced water soluble P by nearly 80% when amended into swine and broiler manure at a rate of 250 g/kg. The amount of Ca added in the amendments together with pH of the mixture is the major contributing factor in soluble P reduction. Sequential extraction results showed that the flyash treatments shifted water soluble P into mainly bicarbonate extractable P. The latter is still considered available for crop uptake but less vulnerable for environmental losses. Coal combustion byproducts, when amended into manure and used properly, can provide a useful and viable option for improving nutrient management on animal farms.